GROUP 1

CONCRETE AND
CONSTRUCTION
TERMS
ABELLA, EUG CEDRIC
EREJER,JESRIEL
MARASIGAN, WARREN
PACHECO, MICAELLA
SERRANO, RON GABRIEL
OBJECTIVES

To understand the significance of the principle of

concrete mixing
To assess concrete proportioning practices and outline
standard labels for concrete component
measurements.
To discuss the function of estimating using the area
method
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OBJECTIVES

To discuss the function of estimating using the linear

meter method
To explain the Filipino construction terminologies

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Introduction
Concrete work in construction involves
building foundations, fences, overpasses,
parking structures, pavements, roads,
bridges, walls, and gate footings. With
advancements in material science and
engineering, concrete's strength,
durability, and versatility have improved.
As building requirements grow, new
approaches are needed.
CONSTRUCTION PRESENTATION
PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE
PLAIN CONCRETE
An artificial stone made by
mixing cement, fine
aggregates, and coarse
aggregates with water.

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PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE
REINFORCED CONCRETE
Concrete that has
reinforcement embedded
in such a way that both
materials act together to
resist forces.

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF CEMENT USED IN
CONSTRUCTION

ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT

RAPID HARDENING PORTLAND CEMENT
BLAST FURNACE CEMENT OR SULFATE
CEMENT
LOW-HEAT PORTLAND CEMENT
PORTLAND POZZOLAN CEMENT
HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT
HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT
Known as “Cement Fundu”
Has a minimum 32% alumina oxide
content.
This type of cement shows a very high
strength development.
It can resist chemical attack from sulfate
and weak acids including seawater
can withstand prolonged exposure to
temperatures over 1000 degrees Celsius.
MAIN COMPOSITION OF CEMENT

1. 60 to 65% Lime
2. 18 - 25 % Silica
3. 3.0 - 8% Alumina
4. 3.0 - 5% Iron oxide
5. 2.0 - 5% Magnesia
6. 1.0 - 3% Sulfur trioxide
AGGREGATES

COARSE AGGREGATES FINE AGGREGATES

SIZE OF AGGREGATES

COARSE AGGREGATES
Ranges from 40mm to
20mm to 14mm to 10mm.

FINE AGGREGATES
Should not exceed 25% of
the thickness of the
member of the structure
THE PRINCIPLES OF CONCRETE MIXING

To select an optimum
proportion of cement, water,
and aggregates to produce a
mixture that will satisfy the
requirements of workability,
strength, durability, and
economy.
THE PRINCIPLES OF CONCRETE MIXING

WATER-CEMENT RATIO
Determined during the first
hour of mixing to ensure
strength and durability.

AGGREGATE CEMENT RATIO

Chosen to satisfy the
workability requirements
THE PRINCIPLES OF CONCRETE MIXING

WATER-CEMENT RATIO
Determined during the first
hour of mixing to ensure
strength and durability.

AGGREGATE CEMENT RATIO

Chosen to satisfy the
workability requirements
THE MOST IMPORTANT REQUIREMENTS OF
CONCRETE ARE SUMMARIZED AS
FOLLOWS:
1. A fresh concrete mix must be workable, meaning it can
flow freely to fill all voids in the form
2. It is essential that the hardened concrete is strong
enough to carry the designed load
3. Hardened concrete can withstand the conditions in
which it is exposed
4. Concrete should be economically produced
THE CONCRETE MIX MAY EITHER BE
CLASSIFIED AS “DESIGNED OR
PRESCRIBED”
DESIGN MIXTURE
the contractor is responsible
for selecting the proportions
of the mixture in order to
achieve the strength and
workability required.
THE CONCRETE MIX MAY EITHER BE
CLASSIFIED AS “DESIGNED OR
PRESCRIBED”
PRESCRIBED MIXTURE.
The design engineer
specifies the mixture
proportion. The contractor is
only responsible for
providing properly mixed
concrete.
UNIT OF MEASURES
- A Unit of Measurement is a standardized
unit used to express physical quantities like
length, mass, temperature, or volume,
crucial for accurate and consistent data in
environmental monitoring and
characterization
- The metric measure which is
otherwise known as the System
International (SI), solid-concrete
structure is estimated in terms of
cubic meters.
 Example: It is easier to use
.10 m the equivalent of 4
inches than the exact value
of .1016, be it by
multiplication or by division
processes.
Conversion 8 / .10 = 80 by inspection
Techniques and analysis
8 / .1016 = 78.7 by a long
process of division or by the
aid of a calculator.
CONSTRUCTION PRESENTATION
 Example:
a) Conversion from meter to feet, just divide the length by .30 say
6.00 m / .30 = 20 ft.
b) To convert feet to meters multiply by .30
30 ft. x .30 = 9.00 m
c) To convert inches to meters, just remember the following values
of equivalent.
: Note that all lengths in inches is
1 inch = .025 m
divisible by any one of these four
2 inches = .050 m
numbers and could be easily
3 inches = .075 m
converted into meters by summing
4 inches = .100 m
up their divisible equivalent.

CONSTRUCTION PRESENTATION
 Example:
1) What is the meter length equivalent of 7 inches? By simple
analysis 7" could be the sum of 4 and 3
Therefore: 4 inches = .100 m. 3 inches = .075 m
Answer = .175 m
2) How about 21 inches to a meter?
5 x 4" = 20.500 m plus
1" = 1.025 m
Answer = 21.525 m

CONSTRUCTION PRESENTATION
 CONCRETE PROPORTION

The concrete mix ratio is the

proportion of ingredients
used to create a specific
grade of concrete mix, crucial
for creating a strong, durable,
and user-friendly mix.

CONSTRUCTION PRESENTATION
 CONCRETE PROPORTION Fajardo (2001) suggests that
the volume method for
concrete proportioning,
which involves using a box
for sand and gravel, is the
most suitable due to its
convenience, fast handling,
and proven effectiveness, as
not everyone can afford
weighing scale equipment.
CONSTRUCTION PRESENTATION
 CONCRETE PROPORTION
The volume of sand
and gravel in a
mixture is constant
at.50 cu. m. and 1.0
cu. m., forming solid
concrete. In actual
concreting work,
one cubic meter
yields slightly more.
CONSTRUCTION PRESENTATION
 CONCRETE MIXES
NOMINAL MIX CONCRETE
Concrete mixes come in different grades, with predetermined
proportions of ingredients. M15 grade concrete has a 1:2:4
cement-to-sand-to-aggregate ratio. Nominal mix concrete, used
in small buildings, includes grades M5 through M20. To increase
water content, cement content must be increased, as
compaction issues or improper placement can cause increased
water content.
CONSTRUCTION PRESENTATION
 CONCRETE MIXES
STANDARD MIX CONCRETE

Cement, sand, and aggregates are usually added in 1:2:4

ratios to standard mix concrete mixes. Concrete grades
M25 through M50 are included in the standard mix.

CONSTRUCTION PRESENTATION
 CONCRETE MIXES
DESIGN MIX CONCRETE

A range of additives are used in the concrete design mix to more

affordably match the necessary concrete qualities. The mix ratios for
planned mix concrete are determined by a skilled civil engineer who
evaluates the characteristics of each constituent. The necessary
parameters for the concrete's strength and quality are used to
determine the ratio.

CONSTRUCTION PRESENTATION
 CONCRETE MIXES

CONSTRUCTION PRESENTATION
 CONCRETE MIXES

CONSTRUCTION PRESENTATION
 CONCRETE MIXES

CONSTRUCTION PRESENTATION
CONCRETE SLAB
A concrete slab is a horizontal structural
element commonly used in floors, ceilings,
and pavements. Depending on the design
and load distribution, it can be supported
by beams, columns, walls, or rest directly
on the ground. The slab's strength and
durability depend heavily on its
reinforcement and thickness, which
prevent cracking due to tensile forces and
ensure it can bear both compressive and
bending loads.

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TWO TYPES OF CONCRETE SLABS

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SAMPLE PROBLEM

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A proposed concrete pavement has a general dimensions of 4
inches thick, 3.00 meters wide and 5.00 meters long.
Considering the slab to be resting on the ground fill, determine
the number of cement in bag, sand and gravel required using
class C mixture.
 HOW TO SOLVE IT?

DETERMINE THE VOLUME OF THE PROPOSED

CONCRETE PAVEMENT, CONVERT 4 INCH = .10 M
V = 10 X 3.00 X 5.00
V = 1.5 CU.M.
 HOW TO SOLVE IT?
REFERING TO TABLE 1-2 USING 40 KG CEMENT AND CLASS
“C” MIXTURE, MULTIPLY:

KNOWING THAT IT WAS CALCULATED THAT FOR A CONCRETE

SLAB WITH A VOLUME OF 1.50 CUBIC METERS, AND USING A
CLASS C CONCRETE MIXTURE (1:2:4 RATIO), THE FOLLOWING
AMOUNTS OF MATERIALS ARE REQUIRED:

CEMENT: 1.5×6 = 9 BAGS OF 40 KG CEMENT

SAND: 1.5×0.5 = 0.75 M^3
GRAVEL: 1.5×1.0 = 1.50 M^3
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 HOW TO SOLVE IT?

SUPPOSE THERE IS NO AVAILABLE 40 KG.

OF CEMENT IN THE MARKET AND WHAT IS
AVAILABLE IS 50 KG/BAG. HOW MANY
BAGS WILL BE ORDERED?
 HOW TO SOLVE IT?
ADJUSTING FOR 50 KG CEMENT BAGS:
USING THE SAME CONCRETE VOLUME (1.50 CUBIC METERS)
AND THE SAME CLASS C MIXTURE, THE NUMBER OF
CEMENT BAGS IS RECALCULATED FOR 50 KG BAGS.

CEMENT: THE PROPORTION OF CEMENT FOR A 50 KG

BAG MIX IS 5 BAGS PER CUBIC METER (AS SEEN IN THE
TABLE REFERENCED). THEREFORE,

CEMENT: 1.5×5 = 7.5 BAGS

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 HOW TO SOLVE IT?
ADJUSTING FOR 50 KG CEMENT BAGS:
SAND: THE AMOUNT OF SAND REMAINS THE SAME AS BEFORE
BECAUSE THE VOLUME OF SAND IS DETERMINED BASED ON THE
RATIO IN THE MIX, NOT ON THE SIZE OF THE CEMENT BAGS:

SAND = 1.5×0.5= 0.75 M^3

GRAVEL: SIMILARLY, THE AMOUNT OF GRAVEL ALSO REMAINS

UNCHANGED:

GRAVEL = 1.5×1.0= 1.50 M^3

ESTIMATING BY THE
AREA METHOD

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The estimate-by-area
method is a simplified
technique used in
construction estimation to
determine the required
materials based on the
total area (in square
meters) of a structure,
such as slabs or walls.
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 HOW TO SOLVE IT?
CALCULATE THE PAVEMENT AREA
THE FIRST STEP IS TO DETERMINE THE AREA OF THE
PAVEMENT THAT NEEDS TO BE CONSTRUCTED.

GIVEN DIMENSIONS:
LENGTH = 3.00 METERS
WIDTH = 5.00 METERS

FORMULA TO CALCULATE AREA (A):

A=LENGTH×WIDTH
A=3.00 M×5.00 M=15 SQ. METERS
 HOW TO SOLVE IT?
REFER TO THE TABLE OF MATERIAL ESTIMATION
FROM TABLE 1-3 (AS SEEN EARLIER), WE KNOW THAT THE
AMOUNT OF CEMENT, SAND, AND GRAVEL DEPENDS ON
THE SLAB THICKNESS AND THE CLASS OF THE MIXTURE.

SLAB THICKNESS: 10 CM (0.10 METERS)

MIXTURE CLASS: C (USING 40 KG CEMENT BAGS)
 HOW TO SOLVE IT?
CALCULATE CEMENT, SAND, AND GRAVEL QUANTITIES

FOR A 10 CM THICK SLAB AND CLASS "C" MIXTURE USING

40 KG CEMENT BAGS, WE REFER TO TABLE 1-3 FOR THE
VALUES:
CEMENT: FOR 1 SQUARE METER OF AREA, 0.60 BAGS OF
CEMENT ARE REQUIRED. SO, FOR 15 SQUARE METERS OF
AREA:

CEMENT REQUIRED = 15 SQ. M. × 0.60 = 9 BAGS OF

CEMENT
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 HOW TO SOLVE IT?
CALCULATE CEMENT, SAND, AND GRAVEL QUANTITIES
SAND: FOR 1 SQUARE METER OF AREA, 0.05 CUBIC METERS
OF SAND ARE REQUIRED. SO, FOR 15 SQUARE METERS OF
AREA:
SAND REQUIRED
= 15 SQ. M.×0.05 CU. M.= 0.75 CU. M. OF SAND

GRAVEL: FOR 1 SQUARE METER OF AREA, 0.10 CUBIC METERS

OF GRAVEL ARE REQUIRED. SO, FOR 15 SQUARE METERS OF
AREA
GRAVEL REQUIRED
= 15 SQ. M.×0.10 CU. M.= 1.5 CU. M. OF GRAVEL
CONCRETE COLUMN
A concrete column is a vertical structural
element made primarily from concrete,
which is reinforced with steel bars or
fibers to provide extra strength. These
columns are designed to carry and
transfer loads, like the weight of the
building and any additional loads, down to
the foundation. Concrete columns are
commonly used in buildings, bridges, and
other structures to provide stability and
support.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM

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 A concrete column is 5.00 m high with a cross sec- tional
dimensions of 25 cm. x 30 cm. If there are 8 columns of the
same size. Find the required cement, sand and gravel if the plan
specifies class "A" concrete. NEXT SLIDE
 HOW TO SOLVE IT?

CALCULATE THE VOLUME OF ONE COLUMN

THE CROSS-SECTION OF EACH COLUMN IS RECTANGULAR,
WITH DIMENSIONS:

WIDTH = 0.25 METERS

DEPTH = 0.30 METERS

THE HEIGHT OF EACH COLUMN IS 5.00 METERS.

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 HOW TO SOLVE IT?

TO FIND THE VOLUME “V” OF ONE COLUMN, WE USE THIS

FORMULA FOR THE VOLUME OF THE RECTANGULAR
PRISM

V = width x depth x height

SUBSTITUTING THE VALUES:

V= 0.25 M × 0.30 M × 5.00 M = 0.375 CUBIC METERS
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 HOW TO SOLVE IT?

CALCULATE THE TOTAL VOLUME FOR ALL COLUMNS

THERE ARE 8 COLUMNS IN TOTAL, AS SHOWN IN THE
DIAGRAM.
TO FIND THE TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE REQUIRED
FOR ALL 8 COLUMNS, MULTIPLY THE VOLUME OF ONE
COLUMN BY THE NUMBER OF COLUMNS:

TOTAL VOLUME = 0.375CU. M × 8= 3.0 CU. M

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 HOW TO SOLVE IT?
TO PRODUCE 3.0 CUBIC METERS OF CLASS A CONCRETE FOR
THE COLUMNS, YOU NEED:

CEMENT:
27 BAGS (40 KG EACH), CALCULATED AS 3.0×9=27CU.M
SAND:
1.5 CUBIC METERS, CALCULATED AS 3.0×0.50=1.53 CU.M
GRAVEL:
3.0 CUBIC METERS, CALCULATED AS 3.0×1.0=3.0
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THESE QUANTITIES ENSURE THE CONCRETE MEETS

STRUCTURAL STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS.
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ESTIMATING BY THE
LINEAR METER METHOD
Estimating by the linear
meter method is a
technique used in
construction estimation to
compute the materials
required for columns
beams and girders.
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 SAMPLE PROBLEM

A concrete column 4.00 m high with a cross-sectional

dimension of 20 cm. x 25 cm. is resting on a concrete
footing 20 cm. thick by 80 cm. square. If class "B" concrete
is specified, find the quantity of cement, sand, and gravel if
there are 12 columns of the same size.
 HOW TO SOLVE IT?
A. COLUMN B. FOOTING SLAB C. SUMMARY OF A AND B:
CEMENT:
1. FIND THE LENGTH OF 12 1. FIND THE AREA OF THE FOOTING 18 + 11.52 .76 = 29.52 SAY 30
COLUMNS A = 12 PCS. X 0.80 X 0.80 = 7.68 SQ. M. BAGS
12 X 4 = 48 METERS
2. REFER TO TABLE 1-3 ALONG THE 20 CM. SAND:
2. FIND THE 20X25 COLUMN SIZE THICK SLAB CLASS "B" MIXTURE MULTIPLY: 1.2 + .76 = 1.96 SAY 2 CU. M.
UNDER CLASS “B” MIXTURE,
USING THE TABLE 1-4 CEMENT: GRAVEL:
7.68 X 1.50 = 11.52 BAGS 2.4 + 1.53 = 3.93 SAY 4 CU. M.
CEMENT:
48 M. X .375 = 18 BAGS AT 40 KG SAND:
7.68 X .100 = 76 CU. M.
SAND:
48 M X 025 = 1.2 CU. M. GRAVEL :
7.68 X .200 = 1.53 CU. M. 25
GRAVEL:
48 M. X .050 = 2.4 CU.M.
RECTANGULAR COLUMN
A rectangular column is used
in buildings to support loads
from beams, slabs, or other
horizontal members. Its cross-
sectional shape is a rectangle,
and depending on the
structural requirements, it can
be made from various
materials such as reinforced
concrete, steel, or wood. NEXT SLIDE
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
A series of 8 concrete columns with cross-sectional
dimensions of 40 x 60 cm. supports a girder each
having a clear height of 5.00 meters. Find the quantity
of cement at 50 kg. per bag, sand and gravel using
class "A" mixture.
 HOW TO SOLVE IT?

SOLUTION BY USING LINEAR METER METHOD

1. FIND THE TOTAL LENGTH OF THE 8 COLUMNS
8 X 5 = 40 METERS
2. USE THE 40 X 60 CM. COLUMN SIZE UNDER CLASS "A"
MEASURE OF 50 KG./BAG CEMENT
MULTIPLY:

CEMENT: 40 X 1.680 = 67.2 BAGS

SAND: 40 X .120 = 4.8 CU. M.
GRAVEL: 40 X .240 = 9.6 CU. M.
RECTANGULAR BEAM

A rectangular beam is a
structural member with a
rectangular shape in the cross-
section. As one of the very
familiar beam shapes used for
simplicity and ease of
formation, a rectangular beam
covers shorter distances and
supports lighter loads.
GIRDER

A girder is a much larger and

more powerful beam that can
support smaller beams or bear
loads directly. It's very common
to span across larger distances
and carry heavier loads. Girders
can be steel, concrete, or wood.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Prepare the bill of materials for the rectangular beam and girder using class “A”
concrete.
How to solve it?
1. Calculate the volume of the beam
4 pcs. x .25 x .40 x 8.00 m
V= 3.2 cubic meters
2. Calculate the volume of the girder
V= 2 pcs. x .50 x .75 x 12.00 m
V= 9 cubic meters
3. Total volume
3.2 + 9 = 12.2 cubic meters
4. Refer to Table 1-2 using 40 kg cement using class “A” mixture
Cement: 12.2 x 9 = 109.8 say 110 bags
Sand: 12.2 x .50 = 6.1 cubic meters
Gravel: 12.2 x 1.00 = 12.2 cubic meters
CIRCULAR COLUMN

A circular column is a
structural element with a
cylindrical shape, primarily
used to support vertical loads
in buildings and other
structures.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
A circular column with a cross-sectional diameter of .60 cm. has a clear height
of 6.00 meters. Find the quantity of cement, sand, and gravel required using
class "A" concrete if there are 5 columns in a row of the same size.
How to solve it?
1. Calculate the cross-sectional area
A= πr²
A= 3.1416 x .30²
A= .283 sqm
2. Find the volume of 5 columns
V= 5 pcs x .283 x 6 m
V= 8.49 cubic meters
3. Refer to Table 1-2 using class “A” concrete
Cement: 8.49 x 9 = 76.4 bags
Sand: 8.49 x .50 = 4.2 cubic meters
Gravel: 8.49 x .1.0 = 8.49 cubic meters
Another method in solving for circular columns.Table 1-5 where the quantity of
cement, sand, and gravel per linear meter are given at specified diameter.

1. Calculate the total length of

columns
6.00 m x 5 pcs = 30 m
2. Refer to Table 1-5 along .60 m
diameter column
Cement: 30 x 2.545 = 76.3 bags
Sand: 30 x .141 = 4.2 cubic meters
Gravel: 30 x .283 = 8.49 cubic meters
CONCRETE PIPES

Concrete pipes are cylindrical

structures made of concrete,
primarily used for conveying
fluids like water or sewage
underground.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
A road construction requires 12 pcs. concrete pipes at .90 cm. diameter for
drainage purposes. Determine the quantity of cement, sand, and gravel
required for the manufacture of said pipes using class "A" concrete
How to solve it?
1. Find the gross volume of the pipe
V= .7854 D²h
V= .7854 x 110² x 1.00 m height
V= .95 cubic meters
2. Find the volume of the hole
V= .7854 x d²h
V= .7854 x .90² x 1.00 m height
V= .636
3. Subtract the result of 2 from 1
.95 - .636 = .314
4. Volume of 12 pipes
12 x .314 = 3.77
5. Refer to table 1-2 using class “A” mixture
Cement: 3.77 x 9 = 33.93 bags
Sand: 3.77 x .5 = 1.88 cubic meters
Gravel: 3.77 x 1.0 = 3.77 cubic meters
ANOTHER METHOD TO SOLVE CONCRETE PIPES

1. Refer to table 1-6 d= 90 cm pipe

Cement: 113.10 x 12 pcs = 1,357.20 kg
Convert cement to several bags:
For 40 kg of cement
1,357.20 kg / 40 kg = 33.93 bags
For 50 kg of cement
1,357.20 kg / 50 kg = 27.14 bags
Sand: 12 pcs x .157 cu. m = 1.88 cu.m
Gravel: 12 pcs x .314 cu. m = 3.77 cu. m
FILIPINO CONSTRUCTION TERMINOLOGIES

Alulod Dangkal
Anay Finish Dipa
Asero Dos Aguas and Quatro
Asoleho Aguas
Balbon Dos por dos, uno dos
Buhos and de uno
Bistay Ducco or duko
FILIPINO CONSTRUCTION TERMINOLOGIES

Hamba Rebokada
Hulog Paleta
Kapak S4S and S2S
Masilya Suelo
Media Agua Tabla
Nagbubuntis Tambol
Tanguile
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!