12

PEARSON

Pre-calculus
TEACHER RESOURCE

5 Combining Functions
Planning for the Chapter
Chapter Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-ii
Curriculum Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-iv
Chapter 5 at a Glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-v

Content Pages with Teaching Notes

5.1 Math Lab: Combining Functions Graphically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
5.2 Combining Functions Algebraically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Checkpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
5.3 Introduction to Composite Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
5.4 Determining Restrictions on Composite Functions . . . . . . . . . 313
Study Guide, Review, Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326

Line Masters
Master 5.1a Activate Prior Learning: Function Notation
Master 5.1b Activate Prior Learning: Completing the Square
Master 5.2a Checkpoint: Connections
Master 5.2b Checkpoint: Connections Sample Response
Master 5.3 Chapter Test
Master 5.4 Answers to Line Masters 5.1 and 5.3
Master 5.5 Chapter Rubric: Combining Functions
Master 5.6a Chapter Summary: Self-Assessment and Review
Master 5.6b Chapter Summary: Review Question Correlation
C H A P T E R OV E RV I E W

Note that the composition of functions and operations on functions

are labelled “extension” in the BC Pre-calculus Grade 12 Curriculum
Content Elaborations.

Background
In grade 10, students were introduced to the concept of a function
and function notation; their study of functions concentrated on linear
functions. In grade 11, students focused on the quadratic function.
In Chapter 2, students analyzed absolute value functions and reciprocal
functions; the latter are the first functions students have studied that have a
domain that is not necessarily the set of real numbers.
In Chapter 3, students studied rational functions, which have domains that
are often restricted. Now, these functions and radical functions are used to
explore how the domains of composite functions and of functions formed
by adding, subtracting, multiplying, or dividing other functions are related
to the domains and ranges of the original functions. The concept of the
inverse function is revisited. For the course of study, it is recommended
that this chapter follows Chapter 3 and precedes Chapter 7 on exponential
and logarithmic functions.

Rationale
Students study functions that are formed by combining two or more
functions graphically; they determine how the domain and range of
the new function is related to the domains and ranges of the original
functions. Students then work with these function combinations
algebraically, and develop strategies for determining the domain
of the new function.
Students then study composite functions. They begin by determining
the value of a composite function at a point and writing an equation to
describe a composite function. Students consider how the domain of a
composite function is related to the domains and ranges of the original
functions, and they sketch the graph of the composite function. Students
write a given function as a combination of other functions using four
operations and/or composition. These strategies will be applied when
students differentiate and integrate in calculus.

5-ii Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

Concept Summary

Key Learning Applying the Key Learning

• A new function can be created by adding, subtracting, This means that:

multiplying, or dividing other functions on appropriate • The domain of a function that is formed by adding,
domains. subtracting, or multiplying two functions is the set of
values of x that are common to the domains of the
original functions. However, if a new function is formed
by dividing two functions, any value of x that makes the
divisor 0 is non-permissible.
• If the graphs of the original functions are given, the
indicated operation is performed on the y-values
generated by these functions to get the graph of the
new function.

• A composite function is the result of applying two • The domain of a composite function f (g(x)) is the set of
functions in succession. values of x for which g is defined and for which g(x) is in
the domain of f.

©P DO NOT COPY. Chapter Overview 5-iii

C U R R I C U L U M C O R R E L AT I O N

BC Pre-calculus 12 Curriculum Pre-calculus 12 myWorktext BC Edition

Transformations of functions and relations
• recognizing composed functions 5.3 Introduction to Composite Functions
5.4 Determining Restrictions on Composite Functions
• operations on functions 5.1 Math Lab: Combining Functions Graphically
5.2 Combining Functions Algebraically

5-iv Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

C H A P T E R 5 AT A G L A N C E

Lesson Timing Materials and Program Support

Resources
Chapter Opener, page 281 Masters 5.1a, 5.1b
Review prior skills, as relevant. Activate Prior Learning
Master 5.5 Chapter Rubric
5.1 Math Lab: Combining Functions 60 – 75 • scientific calculator PM 2 Conference Prompts
Graphically, page 282 min
Sketch the graphs of functions that are the
sum, difference, product, or quotient of two
functions.
5.2 Combining Functions Algebraically, 60 – 75 • graphing technology Master 5.1a
page 286 min Animations Activate Prior Learning
Write the equations of functions that are the
sum, difference, product, or quotient of other
functions, then determine their domains and
ranges.
Checkpoint, page 297 • graphing technology Master 5.2 Checkpoint
Consolidate content of Lessons 5.1, 5.2.
5.3 Introduction to Composite Functions, 60 – 75 • graphing technology PM 3 Observation Record
page 301 min Animation
Determine the value of a composition of
functions at a point and determine the
equation of a composite function.
5.4 Determining Restrictions on 60 – 75 • graphing technology Master 5.1b
Composite Functions, page 313 min Animation Activate Prior Learning
Sketch graphs and determine equations PM 1 Mathematical
of composite functions, then identify Dispositions and Learning
restrictions. Skills
Study Guide, Review, Practice Test, • graphing technology Master 5.3 Chapter Test
page 326 Master 5.5 Chapter Rubric
Consolidate and review chapter content, Master 5.6
prepare for assessment. Chapter Summary

©P DO NOT COPY. Chapter 5 at a Glance 5-v

5 Combining Functions

BIG IDEAS TEACHER NOTE

DI: Prerequisite Review
n Using inverses is the foundation of solving equations and can be
For those students who need
extended to relationships between functions.
it, Master 5.1 provides review
n Understanding the characteristics of families of functions allows us to (examples and selected
model and understand relationships and to build connections between exercises) of prior knowledge
related to:
classes of functions.
a) function notation
b) completing the square
BUILDING ON Master Relevant for:
n domain and range of functions 5.1a Lesson 5.2
5.1b Lesson 5.3
n sketching graphs of functions

n function notation

KEY LEARNING
n A new function can be created by adding, subtracting, multiplying, or
dividing other functions on appropriate domains.

n A composite function is the result of applying two functions in

succession.

LEADING TO
n the study of functions in calculus

VOCABULARY

composite function

©P DO NOT COPY.
 MATH LAB

5.1 Combining Functions Graphically

FOCUS Sketch the graphs of functions that are the sum, difference,
Lesson Organizer
60 – 75 min product, or quotient of two functions.

Key Math Concepts

The graphs of two functions Get Started
can be used to sketch the
graphs of functions that are What are the domain and the range of each function?
the sum, difference, product,
or quotient of the two y y
y y 5 !x 1 2 2
functions. 1
2 y5
2
y 5 |x 2 1| x11 x
x
Curricular Competencies: x 0 2
22 0 2 4
RM, US, CR1 22 0 2 4 22

Teacher Materials
• overhead transparency Domain: x { ℝ Domain: x # −2 Domain: x 3 −1
of grid paper, overhead Range: y # 0 Range: y # 0 Range: y 3 0
graphing technology
(optional)

Student Materials Construct Understanding RM, US, CR1, CR2

• scientific calculator
A. The stopping distance for a car is a function of the speed of the car
when the brakes are applied:
Stopping distance = reaction-time distance + braking distance
The graph below shows functions for stopping distance and ­
reaction-time distance against speed. On the same grid, sketch a
graph for braking distance against speed. Describe your strategy.
Stopping Distance for a Car

120 Stopping distance

100

80
Distance (m)

Braking
distance
60

40 Reaction-time
distance
20

0 20 40 60 80 100
Speed (km/h)

I chose points on both graphs that lie on the same vertical line, then
estimated and subtracted the reaction-time distance from the stopping
distance. I used this value as the vertical coordinate for a point on the
braking distance graph, then plotted a point on the same vertical line.
I repeated this process for several pairs of points, then joined the points
with a smooth curve for a graph that shows the braking distance.

282 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

B. The graphs of y = f (x) and y = g(x) are shown. Adapt the strategy you TEACHER NOTE
used for Part A to graph the product of these functions: DI: Common Difficulties
y = f (x) # g(x) Some students may not know
Describe your strategy. how to sketch the graph of
What are the domains of y = f (x), y = g(x), and y = f (x) # g(x)? the new function when
x 6 0. Have them consider
y I chose points on both graphs that lie on the value of the new function
y 5 f(x )·g(x) when x = -1. Since f(-1)
6 the same vertical line, then multiplied their
y 5 g(x ) y-coordinates. I used this value as the is not defined, it is not
4 y-coordinate for a point on the graph of possible to determine the
y 5 f(x )
y = f (x) ~ g(x), then plotted a point on the value of y = f(x) # g(x)
same vertical line. I repeated this process when x = -1.
x for several pairs of points, then joined the
22 0 2 4 6 8
points with a smooth curve for the graph
of y = f (x) ~ g(x). CR2
TEACHER NOTE
For y = f (x), the domain is: x # 0 DI: Extending Thinking
For y = g(x), the domain is: x { ℝ Students could write an
For y = f(x) ~ g(x), the domain is: x # 0 explicit equation for the
graph of each given function,
then use graphing technology
C. The graphs of y = f (x) and y = g(x) are shown. Adapt the strategy you to check the functions that
used for Parts A and B to graph the quotient of these functions: result from multiplying and
f (x) dividing the given functions.
y = g(x)

Describe your strategy.

f (x) TEACHER NOTE
What are the domains of y = f (x), y = g(x), and y = g(x)? DI: Common Difficulties
y 5 g(x ) I chose points on both graphs that lie on Remind students to include
y the same vertical line, then divided the rational number values of x
y-coordinate of f (x) by the y-coordinate of g(x). to identify the behaviour of
8
I used this value as the y-coordinate for a point the graph of the new function
6 f (x) near the vertical asymptotes.
on the graph of y = , then plotted a point
g(x)
4
on the same vertical line. I repeated this
y 5 f(x)
2 process for several pairs of points. Since RM, CR1
x g(x) = 0 when x = t 3, I drew vertical
22 0 2 asymptotes with these equations. THINK FURTHER
I then joined the points with 3 smooth curves
f(x ) For the graph in Part C, why is
y5 f (x)
g(x ) for the graph of y = . f (x)
g(x) y= not a rational
g(x)
For y = f (x), the domain is: x { ℝ
function? Explain.
For y = g(x), the domain is: x { ℝ
f (x) For a rational function, both
For y = , the domain is: x 3 t 3
g(x) f (x) and g(x) are polynomial
functions. Since f (x) is an
absolute value function, then
f (x)
the function y = is not
g(x)
rational.

©P DO NOT COPY. 5.1 Math Lab: Combining Functions Graphically 283

 Assess Your Understanding
RM, 1. Use the graphs of y = f (x) and y = g(x) below to sketch the
US, graph of each function below, then identify its domain and range.
CR1 Estimate the range, where necessary.
a) y = f (x) + g(x)    b) y = f (x) - g(x)    c) y = f (x) # g(x)    d) y = g(x)
f (x)

From the graphs:

f (x) TEACHER NOTE

x f (x) g(x) f (x) + g(x) f (x) − g(x) f (x) ~ g(x) Review students’ responses
g(x)
−2 5 −1 4 6 −5 −5
to Parts A to C before they
complete this question.
−1 0 0 0 0 0 undefined
0 −3 1 −2 −4 −3 −3
1 −4 2 −2 −6 −8 −2
2 −3 3 0 −6 −9 −1
3 0 4 4 −4 0 0
4 5 5 10 0 25 1
y
4

a) y b) y c) y 5 f(x )
2
4 4
x
0
2 2 y 5 f(x ) 22 2 4

x x y 5 g(x )
22
22 0 2 4 22 0 2 4
24
y 5 g(x)
22 y 5 f(x) y 5 g(x )
22
26
24 24
y 5 f(x ) 1 g(x)
28 y 5 f(x )·g(x)
26 26
y 5 f(x ) 2 g(x )

Plot points at: (−2, 4), (−1, 0), Plot points at: (−2, 6), (−1, 0), (0, −4), Plot points at: (−2, −5), (−1, 0),
(0, −2), (1, −2), (2, 0), (3, 4) (1, −6), (2, −6), (3, −4), (4, 0) (0, −3), (1, −8), (2, −9), (3, 0)
Join them with a smooth curve. Join them with a smooth curve. Join them with a smooth curve.
Domain: x { ℝ Domain: x { ℝ Domain: x { ℝ
Range: y # −2.25 Range: y # −6.25 Range: y { ℝ

d) y Plot points at: (−2, −5), (0, −3),

4 (1, −2), (2, −1), (3, 0), (4, 1)
Draw an open circle at (−1, −4), TEACHER NOTE
2 then draw a line through the points.
Students will probably use
x Domain: x 3 −1
mental math to complete
22 0 2 4 Range: y 3 −4
these calculations.
y 5 g(x) 22 f(x ) The exact values of
y5
g(x)
the ranges are given,
24 y 5 f(x )
where possible; accept
26 approximations from
students.
28

284 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

RM, 2. Use the graphs of y = f (x) and y = g(x). y
US, 6
a) What are the domain and range of y 5 f(x ) 1 g(x )
CR1
y = f (x)?
4
The domain is: x # 0
y 5 g(x )
The range is: y # 0 2
y 5 f(x )
x
24 22 0 2 4

b) What are the domain and range of y = g(x)?

The domain is: x { ℝ
The range is: y # 0 TEACHER NOTE
Elaboration
Questions 1 and 2 address:
operations on functions.
c) Consider the function h(x) = f (x) + g(x). Without graphing,
determine the domain and the range of this function and justify
your answer.
The domain of h(x) is the same as the domain of f(x), because x cannot
be negative; that is, x # 0.
The range of h(x) is the same as the ranges of f(x) and g(x); that is, all
real numbers greater than or equal to 0: y # 0.

d) Use the graphs in parts a and b to sketch the graph of h(x).

Use the graph to verify the domain and range.
From the graphs:

x f(x) g(x) f(x) + g(x)

0 0 0 0
1 1 1 2
2
#
= 1.4 2
#
= 3.4
3
#
= 1.7 3
#
= 4.7
4 2 4 6

Plot points at: (0, 0), (1, 2), (2, 3.4), (3, 4.7), (4, 6)
Join the points with a smooth curve.
From the graphs, the domain and range are the same as given in part c.

ANSWERS
1. a) domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y Ú - 2 .25 b) domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y Ú - 6 .25
c) domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y ∊ ℝ d) domain: x ≠ - 1; range: y ≠ - 4
2. a) domain: x Ú 0; range: y Ú 0 b) domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y Ú 0
c) domain: x Ú 0; range: y Ú 0

©P DO NOT COPY. 5.1 Math Lab: Combining Functions Graphically 285

5.2 Combining Functions Algebraically
FOCUS Write the equations of functions that are the sum,
Lesson Organizer
60 – 75 min difference, product, or quotient of other functions, then determine
their domains and ranges.
Key Math Concepts
A function can be written as
the sum, difference, product, Get Started
or quotient of other functions.
The domain and range of the Given f (x) = 3 - 4x + 5x2, determine each value:
new function is related to the f (0) f (2) f ( -1)
domains and ranges of the
original functions. f (0) = 3 − 4(0) + 5(0)2 f (2) = 3 − 4(2) + 5(2)2 f (−1) = 3 − 4(−1) + 5(−1)2
f (0) = 3 f (2) = 3 − 8 + 20 f (−1) = 3 + 4 + 5
Curricular Competencies: f (2) = 15 f (−1) = 12
RM, US, CR1, CR2

Teacher Materials
• overhead transparency
of grid paper, overhead
graphing technology
Construct Understanding RM, US, CR1

(optional)
For the graphs below, how is the function h(x) a combination of the
Student Materials
functions f (x) and g(x)? Use algebra to verify the answer.
• graphing technology
• Master 5.1a (optional) y y y
6 6
4
4 4
g(x ) 5 2x 1 3
2
2 2 h(x) 5 x 2 2 2x 2 3
f (x ) 5 x2 x
x x 22 0 2
22 0 2 22 0 2
22

24

For each value of x, consider the values of h(x), f(x), and g(x).
Since 5 = 4 − (−1), then h(−2) = f (−2) − g(−2)
Since 0 = 1 − 1, then h(−1) = f (−1) − g(−1)
Since −3 = 0 − 3, then h(0) = f (0) − g(0)
Since −4 = 1 − 5, then h(1) = f (1) − g(1)
Since −3 = 4 − 7, then h(2) = f (2) − g(2)
The value of h(x) is the difference of the values of f (x) and g(x).
So, the functions are related this way:
TEACHER NOTE h(x) = f (x) − g(x)
To verify, substitute: h(x) = x2 − 2x − 3, f (x) = x2, and g(x) = 2x + 3
DI: Common Difficulties
Assign Master 5.1a to students L.S. = h(x) R.S. = f (x) − g(x)
who need additional practice = x2 − 2x − 3 = x2 − (2x + 3)
using function notation. = x2 − 2x − 3
Since the left side is equal to the right side, the relationship is verified.

286 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

Given two functions f (x) and g(x), another function can be defined by
adding, subtracting, or multiplying f (x) and g(x).
Consider coordinates of corresponding points.
Animation
• Adding functions y y 5 f(x)
The sum of functions f (x) and g(x) is (2, 2) CR2
2 TEACHER NOTE
f (x) + g(x); this may also be written as (2, 1)
x DI: Extending Thinking
( f + g)(x). 0 2 6
22 To determine the range of
For h(x) = f (x) + g(x), to determine y 5 h(x )
22 (2, 21) a function that is formed
the value of h(2), add f(2) and g(2). by combining two or more
From the graph, f (2) + g(2) = 2 - 1 24
functions, we use graphing
=1 y 5 g(x )
technology. Tell students that
= h(2) they will learn an algebraic
The domain of f (x) is: x Ú -2 strategy when they study
The domain of g(x) is: x ∊ ℝ calculus. Students can use
The domain of h(x) is: x Ú -2 their knowledge of functions
to determine algebraically the
• Subtracting functions y y 5 d(x ) range of a function formed
The difference of functions f (x) and g(x) is 4 by multiplying two linear
(2, 3)
f (x) - g(x); this may also be written as functions. The new function is
2 y 5 f(x )
( f - g)(x). (2, 2) quadratic so it will have either
x a maximum or minimum value
For d(x) = f (x) - g(x), to determine the value 0
22 2 4 6 that can be determined by
of d(2), subtract g(2) from f(2).
22 (2, 21) completing the square.
From the graph, f (2) - g(2) = 2 - ( -1) y 5 g(x )
=3
= d(2)
The domain of f (x) is: x Ú -2
The domain of g(x) is: x ∊ ℝ
The domain of d(x) is: x Ú -2
• Multiplying functions y y 5 f(x )
(2, 2)
The product of functions f (x) and g(x) is
f (x) # g(x); this may also be written as ( f # g)(x). x
For p(x) = f (x) # g(x), to determine the 22 0 2 4 6
(2, 21)
value of p(2), multiply f(2) and g(2). 22
y 5 g(x )
From the graph, f (2) # g(2) = (2)( -1) (2, 22)
24
= -2 y 5 p(x )
= p(2)
The domain of f (x) is: x Ú -2
The domain of g(x) is: x ∊ ℝ
The domain of p(x) is: x Ú -2
The graphs above illustrate that when two functions, f (x) and g(x), are
added, subtracted, or multiplied, the domain of the new function is the
set of values of x that are common to the domains of f (x) and g(x).

©P DO NOT COPY. 5.2 Combining Functions Algebraically 287

 Example 1 Writing the Equation of a Function that
Is a Combination of Functions
Check Your Understanding
Use f (x) = 1x and g(x) = x - 3.
1. Use f (x) = x + 2 and
a) State the domain and range of f (x) and of g(x).
g(x) =  x .
b) Given d(x) = f (x) - g(x), write an explicit equation for d(x), then
a) State the domain and range
determine its domain and range.
c) Given p(x) = f (x) # g(x), write an explicit equation for p(x), then
of f (x) and of g(x).
b) Given h(x) = f (x) + g(x),
determine its domain and range.
write an explicit equation
for h(x), then determine its
domain and range. SOLUTION
c) Given p(x) = f (x) # g(x), a) f (x) = 1x
write an explicit equation The domain of f (x) is x Ú 0 and the range is y Ú 0.
for p(x), then determine its
domain and range.
g(x) = x - 3
The domain of g(x) is x ∊ ℝ and the range is y ∊ ℝ.
a) Domain of f (x) is x { ℝ;
range is y { ℝ.
b) In d(x) = f (x) - g(x), substitute: f (x) = 1x and g(x) = x - 3
Domain of g(x) is x { ℝ; So, an equation is:
range is y # 0. d(x) = 1x - (x - 3), or
b) Substitute: f (x) = x + 2 and d(x) = 1x - x + 3
g(x) = ∣ x ∣ The domain of f (x) is x Ú 0 and
So, an equation is: the domain of g(x) is x ∊ ℝ,
h(x) = x + 2 + ∣ x ∣ so the domain of d(x) is x Ú 0.
Since the domains of both f(x) For the range, use technology to
and g(x) are x { ℝ, then the graph d(x) = 1x - x + 3
domain of h(x) is x { ℝ. The maximum value is:
For the range, use technology
y = 3 .25
to graph h(x) = x + 2 + ∣ x ∣
When x " 0, h(x) = 2
So, the range of d(x) is: y … 3 .25
When x + 0, h(x) + 2 #
c) In p(x) = f (x) g(x), substitute:
So, the range of h(x) is: y # 2
f (x) = 1x and g(x) = x - 3
c) Substitute: So, an equation is:
f (x) = x + 2 and g(x) = ∣ x ∣ p(x) = 1x (x - 3)
So, an equation is:
By the same reasoning as in part b,
p(x) = (x + 2) # ∣ x ∣
The domain of p(x) is x { ℝ.
the domain of p(x) is x Ú 0.
For the range, use technology For the range, use technology
to graph p(x) = (x + 2) # ∣ x ∣ to graph p(x) = 1x (x - 3)
The range of p(x) is: y { ℝ The minimum value is: y = -2
So, the range of p(x) is: y Ú -2

Given two functions f(x) and g(x), another function can be defined
by dividing f(x) and g(x).

288 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

The quotient of functions f (x) and g(x) is f (x) , g(x); this may also be
Animation
f
written as ( f , g)(x) or agb (x).
y
f (x)
Given q(x) = g(x), consider coordinates of corresponding points. 4

To determine the value of q(2), divide f(2) by g(2). (2, 2) y 5 f(x)

f (2) 2
2
From the graph, g(2) = - 1
x
= -2
22 0 2 4
= q(2)
(2, 21)
The domain of f (x) is: x Ú -2; the domain of g(x) is: x ∊ ℝ 22
y 5 q(x )
The domain of q(x) is: x Ú -2, x ≠ 1
f (x) (2, 22)
The graph above illustrates that the domain of the function y = g(x) is 24
y 5 g(x)
restricted to those values of x for which g(x) ≠ 0, and for which f (x) and
g(x) are defined.

Example 2 Writing the Equation of a Function that Is

a Quotient of Functions
Check Your Understanding
Use f (x) = 1x and g(x) = (x - 3)2.
2. Use f (x) = 1x and
a) State the domain and range of f (x) and of g(x).
g(x) = x - 2.
f (x)
b) Given q(x) = g(x), write an explicit equation for q(x), then a) State the domain and range
determine its domain and range. of f (x) and of g(x).
f (x)
b) Given q(x) = , write an
g(x)
SOLUTION explicit equation for q(x),
a) f (x) = 1x; the domain of f (x) is x Ú 0 and the range is y Ú 0. then determine its domain
and range.
g(x) = (x - 3)2; g(x) is a quadratic function whose graph opens up
and has vertex (3, 0); the domain is x ∊ ℝ and the range is y Ú 0. a) The domain of f (x) is x # 0
f (x) and the range is y # 0.
b) q(x) = g(x) The domain of g(x) is x { ℝ
Substitute: f (x) = 1x and and the range is y { ℝ.
f (x)
g(x) = (x - 3)2 b) q(x) =
g(x)
1x Substitute: f (x) = 1x and
q(x) = g(x) = x − 2
(x - 3)2
Both f (x) and g(x) are defined for 1x
q(x) =
x−2
x Ú 0, and g(x) = 0 when x = 3.
Both f (x) and g(x) are defined
So, the domain of q(x) is:
for x # 0, and g(x) = 0 when
x Ú 0, x ≠ 3 x = 2.
1x So, the domain of q(x) is:
For the range, use technology to graph: q(x) =
(x - 3)2 x # 0, x 3 2
The range of q(x) is: y Ú 0 For the range, use technology
1x
to graph: q(x) =
x−2
The range of q(x) is: y { ℝ

©P DO NOT COPY. 5.2 Combining Functions Algebraically 289

 Example 3 Writing a Function as the Product or
RM, CR1 Quotient of Functions
Check Your Understanding
a) Given p(x) = x2 - 2x - 8, write explicit equations for two
2
3. a) Given p(x) = x - 9, write functions f (x) and g(x) so that p(x) = f (x) # g(x).
explicit equations for two b) Given q(x) = x - 4, write explicit equations for two functions
functions f (x) and g(x) so f (x)
that p(x) = f (x) # g(x). f (x) and g(x) so that q(x) = g(x).
b) Given q(x) = x + 1, write
explicit equations for two SOLUTION
functions f (x) and g(x) so
f (x) a) Factor: p(x) = x2 - 2x - 8
that q(x) = .
g(x)    p(x) = (x - 4)(x + 2)
So, f (x) = x - 4 and g(x) = x + 2
Sample solution:
a) p(x) = (x − 3)(x + 3) b) The domain of q(x) = x - 4 is x ∊ ℝ.
So, f (x) = x − 3 and So, the domains of f (x) and g(x) must also be x ∊ ℝ, and g(x) must
g(x) = x + 3 never equal 0. Choose a function g(x) that is never equal to 0 and
b) Choose g(x) = 1 + x2 has domain x ∊ ℝ, such as g(x) = x2 + 2.
Then f (x) = (1 + x2)(x + 1) Multiply g(x) by (x - 4) to get:
= x3 + x2 + x + 1
x3 + x2 + x + 1 f (x) = (x2 + 2)(x - 4)
So, q(x) =
1 + x2 = x3 - 4x2 + 2x - 8

TEACHER NOTE x3 - 4x2 + 2x - 8

So, q(x) =
x2 + 2
DI: Common Difficulties
For Example 3b, students
may suggest writing
x2 - 16
q(x) = x + 4 . When this
function and the function
q(x) = x - 4 are graphed,
the two functions appear to
Discuss the Ideas RM, CR1

be equivalent. However, the 1. Two functions f (x) and g(x) are combined to form the function h(x).
tables of values show that When is the domain of h(x) not the values of x that are common to
they are not equivalent
the domains of f (x) and g(x)?
at x = -4. There is a hole at
x = -4. f (x)
When h(x) = , its domain is not the values of x that are common to
g(x)
the domains of f (x) and g(x) if these domains include a value of x for which
g(x) = 0.

f (x) f (x)
2. When a function q(x) is written as g(x), why must q(x) and g(x) have
the same domain?
f (x)
For q(x) and to be equal, they must have the same domain.
g(x)
If the domains are different, then the functions are not equal.

290 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

 Exercises
A
3. Given f (x) = x3 and g(x) = x2 + 1, write an explicit equation for
each combination.
a) h(x) = f (x) + g(x)    b) d(x) = f (x) - g(x)    c) p(x) = f (x) # g(x)    d) q(x) = g(x)
f (x)

h(x) = x3 + x2 + 1 d(x) = x3 − x2 − 1 p(x) = x3(x2 + 1) x3

q(x) =
x +1
2

4. For each function h(x) below, write explicit equations for f (x) and TEACHER NOTE
g(x) so that: Elaboration
i) h(x) is the sum f (x) + g(x) Questions 4 and 5 address:
ii) h(x) is the difference f (x) - g(x) operations on functions.
a) h(x) = x2 + 3x - 4 b) h(x) = x3 - x2 + 8
Sample answers:
i) h(x) = x2 + (3x − 4) i) h(x) = (x3 − x2) + 8
f (x) = x2 and g(x) = 3x − 4 f (x) = x3 − x2 and g(x) = 8
ii) h(x) = x2 − (−3x + 4) ii) h(x) = x3 − (x2 − 8)
f (x) = x2 and f (x) = x3 and g(x) = x2 − 8
g(x) = −3x + 4

B
RM, 5. Use f (x) = 2x - 4 and g(x) = -x + 2.
CR1
a) Write an explicit equation for h(x).

i) h(x) = f (x) + g(x) ii) h(x) = g(x) + f (x) iii) h(x) = f (x) - g(x)
h(x) = 2x − 4 + (−x + 2) h(x) = −x + 2 + 2x − 4 h(x) = 2x − 4 − (−x + 2)
h(x) = x − 2 h(x) = x − 2 h(x) = 3x − 6

iv) h(x) = g(x) - f (x) v) h(x) = f (x) # g(x) vi) h(x) = g(x) # f (x)
h(x) = −x + 2 − (2x − 4) h(x) = (2x − 4)(−x + 2) h(x) = (−x + 2)(2x − 4)
h(x) = −3x + 6 h(x) = −2x2 + 8x − 8 h(x) = −2x2 + 8x − 8

b) For part a, compare the answers to parts i and ii; parts iii and iv;

and parts v and vi. Explain the results.
The answers to parts i and ii are the same because addition is
commutative. The answers to parts iii and iv are opposites because
subtraction is not commutative. The answers to parts v and vi are the
same because multiplication is commutative.

©P DO NOT COPY. 5.2 Combining Functions Algebraically 291

RM, 6. Given that f (x) = x2 - 4, g(x) = 2x - 1, and h(x) = 3 - x3, write
US an explicit equation for k(x), then state its domain.
a) k(x) = f (x) + g(x) + h(x)
b) k(x) = f (x) - g(x) + h(x)
k(x) = x2 − 4 + 2x − 1 + 3 − x3 k(x) = x2 − 4 − (2x − 1) + 3 − x3
k(x) = −x3 + x2 + 2x − 2 k(x) = −x3 + x2 − 2x
This is a cubic function; its domain is: This is a cubic function; its domain is:
x{ℝ x{ℝ

c) k(x) = f (x) + g(x) h(x)

# d) k(x) = g(x) # f (x) - h(x)
k(x) = x2 − 4 + (2x − 1)(3 − x3) k(x) = (2x − 1)(x2 − 4) − (3 − x3)
k(x) = x2 − 4 + 6x − 2x4 − 3 + x3 k(x) = 2x3 − 8x − x2 + 4 − 3 + x3
k(x) = −2x4 + x3 + x2 + 6x − 7 k(x) = 3x3 − x2 − 8x + 1
This is a quartic function; its domain is: This is a cubic function; its domain is:
x{ℝ x{ℝ

7. Use f (x) = x - 4 and g(x) = x2. TEACHER NOTE

a) State the domain and range of f (x) and of g(x). Explain.
Elaboration
Questions 6 and 7 address:
f (x) is an absolute value function; the domain is x { ℝ and the range operations on functions.
is y # 0. g(x) is a quadratic function whose graph has vertex (0, 0) and
opens up; the domain is x { ℝ, and the range is y # 0.

b) Given h(x) = f (x) + g(x), write an explicit equation for h(x), then
determine its domain and range. Explain.
h(x) = ∣ x − 4 ∣ + x2
Since the domains of f (x) and g(x) are equal, then the domain of h(x) is
x { ℝ. Use technology to graph the function; the minimum value is 3.75
at x = 0.5, so the range is y # 3.75.

c) Given d(x) = f (x) - g(x), write an explicit equation for d(x), then
determine its domain and range. Explain.
d(x) = ∣ x − 4 ∣ − x2
Since the domains of f (x) and g(x) are equal, then the domain of d(x)
is x { ℝ. Use technology to graph the function; the maximum value is
4.25 at x = −0.5, so the range is y " 4.25.

292 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

 1
8. Use f (x) = x3 - x and g(x) = x + 3.
a) State the domain and range of f (x) and of g(x). Explain.
f (x) is a cubic function; the domain is x { ℝ and the range is y { ℝ.
g(x) is a reciprocal function; the domain is x 3 −3, and the range is
y 3 0.

b) Given h(x) = f (x) + g(x), write an explicit equation for h(x), then

determine its domain and range. Explain.
1
h(x) = x3 − x +
x+3
The domain of h(x) is the set of values of x that are common to the
domains of f (x) and g(x), so the domain is x 3 −3. Use technology to
graph the function; the approximate range is y " −34.5 or y # −14.2.

#
c) Given p(x) = f (x) g(x), write an explicit equation for p(x), then

determine its domain and range. Explain.
x3 − x
p(x) =
x+3
The domain of p(x) is the set of values of x that are common to the
domains of f (x) and g(x), so the domain is x 3 −3. Use technology to
graph the function; the range is y { ℝ.

9. Use f (x) = 1x + 2 and g(x) = x - 2.

a) State the domain and range of f (x) and of g(x). Explain.

f (x) is a square root function; the domain is x # −2 and the range is

y # 0. g(x) is an absolute value function; the domain is x { ℝ, and the
range is y # 0.

b) Given p(x) = f (x) # g(x), write an explicit equation for p(x), then
determine its domain and range. Explain.
p(x) = 1x + 2 # ∣ x − 2 ∣
The domain of p(x) is all values of x that are common to the domains
of f (x) and g(x), so the domain is x # −2. Use technology to graph the
function; the range is y # 0.

f (x)
c) Given q(x) = g(x), write an explicit equation for q(x), then
determine its domain and range. Explain.
1x + 2
q(x) =
∣x − 2∣
The domain of q(x) is restricted to those values of x for which ∣ x − 2 ∣ 3 0
and for which 1x + 2 is defined, so the domain is x # −2, x 3 2.
Use technology to graph the function; the range is y # 0.

©P DO NOT COPY. 5.2 Combining Functions Algebraically 293

RM, 10. a) When asked to write f (x) = x2 as the quotient of two functions, a
CR1, x3
CR2
student wrote f (x) = x . Is this correct? Justify your answer.
No, the answer is incorrect because the domain of the new function has
the restriction x 3 0, which the original function did not have.

b) If your answer to part a is no, write f (x) = x2 as a quotient of two

functions.
Multiply and divide the function by a non-zero expression, such as (x2 + 1).
x2(x2 + 1)
A possible function is: f (x) = 2
x +1

x-2
11. Consider the functions: f (x) = (x + 3)2 and g(x) = x + 3
#
Given p(x) = f (x) g(x), write an explicit equation for p(x), then
determine its domain and range. Explain.
x−2
p(x) = (x + 3)2 a b, or p(x) = (x + 3)(x − 2), x 3 −3
x+3
p(x) = x2 + x − 6, x 3 −3
The domain is x 3 −3. Use technology to graph the function; the range is
y # −6.25.

RM, 12. Consider the function g(x) = 4 and any function f (x). Predict how
US, the graph of each function below will be a transformation image of
CR2 y = f (x). Use graphing technology to check.
a) y = f (x) + g(x) b) y = f (x) - g(x)
The function g(x) is a horizontal line with y-intercept 4.
When g(x) is added to f (x), the graph of When g(x) is subtracted from f (x), the graph
y = f (x) will be translated 4 units up. of y = f (x) will be translated 4 units down.

c) y = f (x) # g(x)
f (x)
d) y = g(x)

When f (x) is multiplied by g(x), the graph of y = f (x) When f (x) is divided by g(x), the graph of
will be stretched vertically by a factor of 4. y = f (x) will be compressed vertically by a
1
factor of .
4

RM, 13. For each function h(x) below, h(a) = 0.

US What do you know about the values of f (a) and g(a)? Explain.
a) h(x) = f (x) + g(x)  b) h(x) = f (x) - g(x)  c) h(x) = f (x) # g(x)  d) h(x) = g(x)
f (x)

Substitute: Substitute: Substitute: Substitute:

x = a, h(a) = 0 x = a, h(a) = 0 x = a, h(a) = 0 x = a, h(a) = 0
0 = f (a) + g(a) 0 = f (a) − g(a) 0 = f (a) ~ g(a) f (a)
0=
f (a) = −g(a) f (a) = g(a) f (a) = 0, or g(a) = 0, g(a)
or both f (a) = 0 and g(a) 3 0

294 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

 14. Given f (x) = 1x and g(x) = 12 - x, determine an explicit
equation for each function, then state its domain. Explain.
a) h(x) = f (x) + g(x) b) d(x) = f (x) - g(x)
h(x) = 2x + 12 − x d(x) = 1x − 12 − x
For f (x), x # 0 and for g(x), x " 2, For f (x), x # 0 and for g(x), x " 2,
so the domain of h(x) is: 0 " x " 2 so the domain of d(x) is: 0 " x " 2

c) p(x) = f (x) # g(x)

f (x)
d) q(x) = g(x)

p(x) = 1x # 12 − x 1x
q(x) =
For f (x), x # 0 and for g(x), x " 2, so the 12 − x
domain of p(x) is: 0 " x " 2 For f (x), x # 0 and for g(x), x " 2, but
since g(x) is in the denominator, x 3 2
The domain of q(x) is: 0 " x * 2

C
x2 - 3x + 4
RM, 15. Consider the function: f (x) =
x-1
US,
a) Determine the domain and the approximate range of f (x).
CR1,
CR2 Justify your answer.
Since the denominator cannot be 0, the domain is: x 3 1
Use technology to graph the function.
It has a minimum point at approximately (2.4, 1.8) and a maximum
point at approximately (−0.4, −3.8).
So, the range is approximately y " −3.8 or y # 1.8.

b) Determine explicit equations for g(x), h(x), and k(x) so that

h(x)
f (x) = g(x) + k(x).

Sample response: Use synthetic division to determine: (x2 − 3x + 4) ÷ (x − 1)

1 1 −3 4
The function can be written as:
1 −2 2
f (x) = x − 2 +
1 −2 2 x−1

So, g(x) = x − 2; h(x) = 2; and k(x) = x − 1

CR2
RM, 16. Is it possible to combine f (x) = 1x with a second function g(x) TEACHER NOTE
CR1, to get a new function whose domain is all real numbers? DI: Extending Thinking
CR2 Justify your answer. Challenge students to
determine whether the
No, when two functions are combined, the domain of the new function
domain of the square root
is the set of values of x that are common to the two functions that were
of a function could ever be
combined. Since the domain of 1x is x # 0, then the domain of the new
all real numbers.
function cannot be all real numbers.
(Yes; for example, if the
radicand is x 2)

©P DO NOT COPY. 5.2 Combining Functions Algebraically 295

Multiple-Choice Questions

1. Given the functions f (x) = 3x - 2 and g(x) = x2 + x - 1, which TEACHER NOTE

function is h(x) = g(x) - f (x)? Solution strategy for
question 1: Determine
A. h(x) = x2 - 2x - 3 B. h(x) = x2 - 2x + 1
f(0) = -2 and g(0) = -1,
C. h(x) = x2 + 4x - 3 D. h(x) = -x2 + 2x - 1 then h(0) = -1 - (-2),
f (x) which equals 1. Determine
2. Given f (x) = x - 3 and g(x) = (x + 4)2, what is the domain of h(x) = g(x)? the value of each function
for x = 0, to identify which
A. x ∊ ℝ   B. x ≠ -4   C. x ≠ 3   D. x ≠ -4, x ≠ 3 is equal to 1.

Study Note CR1, CR2

Use examples to explain how to determine the domains and ranges of functions
formed by adding, subtracting, multiplying, or dividing two functions.
Consider the functions f (x) = 1x + 3 For the range of each function, I use graphing technology to graph
and g(x) = x3. the combinations and determine the range by using the table of
If the function h(x) is formed: values, or by determining the local maximum or minimum values.
• by adding: h(x) = f (x) + g(x); or For the sum of f (x) and g(x), the range is: y # −27
• by subtracting: h(x) = f (x) − g(x); or For the difference of f (x) and g(x), the range is: y " 27
• by multiplying: h(x) = f (x) ~ g(x) For the product of f (x) and g(x), the approximate range is: y # −11.1
1x + 3
the domain of h(x) is all the values of x that If f (x) is divided by g(x), then h(x) = ,
are common to the domains of f (x) and g(x). x3
and the denominator cannot be 0.
For f (x), the domain is: x # −3 So, the domain of h(x) is: x # −3, x 3 0
For g(x), the domain is: x { ℝ From the graph of h(x), the range is: y { ℝ
So, the domain of h(x) is: x # −3

ANSWERS
Check Your Understanding
1. a) For f (x), domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y ∊ ℝ; for g(x), domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y Ú 0 b) h(x) = x + 2 + x; domain: x ∊ ℝ;
range: y Ú 2 c) p(x) = (x + 2) # x; domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y ∊ ℝ 2. a) For f (x), domain: x Ú 0; range: y Ú 0; for g(x),
1x
domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y ∊ ℝ b) q(x) = ; domain: x Ú 0, x ≠ 2; range: y ∊ ℝ
x-2
Exercises
x3
3. a) h(x) = x3 + x2 + 1 b) d(x) = x3 - x2 - 1 c) p(x) = x3(x2 + 1) d) q(x) = 2 5. a) i) h(x) = x - 2
x +1
ii) h(x) = x - 2 iii) h(x) = 3x - 6 iv) h(x) = - 3x + 6 v) h(x) = - 2x + 8x - 8 vi) h(x) = - 2x2 + 8x - 8
2

6. a) k(x) = - x3 + x2 + 2x - 2; x ∊ ℝ b) k(x) = - x3 + x2 - 2x; x ∊ ℝ

c) k(x) = - 2x4 + x3 + x2 + 6x - 7; x ∊ ℝ d) k(x) = 3x3 - x2 - 8x + 1; x ∊ ℝ
7. a) For f (x) and g(x), domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y Ú 0 b) h(x) = x - 4 + x2; domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y Ú 3 .75
c) d(x) = x - 4 - x2; domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y … 4 .25 8. a) For f (x), domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y ∊ ℝ; for g(x), domain:
1
x ≠ - 3; range: y ≠ 0 b) h(x) = x3 - x + ; domain: x ≠ - 3; approximate range: y … - 34 .5 or y Ú - 14 .2
x+3
x -x
3
c) p(x) = ; domain: x ≠ - 3; range: y ∊ ℝ 9. a) For f (x), domain: x Ú - 2; range; y Ú 0; for g(x), domain: x ∊ ℝ;
x+3
range: y Ú 0 b) p(x) = 1x + 2 # x - 2; domain: x Ú - 2; range: y Ú 0 c) q(x) =
1x + 2
; domain: x Ú - 2, x ≠ 2;
x - 2
range: y Ú 0 10. a) incorrect 11. p(x) = x2 + x - 6, x ≠ - 3; domain: x ≠ - 3; range: y Ú - 6 .25 12. a) translated
1
4 units up b) translated 4 units down c) stretched vertically by a factor of 4 d) compressed vertically by a factor of
4
13. a) f(a) = - g(a) b) f(a) = g(a) c) f(a) = 0, or g(a) = 0, or both d) f (a) = 0, g(a) ≠ 0
14. a) h(x) = 1x + 12 - x; 0 … x … 2 b) d(x) = 1x - 12 - x; 0 … x … 2 c) p(x) = 1x # 12 - x; 0 … x … 2
1x
d) q(x) = ; 0 … x 6 2 15. a) domain: x ≠ 1; approximate range: y … - 3 .8 or y Ú 1 .8 16. no
12 - x
Multiple Choice
1. B 2. B

296 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

 CHECKPOINT

Self-Assess

Can you. . . Try Checkpoint question For review, see

sketch the graph of a function that is the sum or 2 Page 284 in Lesson 5.1
difference of two functions, given their graphs?

sketch the graph of a function that is the product or 2 Page 284 in Lesson 5.1
quotient of two functions, given their graphs?
write the equation of a function that is the sum, 5 Page 288 in Lesson 5.2
difference, or product of two or more functions, given (Example 1)
their equations?

write the equation of a function that is the quotient of 5 Page 289 in Lesson 5.2
two or more functions, given their equations? (Example 2)

determine the domain and range of a function that is 5 Page 288 in Lesson 5.2
the sum, difference, or product of two functions? (Example 1)

determine the domain and range of a function that is 5 Page 289 in Lesson 5.2
the quotient of two functions? (Example 2)

write a function as the product or quotient of two or 4 Page 290 in Lesson 5.2
more functions? (Example 3)

Assess Your Understanding

5.1
1. Multiple Choice Given the graphs of y = f (x) and y = g(x), which y
f (x)
graph below represents y = g(x)? 2 y 5 f(x)
x
A. y B. y 22 0 2
2 2 22 y 5 g(x )
x x
22 0 2 0 2
22 22 TEACHER NOTE
Have students complete
y
Master 5.2a to summarize
C. y D.
their knowledge of functions
2 2
that are the sum, difference,
x x product, or quotient of two
0 2
0 2 22 functions.
22

©P DO NOT COPY. Checkpoint 297

 2. Use the graphs of y = f (x) and y = g(x) to sketch the graph of each TEACHER NOTE
given function. Identify its domain and range; approximate the range Elaboration
where necessary. Questions 2 and 3 address:
a) y = f (x) + g(x) b) y = f (x) - g(x) operations on functions.

y y
y 5 f(x ) y 5 f(x ) 2 g(x )
6 6

4 4
y 5 f(x )1g(x)

2 2
y 5 f(x )

x x
26 24 22 0 2 26 24 22 0 2

22 22

y 5 g(x ) y 5 g(x )
24 24

From the graphs:

f (x)
x f (x) g(x) f (x) + g(x) f (x) − g(x) f (x) ~ g(x)
g(x)
−4 5 0 5   5 0 undefined

−3 2 −1 1   3 −2 −2

−2 1
#
= −1.4
#
= −0.4
#
= 2.4
#
= −1.4
#
= −0.7

−1 2
#
= −1.7
#
= 0.3
#
= 3.7
#
= −3.5
#
= −1.2

0 5 −2 3   7 −10 −2.5

Plot points at: (−4, 5), (−3, 1), Plot points at: (−4, 5), (−3, 3),
(−2, −0.4), (−1, 0.3), (0, 3) (−2, 2.4), (−1, 3.7)
Join the points with a smooth curve. Join the points with a smooth curve.
Domain: x # −4 Domain: x # −4
Approximate range: y # −0.4 Approximate range: y # 2.4

298 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

 c) y = f (x) # g(x)
f (x)
d) y = g(x)

y y

y 5 f(x )
6 6
y 5 f(x )

4 4

2 2

x x
26 24 22 0 2 26 24 22 0 2
y 5 g(x ) y 5 g(x )
22 22

y 5 f(x )·g(x )
f(x)
24 24 y5
g(x)

Plot points at: (−4, 0), (−3, −2), (−2, −1.4), Plot points at: (−3, −2), (−2, −0.7), (−1, −1.2), (0, −2.5)
(−1, −3.5) Since g(−4) = 0, draw an asymptote at x = −4.
Join the points with a smooth curve. Join the points with a smooth curve.
Domain: x # −4 Domain: x + −4
Range: y " 0 Approximate range: y " −0.7

5.2
3. Multiple Choice Given f (x) = x - 2 and g(x) = 1x, what is the
domain of h(x) = f (x) # g(x)?
A. x ∊ ℝ   B. x ≠ 2   C. x 7 2   D. x Ú 0

RM, 4. Use f (x) = x2 + x - 20.

US,
a) Write explicit equations for two functions g(x) and k(x) so that
f (x) = g(x) # k(x).
CR1

Sample response:
Factor: f (x) = (x + 5)(x − 4)
So, g(x) = x + 5 and k(x) = x − 4

g(x)
b) Write explicit equations for two functions g(x) and k(x) so that f (x) = k(x).
Sample response:
Multiply and divide x2 + x − 20 by a non-zero expression.
(x2 + x − 20)(x2 + 4)
f (x) =
x2 + 4
So, g(x) = (x + x − 20)(x2 + 4) and k(x) = x2 + 4
2

©P DO NOT COPY. Checkpoint 299

 1
5. Use f (x) = 3x2 - 1, g(x) = x + 2, and h(x) = 1x - 5.
i) Write an explicit equation for each function below.
ii) State the domain and range of each function; approximate the
range where necessary.
a) h(x) = f (x) + g(x) b) d(x) = g(x) - h(x)
1 1
i) h(x) = 3x2 − 1 + i) d(x) = − 1x − 5
x+2 x+2
ii) The domain is: x 3 −2 ii) The domain is: x # 5
Use technology; the range is: Use technology; the range is:
y{ℝ 1
y"
7

c) p(x) = f (x) # g(x)

h(x)
d) q(x) = g(x)

1 1x − 5
i) p(x) = (3x2 − 1)a b i) q(x) =
x+2 1
3x2 − 1 x+2
p(x) =
x+2 q(x) = (x + 2)1x − 5
ii) The domain is: x 3 −2
ii) The domain is: x # 5
Use technology; the range is
Use technology; the range is:
approximately:
y#0
y # −0.5 or y " −23.5
TEACHER NOTE
For question 5a, substitute
values of x close to x = -2
to determine that the
range is y ∊ ℝ.
For question 5b, when x = 5,
1
y = ; as x increases,
7
y decreases, so the range
1
is y … .
7

ANSWERS
1. C 2. a) domain: x Ú - 4; approximate range: y Ú - 0 .4
b) domain: x Ú - 4; approximate range: y Ú 2 .4
c) domain: x Ú - 4; range: y … 0
d) domain: x 7 - 4; approximate range: y … - 0 .7 3. D
1
5. a) i) h(x) = 3x2 - 1 + ii) domain: x ≠ - 2; range: y ∊ ℝ
x+2
1 1
b) i) d(x) = - 1x - 5 ii) domain: x Ú 5; range: y …
x+2 7
3x2 - 1
c) i) p(x) = ii) domain: x ≠ - 2; approximate range: y Ú - 0 .5 or y … - 23 .5
x+2
d) i) q(x) = (x + 2) 1x - 5 ii) domain: x Ú 5; range: y Ú 0

300 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

5.3 Introduction to Composite Functions
FOCUS Determine the value of a composition of functions at a
Lesson Organizer
point and determine the equation of a composite function.
60 – 75 min

Key Math Concepts

Get Started US The value of a composite
function can be determined
Here are two function machines. The output of machine A is the input at a point and the equation
for machine B. of a composite function can
be determined.
Machine A Machine B
Input Curricular Competencies:
x 1 Output
2x 1 3 RM, US, CR1, CR2
x15
Teacher Materials
• overhead transparency
What is the output from machine B for each input in machine A?
of grid paper, overhead
• x=3 graphing technology
(optional)
Substitute x = 3 in 2x + 3:
2(3) + 3 = 9 Student Materials
1 • graphing technology
Substitute x = 9 in :
x+5
1 1 Vocabulary
= , which is the output from machine B
9 + 5 14 composite function

• x=0
Substitute x = 0 in 2x + 3:
2(0) + 3 = 3
1
Substitute x = 3 in :
x+5
1 1
= , which is the output from machine B
3+5 8

• x = -2
Substitute x = −2 in 2x + 3:
2(−2) + 3 = −1
1 TEACHER NOTE
Substitute x = −1 in :
x+5
1 1 The relationship among
= , which is the output from machine B the domain of a composite
−1 + 5 4
function and the domains
and ranges of the two
functions that form the
composite function is
addressed in Lesson 5.4.

©P DO NOT COPY. 5.3 Introduction to Composite Functions 301

 Construct Understanding RM, US, CR1, CR2

When a drop of liquid falls on a flat surface, it forms a circle whose

radius, r centimetres, is a function of time, t seconds, since the drop
landed. The area of the circle, A square centimetres, is a function of
the radius, r centimetres.

r      A
6 30 (3, 28)
r 5 f(t)
A 5 f(r)
4 20
(1.5, 3)
2 10
t r
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3

How can the graphs above be used to determine the approximate

area of the circle after 1.5 s?
Write an explicit equation for each function graphed above.
What is an explicit equation for A as a function of t?
Use the equation to determine the area of the circle after 1.5 s, to
the nearest tenth of a square centimetre.

Identify the coordinates of the point on the first graph where t = 1.5: (1.5, 3)
When t = 1.5, r = 3
Identify the coordinates of the point on the second graph where r = 3:
approximately (3, 28)
So, after 1.5 s, the area of the circle is approximately 28 cm2.
The first graph passes through the origin and has slope 2, so its equation is:
r = 2t
The second graph represents the area of a circle as a function of its radius, so its
equation is: A = Pr2
Substitute r = 2t in A = Pr2.
A = P(2t)2
A = 4Pt2
Substitute t = 1.5 in A = 4Pt2.
A = 4P(1.5)2
A = 28.2743. . .
After 1.5 s, the area of the circle is approximately 28.3 cm2.

302 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

For a vehicle, the cost of gasoline, c dollars, is a function of the amount
used, v litres.
This can be written as the function: c(v)
The amount of fuel used, v, is a function of the distance driven,
d kilometres.
This can be written as the function: v(d)
Since c is a function of v and v is a function of d, c can be written as a
function of d: c(v(d ))
The function c(v(d )) represents the cost of gasoline as a function of the
distance driven.
This is an example of a composite function; c(v(d )) is the composition of
functions c and v; it is the function that results when function c is applied
to function v.

Composition of Functions

Given f and g are two functions of x, the composition of f and g is:

f ( g(x)), or f ∘ g(x)
Both expressions are read as: “f of g at x.”

The definition above illustrates that functions may simply be described by

single letters, such as f and g.
Consider the two functions partially described by the arrow diagrams
below.
x g(x) x f(x)

22 5 22 7
21 2 21 6
0 1 0 5
1 2 1 4
2 5 2 3

TEACHER NOTE
To determine f ( g( -1)), start with the “inside” function g and determine
DI: Common Difficulties
g( -1).
Some students have difficulty
From the first arrow diagram, g( -1) = 2 with the terminology relating
So, f ( g( -1)) = f (2) to composite functions. For
two functions y = f (x) and
From the second arrow diagram, f (2) = 3 y = g(x), here are two
So, f ( g( -1)) = 3 possible composite functions:
y = f ( g(x)) or y = g(f (x)).
Consider using the terms
“outside function” and
“inside function” when you
describe a composite function.

©P DO NOT COPY. 5.3 Introduction to Composite Functions 303

 The composition on page 303 can be illustrated graphically.
Here are the graphs of y = f (x), y = g(x), and y = x,
for x ∊ ℝ. To determine f ( g( -1)):
• Draw a vertical line through x = -1 y
8
to intersect the graph of y = g(x);
the point of intersection is ( -1, 2). y 5g(x)
6
• From the point ( -1, 2), draw a
horizontal line to intersect the graph
4 y5x
of y = x; the point of intersection (2, 3)
is (2, 2). The y-value of g(x) is
(21, 2) y 5 f(x)
the x-value of f (x).
(2, 2)
• From the point (2, 2), draw a vertical
x
line to intersect the graph of y = f (x); 22 0 2
the point of intersection is (2, 3).
So, f ( g( -1)) = 3

Example 1 Determining the Value of a Composite

Function Using Tables of Values
Check Your Understanding
The tables below define two functions.
1. Use the functions in Example 1
Use these tables to determine each value below.
to determine each value.
a) g(f (2))  b) g( g(2))
x f(x) x g(x)
a) g(f (2)) -2   8 -2   3
f (2) = 0
g(f (2)) = g(0) -1   3 -1   2
=1 0   0 0   1
b) g(g(2)) 1 -1 1   0
g(2) = −1
2   0 2 -1
g(g(2)) = g(−1)
=2
a) f ( g( -1)) b) f ( f (1))

SOLUTION
a) f ( g( -1)) b) f ( f (1))
First determine: g( -1) = 2 First determine: f (1) = -1
Then, f ( g( -1)) = f (2) Then, f ( f (1)) = f ( -1)
              = 0            = 3

THINK FURTHER RM, CR1

In Example 1, why can the value of f (f (-2)) not be determined with any certainty?

From the table, f (−2) = 8, so f (f (−2)) = f (8), which cannot be determined with
any certainty because the function f may not be defined when x = 8.

304 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

 Example 2 Determining the Value of a Composite
Function Algebraically RM, US

Check Your Understanding

1
Given the functions f (x) = x - 1 and g(x) = 2 , determine 2. Given the functions
x +1
each value. f (x) = x2 + 3x and
a) f ( g(2)) b) g( f (2)) g(x) = -2x + 1, determine
each value.
SOLUTION a) f ( g(9))  b) g(f (9))
a) f ( g(2)) b) g( f (2)) a) f ( g(9))
To determine g(2), To determine f(2), g(9) = −2(9) + 1
substitute x = 2 in substitute x = 2 in = −17
1 f ( g(9)) = f (−17)
g(x) = f (x) = x - 1
x2 + 1 = (−17)2 + 3(−17)
1 f (2) = 2 - 1 = 238
g(2) = 2 =1 So, f ( g(9)) = 238
2 +1
= 0 .2 So, g( f (2)) = g(1) b) g(f (9))
So, f ( g(2)) = f (0 .2) Substitute x = 1 in f (9) = 92 + 3(9)
Substitute x = 0 .2 in 1 = 108
g(x) =
x2 + 1 g(f (9)) = g(108)
f (x) = x - 1 1
g(1) = 2 = −2(108) + 1
f (0 .2) = 0 .2 - 1 1 +1 = −215
= 0 .8 = 0 .5 So, g(f (9)) = −215
So, f ( g(2)) = 0 .8 So, g( f (2)) = 0 .5

In Example 2:
f ( g(2)) is the value of f (x) when x = g(2).
g( f (2)) is the value of g(x) when x = f (2).
This example illustrates that, in general, f ( g(a)) ≠ g( f (a)), where a ∊ ℝ.
For two functions, such as f (x) = 3x - 4 and g(x) = x2 + 5x, a
composite function, h(x), is formed by replacing x in f (x) with g(x).
That is, h(x) = f (g(x)) CR1, CR2
Begin with: TEACHER NOTE
DI: Extending Thinking
f (x) = 3x - 4 Replace x with g(x).
Have students draw a graph
f ( g(x)) = 3( g(x)) - 4 On the right side, replace g(x) with x2 + 5x. for f (x) = 2x + 3 and
f ( g(x)) = 3(x2 + 5x) - 4 Simplify. g(x) =
x-3
, choose any
2
So, h(x) = 3x2 + 15x - 4 value of x, then plot the three
Consider the function: f (x) = 2x + 3, or y = 2x + 3 points as described at the top
of page 304. Ask students to
The inverse function is: y
4 determine the distance between
x = 2y + 3    Solve for y. y 5 2x 1 3
the point on the line y = x
2 and the points on the other
2y = x - 3
x two lines; these distances are
x-3 0 equal for inverse functions since
y= 24 4
2 x23
y5 one point is the reflection of the
2
other point in the line y = x.
24

©P DO NOT COPY. 5.3 Introduction to Composite Functions 305

TEACHER NOTE x-3
Let the inverse function be g(x). Then, g(x) = 2 .
Tell students that, in general,
if f ( g(x)) = g(f (x)) = x, then x-3 (2x + 3) - 3
So, f ( g(x)) = 2 a 2 b + 3  and  g( f (x)) = 2
f and g are inverse functions.
This is another strategy for          = x       = x
determining algebraically In Example 2, it was shown that, in general, f ( g(x)) and g( f (x)) are usually
whether two functions are
different. The example above illustrates that if two functions f (x) and
inverses of each other, which
g(x) are inverses of each other, then f ( g(x)) = g( f (x)) = x for all values of
was addressed in Lesson 4.5.
x in the domains of both functions.

Example 3 Writing the Equation of a Composite

RM, US, CR1 Function
Check Your Understanding
Given f (x) = x2 + 3x and g(x) = 3x - 5, determine an explicit
3. Given f (x) = 2x2 + 1 and
equation for each composite function, then state its domain and range.
g(x) = 2x + 7, determine an
a) f ( g(x))            b) g( f (x))            c) f ( f (x))
explicit equation for each
composite function, then state
its domain and range. SOLUTION
a) f ( g(x))     Use f (x) = x2 + 3x and g(x) = 3x - 5.
b) g(f (x)) Use graphing technology to determine the range.
c) g( g(x))
a) f ( g(x)) = f (3x - 5)
a) f ( g(x)) = f (2x + 7) In f (x) = x2 + 3x, replace x with 3x - 5.
f ( g(x)) = 2(2x + 7)2 + 1 f ( g(x)) = (3x - 5)2 + 3(3x - 5)
f ( g(x)) = 2(4x2 + 28x + 49) + 1 f ( g(x)) = 9x2 - 30x + 25 + 9x - 15
f ( g(x)) = 8x2 + 56x + 99 f ( g(x)) = 9x2 - 21x + 10
The domain is: x { ℝ This is a quadratic function. Its domain is: x ∊ ℝ
From the graph, the range is: y # 1
From the graph, the range is: y Ú -2 .25
b) g(f (x)) = g(2x2 + 1)
g(f (x)) = 2(2x2 + 1) + 7
b) g( f (x)) = g(x2 + 3x)
g(f (x)) = 4x2 + 9 In g(x) = 3x - 5, replace x with x2 + 3x.
The domain is: x { ℝ g( f (x)) = 3(x2 + 3x) - 5
The range is: y # 9 g( f (x)) = 3x2 + 9x - 5
c) g( g(x)) = g(2x + 7) This is a quadratic function.
g( g(x)) = 2(2x + 7) + 7 Its domain is: x ∊ ℝ
g( g(x)) = 4x + 21 From the graph, the range is: y Ú -11 .75
The domain is: x { ℝ c) f ( f (x)) = f (x2 + 3x)
The range is: y { ℝ
In f (x) = x2 + 3x, replace x with x2 + 3x.
f ( f (x)) = (x2 + 3x)2 + 3(x2 + 3x)
f ( f (x)) = x4 + 6x3 + 9x2 + 3x2 + 9x
f ( f (x)) = x4 + 6x3 + 12x2 + 9x
This is a quartic function. Its domain is: x ∊ ℝ
From the graph, the minimum points have the
same y-coordinate, and the range is:
y Ú -2 .25

306 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

 TEACHER NOTE
Discuss the Ideas CR1 DI: Common Difficulties
For students who have
1. What is a composite function? difficulty replacing the variable
A composite function is the result of applying two functions in succession. x with a function of x, include
For example, if two functions of x are f and g, and f is applied first then g, a step to replace the variable x
the composite function is g(f (x)). If g is applied first, then f, the composite with a placeholder, such as □.
function is f ( g(x)). Then, for Example 3a, the
function f (x) = x2 + 3x is
written as f (□) = □2 + 3□.
Then, for f ( g(x)), □ is replaced
with 3x - 5.
2. Suppose you are given the equation of a composite function f ( g(x)).
How do you determine the value of f ( g(a)), where a is a real number?
I substitute x = a in the equation for f ( g(x)), then evaluate.

3. Why is it important to evaluate a composite function in the correct

order?
The value of g(f (x)) may not equal the value of f ( g(x)), as shown in Example 2,
so if I evaluate in the wrong order, I may get the wrong answer.

Exercises
A
4. Use these tables to determine each value below.

x -2 -1 0 1 2 x -4 -2 0 2 4

f(x) 4 2 0 -2 -4 g(x) -3 1 5 9 13

a) f ( g( -2)) b) g( f ( -2))
From the 2nd table: g(−2) = 1 From the 1st table: f (−2) = 4
From the 1st table: f (1) = −2 From the 2nd table: g(4) = 13
So, f ( g(−2)) = −2 So, g(f (−2)) = 13

c) f ( f ( -1)) d) g( f (0))
From the 1st table: f (−1) = 2 From the 1st table: f (0) = 0
From the 1st table: f (2) = −4 From the 2nd table: g(0) = 5
So, f (f (−1)) = −4 So, g(f (0)) = 5

©P DO NOT COPY. 5.3 Introduction to Composite Functions 307

 5. Given the graphs of y = f (x) and y = g(x), determine each value. y y 5 g(x)

a) f ( g( -1)) b) g( f ( -2)) 4

From the graph of y = g(x), g(−1) = 1 From the graph of y = f (x), f (−2) = 1 2
From the graph of y = f (x), f (1) = −2 From the graph of y = g(x), g(1) = 5 x
So, f ( g(−1)) = −2 So, g(f (−2)) = 5 22 2 4
22
y 5 f(x)
24

c) g( g( -2)) d) f ( g(1)) 26

From the graph of y = g(x), g(−2) = −1 From the graph of y = g(x), g(1) = 5
From the graph of y = g(x), g(−1) = 1 From the graph of y = f (x), f (5) = −6
So, g( g(−2)) = 1 So, f ( g(1)) = −6

6. Given the functions f (x) = 3x + 1 and g(x) = x2 - 4, determine

each value.
a) f ( g(2)) b) g( f (2)) c) g( g(2)) d) f ( f (2))
g(2) = 22 − 4 f (2) = 3(2) + 1 From part a, g(2) = 0 From part b, f (2) = 7
=0 =7 g( g(2)) = g(0) f (f (2)) = f (7)
f ( g(2)) = f (0) g(f (2)) = g(7) = 02 − 4 = 3(7) + 1
= 3(0) + 1 = 72 − 4 = −4 = 22
=1 = 45 So, g( g(2)) = −4 So, f (f (2)) = 22
So, f ( g(2)) = 1 So, g(f (2)) = 45

B
7. Given the graphs of y = f (x) and y = g(x), determine each value. y
y 5 f(x )
a) f ( g(4)) b) g( f (3))
4
From the graph of y = g(x), g(4) = 3 From the graph of y = f (x), f (3) = −2
2
From the graph of y = f(x), f (3) = −2 From the graph of y = g(x), g(−2) = −3
So, f ( g(4)) = −2 So, g(f (3)) = −3 x
24 22 0 2

24
y 5 g(x )

2x + 3
8. Given the functions f (x) = x2 - 5x + 5 and g(x) = x - 1 ,
determine each value.
a) f ( g( -4)) b) g( f (2))
2(−4) + 3 f (2) = 22 − 5(2) + 5
g(−4) =
−4 − 1 = −1
=1 2(−1) + 3
g(−1) =
f (1) = 12 − 5(1) + 5 −1 − 1
=1 = −0.5
f (g(−4)) = 1 g(f (2)) = −0.5

308 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

 9. Given the functions f (x) = 4 - x, g(x) = (x - 4)2, and h(x) = 1x,
determine each value.
a) f ( g(1)) b) h( g( -2)) c) f ( g(h(2))) d) h( g( f (2)))
g(1) = (1 − 4)2 g(−2) = (−2 − 4)2 h(2) = 12 f (2) = ∣ 4 − 2 ∣
=9 = 36 g(12) = (12 − 4)2 =2
f (9) = ∣ 4 − 9 ∣ h(36) = 136 = 2 − 812 + 16 g(2) = (2 − 4)2
=5 =6 = 18 − 812 =4
f ( g(1)) = 5 h( g(−2)) = 6 f (18 − 812) = ∣ 4 − 18 + 812 ∣ h(4) = 14
= ∣ −14 + 812 ∣ =2
= 14 − 812 h( g(f (2))) = 2
f ( g(h(2))) = 14 − 812

10. Given f (x) = 4x - 3 and g(x) = -2x2 + 3x, determine an explicit

equation for each composite function, then state its domain and range.
a) f ( g(x)) b) g( f (x))
f(g(x)) = f(−2x2 + 3x) g(f (x)) = g(4x − 3)
f(g(x)) = 4(−2x2 + 3x) − 3 g(f (x)) = −2(4x − 3)2 + 3(4x − 3)
f(g(x)) = −8x2 + 12x − 3 g(f (x)) = −32x2 + 48x − 18 + 12x − 9
This is a quadratic function; its domain is: x { ℝ g(f (x)) = −32x2 + 60x − 27
Use graphing technology to graph the function; This is a quadratic function; its domain is: x { ℝ
its range is: y " 1.5 From the graph of the function, its range is:
y " 1.125

c) g( g(x)) d) f ( f (x))
g( g(x)) = g(−2x2 + 3x) f (f (x)) = f (4x − 3)
g( g(x)) = −2(−2x2 + 3x)2 + 3(−2x2 + 3x) f (f (x)) = 4(4x − 3) − 3
= −8x4 + 24x3 − 18x2 − 6x2 + 9x f (f (x)) = 16x − 15
= −8x4 + 24x3 − 24x2 + 9x This is a linear function; its domain is: x { ℝ;
This is a polynomial function; its domain is: x { ℝ and its range is: y { ℝ
Use graphing technology to graph the function;
its range is: y " 1.125 TEACHER NOTE
In question 10b, students
11. Given f (x) = x - 5 and g(x) = 3x + 1, determine an explicit
3 may factor and write the
equation as:
equation for each composite function, then state its domain and range.
g(f (x)) = (4x - 3)(-8x + 9);
a) f ( g(x)) b) g( f (x)) this response is acceptable.
Also, in question 10c,
f ( g(x)) = f (3x + 1) g(f (x)) = g(x3 − 5)
students may write: g( g(x)) =
f ( g(x)) = (3x + 1)3 − 5 g(f (x)) = 3(x3 − 5) + 1
(-2x2 + 3x)(4x2 - 6x + 3)
This is a cubic function; its g(f (x)) = 3x3 − 14
or g( g(x)) =
domain is: x { ℝ; and its This is a cubic function; its domain
-x(2x - 3)(4x2 - 6x + 3)
range is: y { ℝ is: x { ℝ; and its range is: y { ℝ

c) f ( f (x)) d) g( g(x))
f (f (x)) = f (x3 − 5) g( g(x)) = g(3x + 1)
f (f (x)) = (x3 − 5)3 − 5 g( g(x)) = 3(3x + 1) + 1
This is a polynomial function g( g(x)) = 9x + 4
with an odd degree; its This is a linear function; its
domain is: x { ℝ; and its domain is: x { ℝ; and its range is:
range is: y { ℝ y{ℝ

©P DO NOT COPY. 5.3 Introduction to Composite Functions 309

RM, 12. Can the composition of two linear functions form a quadratic TEACHER NOTE
CR1 function? Justify your answer. Students should be able
No, two linear functions have the form f (x) = mx + b and g(x) = nx + c.
to distinguish between
When I compose functions, I substitute one function for the variable
a composite function
in the other function, so for two linear functions, the composite function is
y = f ( g(x)), and a function
also a linear function. For example, f ( g(x)) = m(nx + c) + b, which
formed by multiplying two
simplifies to f ( g(x)) = mnx + mc + b.
functions y = f (x) # g(x).
For question 12, it is not
possible to form a quadratic
function using composition;
RM, 13. Given the graphs of y = f (x) and y = g(x) y but a quadratic function
4
US, is formed when two linear
a) Determine f ( g(2)) and g( f (2)). functions are multiplied.
CR1 2
y 5 g(x)
From the graph: x
g(2) = 3 f (2) = 0 24 22 0 2 4
f (3) = 2 g(0) = 2 22 y 5 f(x )
So, f ( g(2)) = 2 So, g(f (2)) = 2
24

b) Determine f ( g(1)) and g( f (1)).

From the graph:
g(1) = 2.5 f (1) = −2
f (2.5) = 1 g(−2) = 1
So, f ( g(1)) = 1 So, g(f (1)) = 1

c) How are the functions f (x) and g(x) related? Justify your answer.
From parts a and b, f ( g(2)) = g(f (2)) = 2 and f ( g(1)) = g(f (1)) = 1.
The functions are inverses of each other. Their graphs are reflections of
each other in the line y = x.

14. Use composition of functions to determine whether the functions in

each pair are inverse functions.
1
a) y = 3x + 2 and y = 3x - 6 b) y = 2x - 3 and y = 2x + 3

1 1 Write y = 2x − 3 as f (x) = 2x − 3, and write

Write y = x + 2 as f (x) = x + 2, and write
3 3 y = 2x + 3 as g(x) = 2x + 3.
y = 3x − 6 as g(x) = 3x − 6. Determine:
Determine: f ( g(x)) = 2(2x + 3) − 3
1 = 4x + 3
f ( g(x)) = (3x − 6) + 2
3 Since f ( g(x)) 3 x, the functions are not
=x inverses.
Determine:
1
g(f (x)) = 3 a x + 2b − 6
3
=x
Since f ( g(x)) = g(f (x)) = x, the functions
are inverses.

310 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

 C
RM, 15. Given the functions f (x) = x2 - 2x and g(x) = 3x + 2, write an
US explicit function for each value.
a) g( f (a)) b) f ( g(a))
Determine g(f (x)). Determine f ( g(x)).
g(f (x)) = 3(x2 − 2x) + 2 f ( g(x)) = (3x + 2)2 − 2(3x + 2)
g(f (x)) = 3x2 − 6x + 2 f ( g(x)) = 9x2 + 12x + 4 − 6x − 4
Substitute: x = a f ( g(x)) = 9x2 + 6x
g(f (a)) = 3a2 − 6a + 2 Substitute: x = a
f ( g(a)) = 9a2 + 6a

c) f ( g(a - 1)) d) f ( g(1 - a))

From part b, f ( g(x)) = 9x2 + 6x From part b, f ( g(x)) = 9x2 + 6x
Substitute: x = a − 1 Substitute: x = 1 − a
f ( g(a − 1)) = 9(a − 1)2 + 6(a − 1) f ( g(1 − a)) = 9(1 − a)2 + 6(1 − a)
f ( g(a − 1)) = 9a2 − 18a + 9 + 6a − 6 f ( g(1 − a)) = 9 − 18a + 9a2 + 6 − 6a
f ( g(a − 1)) = 9a2 − 12a + 3 f ( g(1 − a)) = 15 − 24a + 9a2

RM, 16. Given the functions f (x) = x2 - 2x + 2, g(x) = 5x - 2, and

US, h(x) = 1x + 3
CR1
a) Determine the value of a for which b) Determine the values of a for which
g(h(a)) = 13. f (g(a)) = 5.
Determine g(h(x)). Determine f ( g(x)).
g(h(x)) = 5(1x + 3) − 2 f ( g(x)) = (5x − 2)2 − 2(5x − 2) + 2
g(h(x)) = 51x + 3 − 2  f ( g(x)) = 25x2 − 20x + 4 − 10x + 4 + 2
Substitute: x = a, g(h(a)) = 13 f ( g(x)) = 25x2 − 30x + 10  
13 = 51a + 3 − 2 Substitute: x = a, f ( g(a)) = 5
5 = 25a2 − 30a + 10
51a + 3 = 15
0 = 25a2 − 30a + 5    Factor.
1a + 3 = 3 0 = 5(5a2 − 6a + 1)
a+3=9 0 = 5(5a − 1)(a − 1)
a=6 Verify the solution. a = 0.2 or a = 1

c) Why are there two values of a for part b but only one value for part a?
In part a, g(h(x)) is a radical function and its related equation has only
one solution. In part b, f ( g(x)) is a quadratic function and its related
equation has two solutions.

©P DO NOT COPY. 5.3 Introduction to Composite Functions 311

Multiple-Choice Questions y
6
1. For the functions f (x) and g(x) in the graph, what is the value of
y 5 f(x ) 4
f ( g(3))?
2
A. -4 B. 2 C. 4 D. 6 x
24 22 0 2 4

2. For the functions f (x) = -3x + 5 and g(x) = x2 + x - 1, which 22 y 5 g(x)

expression has the greatest value? 24

A. f ( g(1)) B. g( f (4)) C. f ( g( -2)) D. g( f (3))

TEACHER NOTE
Solution strategy for
question 2: Determine the
Study Note CR1, CR2 value of each composite
function at each point.
Choose two polynomial functions f (x) and g(x).
Show how to write explicit equations for the composite functions f ( g(x))
and g( f (x)), then determine each domain and range.
I chose f (x) = x2 − 1 and g(x) = 3x + 4.
For f ( g(x)), I start with f (x) = x2 − 1, then replace x with 3x + 4.
f ( g(x)) = (3x + 4)2 − 1
f ( g(x)) = 9x2 + 24x + 16 − 1
So, f ( g(x)) = 9x2 + 24x + 15
The function is quadratic; its domain is x { ℝ.
I used graphing technology to determine the range, which is y # −1.
For g(f (x)), I start with g(x) = 3x + 4, then replace x with x2 − 1.
g(f (x)) = 3(x2 − 1) + 4
g(f (x)) = 3x2 − 3 + 4
So, g(f (x)) = 3x2 + 1
The function is quadratic; its domain is x { ℝ.
The range is y # 1.

ANSWERS
Check Your Understanding
1. a) 1   b) 2   2. a) 238   b) - 215 3. a) f ( g(x)) = 8x2 + 56x + 99; domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y Ú 1
b) g( f (x)) = 4x2 + 9; domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y Ú 9  c) g( g(x)) = 4x + 21; domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y ∊ ℝ
Exercises
4. a) - 2  b) 13   c) - 4  d) 5   5. a) - 2  b) 5   c) 1   d) - 6  6. a) 1   b) 45 c) - 4  d) 22   7. a) - 2  b) - 3  
8. a) 1   b) - 0 .5  9. a) 5   b) 6   c) 14 - 8 12  d) 2   10. a) f ( g(x)) = - 8x2 + 12x - 3; domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y … 1 .5
b) g( f (x)) = - 32x2 + 60x - 27; domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y … 1 .125 c) g( g(x)) = - 8x4 + 24x3 - 24x2 + 9x; domain: x ∊ ℝ;
range: y … 1 .125 d) f ( f (x)) = 16x - 15; domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y ∊ ℝ 11. a) f ( g(x)) = (3x + 1)3 - 5; domain: x ∊ ℝ;
range: y ∊ ℝ b) g( f (x)) = 3x3 - 14; domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y ∊ ℝ c) f ( f (x)) = (x3 - 5)3 - 5; domain: x ∊ ℝ;
range: y ∊ ℝ d) g( g(x)) = 9x + 4; domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y ∊ ℝ  12. no 13. a) f ( g(2)) = 2; g( f (2)) = 2  
b) f ( g(1)) = 1; g( f (1)) = 1 c) The functions are inverses.   14. a) The functions are inverses.   b) The functions
are not inverses.   15. a) f (x) = x3; g(x) = x - 2 b) f (x) = 1x; g(x) = x3 c) f (x) = x + 2; g(x) = x2 - 4 or
f(x) = (x + 2)2; g(x) = x - 4 d) f (x) = 1x; g(x) = x2 + 2 or f (x) = 1x + 2; g(x) = x2  15. a) 3a2 - 6a + 2  
b) 9a2 + 6a  c) 9a2 - 12a + 3  d) 15 - 24a + 9a2  16. a) 6   b) 0.2, 1
Multiple Choice
1. D   2. B

312 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

 Determining Restrictions on
5.4 Composite Functions
FOCUS Sketch graphs and determine equations of composite
Lesson Organizer
functions, then identify restrictions.
60 – 75 min

Key Math Concepts

Get Started The graph of a composite
function y = f ( g(x)) can be
Solve each quadratic inequality: sketched using the equations
x2 + 9 … 25 x2 + x - 6 7 0 of the functions f (x) and g(x).
There may be restrictions on
x2 + 9 " 25 Solve the corresponding quadratic equation.
the domain of a composite
x2 " 16    x2 + x − 6 = 0
function.
x " 4 or x # −4 (x + 3)(x − 2) = 0
So, the solution is: x = −3 or x = 2 Curricular Competencies:
−4 " x " 4 Identify the correct interval. RM, US, CR1, CR2
For x * −3, substitute x = −4 in
x2 + x − 6 + 0. Teacher Materials
L.S. = 6; R.S. = 0, so this interval is correct • overhead transparency
For −3 * x * 2, substitute x = 0 of grid paper, overhead
L.S. = −6; R.S. = 0, so this interval is not graphing technology
correct (optional)
For x + 2, substitute x = 3.
Student Materials
L.S. = 6; R.S. = 0, so this interval is correct
• graphing calculator
So, the solution is: x * −3 or x + 2
• Master 5.1b (optional)

Construct Understanding RM, US, CR1

Graph f (x) = 13 - x and g(x) = x2 - 1 on the grid on the next page.

• Identify the domain and range of f (x).
• Identify the domain and range of g(x).
Complete the table on the next page, then graph y = f (g(x)) on the TEACHER NOTE
same grid. The material in this section
• What are the domain and range of f ( g(x))? is a prerequisite for the
chain rule that is used when
• How is the domain of f ( g(x)) related to the domains or ranges of determining some derivatives
f (x) and g(x)? in calculus.

©P DO NOT COPY. 5.4 Determining Restrictions on Composite Functions 313

TEACHER NOTE y

Students may determine the

6
domain and range of f ( g(x))
after first determining its
equation. 4
f(x ) 5 !3 2 x g(x ) 5 x 2 2 1

y 5 f(g(x )) x
24 22 0 2 4

For f (x) = 13 − x, the domain is x " 3;

 
x g(x) f(g(x))
and the range is y # 0
-3 8 undefined For g(x) = x2 − 1, the domain is x { ℝ;
and the range is y # −1
-2 3 0
For f ( g(x)), the domain is −2 " x " 2;
-1 0 13 and the range is 0 " y " 2
Part of the range of g(x) becomes the
0 −1 2
domain of f ( g(x)) because the values
  
1 0 13 of g(x) are substituted for x in f (x); but
some values of g(x) are not permissible
2 3 0
values for x in f(x).
3 8 undefined

Given the equations of two functions, a composition of the two functions

can be graphed by plotting points.

RM,
US, Example 1 Graphing a Composition of a Linear
Animation CR1 Function and a Quadratic Function
Check Your Understanding
Use the functions f (x) = 2x - 1 and g(x) = x2 - 2.
1. Use the functions
f (x) = x + 1 and • State the domain and range of each function.
g(x) = 4 - x2. • Sketch a graph of each composite function below.
• State the domain and range
of each function.
• State the domain and estimate the range of the composite function.
• Sketch a graph of each a) y = g( f (x)) b) y = g( g(x))
composite function below.
• State the domain and range
of the composite function. SOLUTION
a) y = f ( g(x))  b) y = f (f (x)) The function f (x) = 2x - 1 is linear; its domain is x ∊ ℝ and its
range is y ∊ ℝ.
The function f (x) = x + 1 is
The function g(x) = x2 - 2 is quadratic. Its graph opens up and has
linear; its domain is x { ℝ
and its range is y { ℝ.
vertex (0, -2); the domain is x ∊ ℝ and the range is y Ú -2.
The function g(x) = 4 − x2 is
quadratic. Its graph opens down
and has vertex (0, 4); the domain
is x { ℝ and the range is y " 4.

314 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

 a) Identify the coordinates of points (x, f (x)) that satisfy the equation a) Substitute values of x in
f (x) = 2x - 1, by substituting values of x in this equation. Then g(x) = 4 − x2.
substitute each value of f (x) for x in g(x) = x2 - 2. Then substitute each value of
g(x) for x in f (x) = x + 1.
y
x f(x) g(f(x)) x g(x) f(g(x))
30
-2 -5 23
−3 −5 −4
20
-1 - 3   7
−2  
0  
1
10
0 -1 -1 y 5 g(f(x))
x −1  
3  
4
1   1 -1 22 0 2 0  
4  
5
2   3   7
1  
3  
4
3   5 23
2  
0  
1
3 −5 −4
Graph the points with coordinates (x, g( f (x))).
Draw a smooth curve through the points for the graph of
Graph the points, then
y = g( f (x)). From the graph, the domain is x ∊ ℝ. draw a smooth curve
The line x = 0 .5 is the axis of symmetry, so the minimum point through them.
has x-coordinate 0.5. From the graph, the domain is
Determine: g( f (0 .5)) x { ℝ and the range is y " 5.
f (0 .5) = 2(0 .5) - 1, or 0 b) Substitute values of x in
And g( f (0 .5)) = g(0), or -2 f (x) = x + 1.
So, the range is y Ú -2. Then substitute each value of
f(x) for x in f (x) = x + 1.
b) Identify the coordinates of points (x, g(x)) that satisfy the equation
g(x) = x2 - 2. x f(x) f(f(x))
Then, substitute each value of g(x) for x in g(x) = x2 - 2.
−2 −1 0
y −1   0 1
x g(x) g(g(x))
4
0  
1 2
- 2   2   2
# 2
- 1.5   0.25 = -2 1   2 3
x
-1 -1 -1 22 0 2
2   3 4

0 - 2   2 22 y 5 g(g(x )) 3   4 5

1 -1 -1
Graph the points, then
#
1.5   0.25 = -2 draw a line through them.
The domain is x { ℝ and the
2   2   2
range is y { ℝ.

Graph the points with coordinates (x, g( g(x))).

Extra Material
Draw a smooth curve through the points for the graph of
y = g( g(x)). From the graph, the domain is x ∊ ℝ and the Graphs of the
approximate range is y Ú -2. composite functions
for Check Your
Understanding 1

©P DO NOT COPY. 5.4 Determining Restrictions on Composite Functions 315

 THINK FURTHER RM, CR1

In Example 1, what other strategy could you use to sketch graphs of the composite
functions?

I could determine explicit equations for y = g(f (x)) and for y = g( g(x)), then
graph these equations.

The graphs of the functions f (x) = 1x, g(x) = x + 3, and two composite
functions are shown below.
Since f (x) = 1x is not defined for negative values of x,
its domain is x Ú 0, and its range is y Ú 0.
Since g(x) = x + 3 is defined for all real values of x, its domain is x ∊ ℝ,
and its range is y ∊ ℝ.

Graph of f ( g(x)) Graph of g( f (x))

TEACHER NOTE
DI: Common Difficulties y y
8 8
Some students have g(x ) 5 x 1 3
difficulty determining the 6 g(x ) 5 x 1 3 6

restrictions on the domain of 4 4 g(f(x )) 5 !x 1 3

f(g(x )) 5 !x 1 3
a composite function. They
are also confused when we 2 2
say that the domain of the f(x ) 5 !x x f(x ) 5 !x x
outside function is x Ú 0, 22 0 2 4 22 0 2 4
then later conclude x Ú -3.
Use the term “input values” For the composite function f (g(x)), For the composite function g( f (x)),
for the outside function, then the function f is applied to the the function g is applied to the
“values of x” for the inside
range of g. range of f. The domain of f is
function.
Have students graph y = f (x) The domain of f is restricted to restricted to x Ú 0, so g( f (x)) is
and y = g(x), at the right, x Ú 0, so f ( g(x)) is defined when defined for x Ú 0.
using different colours. For g(x) Ú 0; that is, for x Ú -3.
the domain of f ( g(x)), first
consider the domain of the In general, f ( g(x)) is only defined for x = a when:
“outside” function f (x), which • a is in the domain of g, and
is defined only for input
values greater than or equal • g(a), which is an element of the range of g, is in the domain of f.
to 0. Since f (x) is evaluated at
g(x), the composite function
is defined only for values of x THINK FURTHER RM, CR1

such that g(x) Ú 0. From the When f and g are polynomial functions, why are there no restrictions on the domain
graph, we see that g(x) Ú 0 of f ( g(x))?
when x Ú -3, so f ( g(x)) is
defined when x Ú -3. The result of the composition of polynomial functions is always another
polynomial function. Since the domain of any polynomial function is x { ℝ, the
domain of the composite function is x { ℝ.

316 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

 Example 2 Determining a Composition of a Reciprocal
Function and a Quadratic Function RM, US

Check Your Understanding

1
Given f (x) = x - 2 and g(x) = x2 - x, determine an explicit equation 2. Given the functions
for each composite function below, then state its domain. 1
f (x) = and
a) g( f (x)) b) f ( g(x)) x+3
g(x) = x2 - 4x, determine
an explicit equation for each
SOLUTION composite function below, then
1 state its domain.
a) For g( f (x)): in g(x) = x2 - x, replace x with x - 2
2 a) g(f (x))    b) f ( g(x))
1 1
g( f (x)) = ax - 2b - ax - 2b
a) In g(x) = x2 − 4x,
1 1
The domain of f (x) = x - 2 is x ≠ 2. replace x with .
x+3
The domain of g(x) = x2 - x is x ∊ ℝ. 1
2
4
g(f (x)) = a b −a b
So, the domain of g( f (x)) is x ≠ 2. x+3 x+3
1 The domain of f (x) is x 3 −3.
b) For f ( g(x)): in f (x) = x - 2, replace x with x2 - x
The domain of g(x) is x { ℝ.
1 So, the domain of g(f (x)) is
f ( g(x)) = 2
x -x-2 x 3 −3.
The domain of g(x) = x2 - x is x ∊ ℝ. 1
1 b) In f (x) = , replace
The domain of f (x) = x - 2 is x ≠ 2. x+3
x with x − 4x.
2

So, g(x) cannot equal 2; that is, f ( g(x)) = 2

1
x2 - x ≠ 2 x − 4x + 3
x2 - x - 2 ≠ 0 The domain of g(x) is x { ℝ.
The domain of f (x) is x 3 −3.
(x + 1)(x - 2) ≠ 0
So, g(x) cannot equal −3; that is:
So, x ≠ -1 and x ≠ 2
x2 − 4x 3 −3
So, the domain of f ( g(x)) is x ≠ -1 and x ≠ 2. x − 4x + 3 3 0
2

(x − 1)(x − 3) 3 0
So, x 3 1 and x 3 3
So, the domain of f ( g(x)) is
The results of Example 2 can be verified using graphing technology. x 3 1 and x 3 3.

Example 3 Writing a Function as a Composition

of Two Functions RM, US

Check Your Understanding

Determine possible functions f and g so that y = f ( g(x)).
3. Determine possible functions
1
a) y = b) y = (3x2 + 1)4 f and g so that y = f ( g(x)).
x2
a) y = (x - 2)3  
SOLUTION b) y = 13 + x
1
a) Let f ( g(x)) = 2 b) Let f ( g(x)) = (3x2 + 1)4 Sample solution:
x
2
Replace x with x. Replace 3x2 + 1 with x. a) Let f ( g(x)) = (x − 2)3
1 Then, g(x) = 3x2 + 1 and Then, g(x) = x − 2 and
Then, g(x) = x2 and f (x) = x f (x) = x3
f (x) = x4
b) Let f ( g(x)) = 13 + x
Then, g(x) = 3 + x and
f (x) = 1x

©P DO NOT COPY. 5.4 Determining Restrictions on Composite Functions 317

 Discuss the Ideas RM, US, CR1

1. How is determining the domain of a composite function different

from determining the domain of the combination of two functions?
The domain of the combination of two functions is the set of values of x that
are common to the domains of both functions. The domain of a composite
function, such as f ( g(x)), includes only the values of x for which g(x) is
defined, and for which g(x) is in the domain of f (x).

2. Can every quadratic function be written as the composition of a linear

function and a quadratic function? Justify your response.
Yes, because every quadratic function can be written in standard form as
y = a(x − p)2 + q. This is the composite function y = f ( g(x)) with a linear
function g(x) = x − p and a quadratic function f (x) = ax2 + q; or with a
quadratic function g(x) = (x − p)2 and a linear function f (x) = ax + q.

Exercises TEACHER NOTE

Elaboration
A Question 3 addresses:
RM 3. For each function below, determine possible functions f and g so recognizing composed
functions.
that y = f ( g(x)).
a) y = (x + 4)2 b) y = 1x + 5
Sample solution: Sample solution:
Let f ( g(x)) = (x + 4)2 Let f ( g(x)) = 1x + 5
Replace x + 4 with x. Replace x + 5 with x.
Then, g(x) = x + 4 and f (x) = x2 Then, g(x) = x + 5 and f (x) = 1x

1
c) y = x - 2 d) y = (6 - x)3

Sample solution: Sample solution:

1 Let f ( g(x)) = (6 − x)3
Let f ( g(x)) =
x−2 Replace 6 − x with x.
Replace x − 2 with x. Then, g(x) = 6 − x and f (x) = x3
1
Then, g(x) = x − 2 and f (x) = x

318 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

 B TEACHER NOTE
Students may determine
4. Given f (x) = x + 3 and g(x) = x2 + 1, sketch the graph of each
explicit equations instead of
composite function below then state its domain and range. using a table of values.,
a) y = f ( f (x)) b) y = f ( g(x))

y y
8 8
y 5 f(g(x))

6 6

4 4
y 5 f(f(x))

2 2

x x
26 24 22 0 2 24 22 0 2 4

Make a table of values for the functions. a) Graph the points with
coordinates (x, f (f (x))) that fit
x f(x) f(f(x)) g(x) f(g(x)) g(f(x)) g(g(x)) on the grid.
−4 −1 2 17 20  
2 290 Draw a line through the points
for the graph of y = f (f (x)).
−3   0 3 10 13  
1 101
From the graph, the domain is
−2   1 4  
5  
8  
2  
26 x { ℝ and the range is y { ℝ.
−1   2 5  
2  
5  
5   5 b) Graph the points with
0   3 6  
1  
4 10   2 coordinates (x, f ( g(x))) that fit
on the grid.
1   4 7  
2  
5 17   5
Draw a smooth curve through
2   5 8  
5  
8 26  
26 the points for the graph of
y = f ( g(x)).
From the graph, the domain is
x { ℝ and the range is y # 4.

c) y = g( f (x)) d) y = g( g(x))

y y
y 5 g(f(x))
6 30

4 20

2 10
y 5 g(g(x))

x x
22 0 2 4 24 22 0 2 4

Graph the points with coordinates Graph the points with coordinates
(x, g(f (x))) that fit on the grid. (x, g( g(x))) that fit on the grid.
Draw a smooth curve through the points Draw a smooth curve through the points
for the graph of y = g(f (x)). for the graph of y = g( g(x)).
From the graph, the domain is x { ℝ. From the graph, the domain is x { ℝ.
From the table, the range is y # 1. From the table, the range is y # 2.

©P DO NOT COPY. 5.4 Determining Restrictions on Composite Functions 319

RM, 5. Consider the function h(x) = (x - 1)(x + 5). TEACHER NOTE
US,
a) Why is it incorrect to write h(x) = f ( g(x)), where f (x) = x - 1 Elaboration
CR1
and g(x) = x + 5? Question 5 addresses:
recognizing composed
It is incorrect because, as written, h(x) is the product of f(x) and g(x), functions.
not their composition.

b) For what functions f (x) and g(x) is h(x) a composite function?

h(x) = (x − 1)(x + 5) Expand.
h(x) = x + 4x − 5
2

h(x) = (x2 + 4x + 4) − 9 Complete the square.

h(x) = (x + 2)2 − 9
Possible functions are: f (x) = x2 − 9 and g(x) = x + 2 for h(x) = f ( g(x))

6. For each pair of functions below:

i) Determine an explicit equation for the indicated composite
function.
ii) State the domain of the composite function, and explain any
restrictions on the variable.
1
a) f (x) = 1x + 1 and g(x) = x2 - x - 6; g( f (x)) b) f (x) = 1x - 1 and g(x) = x + 3; g( f (x))
1
i) In g(x) = x2 − x − 6, replace x with 1x + 1. i) In g(x) = , replace x with 1x − 1.
x+3
g(f (x)) = (1x + 1)2 − 1x + 1 − 6 1
g(f (x)) = x + 1 − 1x + 1 − 6 g(f (x)) =
1x − 1 + 3
g(f (x)) = x − 5 − 1x + 1
ii) The domain of f (x) = 1x − 1 is x # 1.
ii) The domain of f (x) = 1x + 1 is x # −1. 1
The domain of g(x) = is x 3 −3.
The domain of g(x) = x2 − x − 6 is x { ℝ. x+3
So, the domain of g(f (x)) is x # −1. −3 is not in the range of f(x).
The variable x is restricted because the So, the domain of g(f(x)) is x # 1.
square root of a real number is only The variable x is restricted because the
defined for numbers that are greater than square root of a real number is only
or equal to 0. defined for numbers that are greater than
or equal to 0.

1
c) f (x) = 1x + 3 and g(x) = 2x - 1; f ( g(x)) d) f (x) = x - 1 and g(x) = x2 + 2x; f ( f (x))
1 1
i) In f (x) = 1x + 3, replace x with 2x − 1. i) In f (x) = , replace x with .
x−1 x−1
f ( g(x)) = 12x − 1 + 3 1
f ( g(x)) = 12x + 2 f (f (x)) = , which simplifies to
1
−1
ii) The domain of g(x) = 2x − 1 is x { ℝ. x−1
The domain of f (x) = 1x + 3 is x # −3. x−1
f (f (x)) = ,x31
So, g(x) # −3 2−x
1
2x − 1 # −3 ii) The domain of f (x) = is x 3 1.
x−1
2x # −2 Also, 2 − x 3 0
x # −1          x 3 2
So, the domain of f(g(x)) is x # −1. So, the domain of f(f(x)) is x 3 1 and
The variable x is restricted because the square x 3 2.
root of a real number is only defined for The variable x is restricted because the
numbers that are greater than or equal to 0. denominator of a fraction can never be 0.

320 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

RM, 7. For each function below
US, i) Determine possible functions f and g so that y = f ( g(x)).
CR1 ii) Determine possible functions f, g, and h so that y = f ( g(h(x))).
a) y = x2 - 6x + 5 b) y = -3x2 - 30x - 40
Sample solution: Sample solution:
y = x2 − 6x + 5 y = −3x2 − 30x − 40
y = (x2 − 6x + 9) − 4 y = −3(x2 + 10x + 25) + 75 − 40
y = (x − 3)2 − 4 y = −3(x + 5)2 + 35
Let f ( g(x)) = (x − 3)2 − 4 Let f (g(x)) = −3(x + 5)2 + 35
i) Replace x − 3 with x. ii) Replace x − 3 with x. i) Replace x + 5 with x. ii) Replace x + 5 with x.
Then, g(x) = x − 3 Then, h(x) = x − 3, Then, g(x) = x + 5 Then, h(x) = x + 5,
and f (x) = x2 − 4 g(x) = x2, and and f (x) = −3x2 + 35 g(x) = x2, and
f (x) = x − 4 f (x) = −3x + 35

c) y = 2(x - 2)2 + 3 d) y = 2x2 + 4x + 3

Sample solution: Sample solution:
Let f ( g(x)) = 2(x − 2)2 + 3 y = 2x2 + 4x + 3
i) Replace x − 2 with x. ii) Replace x − 2 with x. y = 2(x2 + 4x + 4) − 1
Then, g(x) = x − 2 Then, h(x) = x − 2, y = 2(x + 2)2 − 1
and f (x) = 2x2 + 3 g(x) = x2, and
Let f ( g(x)) = 2(x + 2)2 − 1
f (x) = 1x + 3
i) Replace x + 2 with x. ii) Replace x + 2 with x.
Then, g(x) = x + 2 and Then, h(x) = x + 2,
f (x) = 2x2 − 1 g(x) = x2, and
f (x) = 1x − 1

RM, 8. Create composite functions using either or both functions in each TEACHER NOTE
CR1 pair of functions below. In each case, how many different composite For question 7, parts a, b,
functions could you create? Justify your answer. and d, remind students to
1 complete the square first.
a) f (x) = x and g(x) = x
Students who need additional
f (f (x)) = ∣ ∣ x ∣ ∣ , which simplifies to f (f (x)) = ∣ x ∣ practice with completing the
1 1 square could be assigned
f ( g(x)) = ` x ` , which simplifies to f ( g(x)) = Master 5.1b.
∣x∣
1
g(f (x)) =
∣x∣
1
g( g(x)) = , which simplifies to g( g(x)) = x, x 3 0
1
x
There are only 3 different composite functions,
because f ( g(x)) = g(f (x)).

b) f (x) = 1x and g(x) = x

f (f (x)) = 2 1x
f ( g(x)) = 2 ∣ x ∣
g(f (x)) = ∣ 1x ∣ , which simplifies to g(f (x)) = 1x
g( g(x)) = ∣∣ x ∣∣ , which simplifies to g( g(x)) = ∣ x ∣
There are 4 different composite functions.

©P DO NOT COPY. 5.4 Determining Restrictions on Composite Functions 321

 1
c) f (x) = x3 and g(x) = x

f (f (x)) = (x3)3, which simplifies to f (f (x)) = x9

3
1 1
f ( g(x)) = axb , which simplifies to f ( g(x)) = 3
x
1
g(f (x)) = 3
x
1
g( g(x)) = , which simplifies to g( g(x)) = x, x 3 0
1
x
There are only 3 different composite functions, because f ( g(x)) = g(f (x)).

x
RM, 9. Given the function y = , determine possible functions:
US 1x - 3
f (x) f (x)
a) f and g so that y = g(x) b) f, g, and h so that y = g(h(x)) c) f and g so that y = f ( g(x))

Sample solution: Sample solution: Sample solution:

f (x) = x and g(x) = 1x − 3 Replace x − 3 with x. When g(x) replaces x in f (x), the
Let h(x) = x − 3, then g(x) = 1x, numerator must be x and the
and f (x) = x. denominator must be 1x − 3.
x+3
So, g(x) = x − 3 and f (x) =
1x

2
RM, 10. Given the functions f (x) = 1x, g(x) = x2 - x + 6, and k(x) = x,
US write an explicit equation for each combination.
a) h(x) = f ( g(x)) + k(x) b) h(x) = g( f (x)) - f ( g(x))
For f ( g(x)), replace x in For g(f (x)), replace x in
f (x) = 1x with x2 − x + 6. g(x) = x2 − x + 6 with 1x.
Then, f ( g(x)) = 2x2 − x + 6 Then, g(f (x)) = (1x)2 − 1x + 6
2 Or, g(f (x)) = x − 1x + 6, x # 0
So, h(x) = 2x2 − x + 6 + x ,
So, h(x) = x − 1x + 6 − 2x2 − x + 6, x # 0
x30

c) h(x) = k( g(x)) + k( f (x)) d) h(x) = f ( g(x)) # k(x)

For k( g(x)), replace x in From part a,
2 f ( g(x)) = 2x2 − x + 6
k(x) = x with x2 − x + 6.
So, h(x) = 2x2 − x + 6 # axb, x 3 0
2 2
Then, k( g(x)) = 2
x −x+6
For k(f (x)), replace x in
2
k(x) = x with f (x) = 1x
2
Then, k(f (x)) = ,x+0
1x
2 2
So, h(x) = 2 + ,x+0
x − x + 6 1x

322 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

US, 11. Given the function y = (x2 - 9) 1x + 2, determine possible TEACHER NOTE
RM functions in each case: Elaboration
a) functions f and g so that y = f (x) # g(x) Question 11 addresses:
recognizing composed
Sample solution: functions.
f (x) = x2 − 9 and g(x) = 1x + 2

b) functions f, g, and h so that y = f (x) # g(h(x))

Sample solution:
f (x) = x2 − 9
For g(h(x)), let h(x) = x + 2, then g(x) = 1x

c) functions f, g, h, and k so that y = f (x) # k(x)) # g(h(x))

Sample solution:
From part b, for g(h(x)), let h(x) = x + 2, then g(x) = 1x
Factor: x2 − 9 = (x + 3)(x − 3)
Then, f (x) = x + 3 and k(x) = x − 3

RM, 12. Is there a function f (x) such that each relationship is true?
CR1 Justify your answer.
a) f ( f (x)) = f (x) b) f ( f (x)) = f (x) + f (x)
Yes, when f (x) = x, then Yes, when f (x) = 2x, then f (f (x)) = 4x
f (f (x)) = x and f (x) + f (x) = 2x + 2x, or 4x

C
1
RM, 13. Given f (x) = x - 2, g(x) is a quadratic function, and h(x) = f ( g(x)),
US, determine an explicit equation for g(x) for each situation below.
CR1 Explain your strategies.
a) The domain of h(x) is x ∊ ℝ.
Sample solution: The denominator of h(x) must never be 0.
1
When g(x) = x2 + 3, then f ( g(x)) = 2 , which simplifies to
x +3−2
1
f ( g(x)) = 2 .
x +1

b) The domain of h(x) is x ≠ a and x ≠ b, where a and b are real

numbers.
Sample solution: There must be exactly two values of x that make
the denominator of h(x) equal to 0. When g(x) = x2 + 1, then
1 1
f ( g(x)) = 2 , which simplifies to f ( g(x)) = 2 .
x +1−2 x −1
So, a = 1 and b = −1

©P DO NOT COPY. 5.4 Determining Restrictions on Composite Functions 323

 c) The domain of h(x) is x ≠ c, where c is a real number.
Sample solution: There must be exactly one value of x that makes the
denominator of h(x) equal to 0. When g(x) = x2 + 2, then
1 1
f ( g(x)) = 2 , which simplifies to f ( g(x)) = 2. So, c = 0
x +2−2 x

1-x
RM, 14. Use f (x) = 1 + x.
CR2
a) Determine an explicit equation for f ( f (x)), then state the domain
of the function.
1−x 1−x
In f (x) = , replace x with
1+x 1+x
1−x
1−
1+x
f (f (x)) =
1−x
1+
1+x
1 + x − (1 − x)
1+x
f (f (x)) =
1 + x + (1 − x)
1+x
f (f (x)) = x, x 3 −1
The domain of the function is: x 3 −1

b) What is the inverse of f (x)? Explain.

Since f (f (x)) = x, x 3 −1, then f (x) is its own inverse.
1−x
So, the inverse of f(x) is f −1(x) = .
1+x

Multiple-Choice Questions

1. The function h(x) = f ( g(x)) is the composite of f (x) = 1x and TEACHER NOTE
g(x) = x - 6. What is the domain of h(x)? Solution strategy for
A. x Ú 0    B. x Ú 6    C. x Ú -6    D. x ≠ 6 question 1: Write the explicit
equation for the composite
function, then use technology
1
2. Given the functions f (x) = 1x + 1 and g(x) = x - 1, which to graph the function.
expression is equal to f ( g(x))?
1 1
A. B.
1x 1x + 1 - 1

x x
C. Ax + 1 D. Ax - 1

324 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

Study Note CR1, CR2

Use two functions different from those in this lesson. Explain how to
determine an equation of a composite function and its domain.
Consider the functions f (x) = 11 − x and g(x) = 2x + 3, which form the
composite function f(g(x)). To determine an equation for f(g(x)), replace x in
f (x) = 11 − x with 2x + 3.
f ( g(x)) = 11 − (2x + 3), or f ( g(x)) = 1−2x − 2
x has to be in the domain of g, and g(x) has to be in the domain of f.
g(x) = 2x + 3 is defined for x { ℝ.
f (x) = 11 − x is defined for 1 − x # 0, so x " 1
So, 2x + 3 " 1
      2x " −2
        x " −1
The domain of the composite function f ( g(x)) = 1−2x − 2 is x " −1.

ANSWERS
Check Your Understanding
1. For f (x), domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y ∊ ℝ; for g(x), domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y … 4  
a) For y = f ( g(x)), domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y … 5  
b) For y = f ( f (x)), domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y ∊ ℝ
2
1 4
2. a) g( f (x)) = a b -a b, x ≠ - 3  
x+3 x+3
1
b) f ( g(x)) = 2 , x ≠ 1 and x ≠ 3
x - 4x + 3
Exercises
4. a) domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y ∊ ℝ  b) domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y Ú 4
c) domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y Ú 1  d) domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y Ú 2
6. a) i) g( f (x)) = x - 5 - 1x + 1  ii) x Ú - 1  
1
b) i) g( f (x)) =   ii) x Ú 1  c) i) f ( g(x)) = 12x + 2  ii) x Ú - 1  
1x - 1 + 3
x-1
d) i) f ( f (x)) = , x ≠ 1  ii) x ≠ 1 and x ≠ 2
2-x
2
8. a) 3   b) 4   c) 3   10. a) h(x) = 2x2 - x + 6 + x, x ≠ 0
b) h(x) = x - 1x + 6 - 2x2 - x + 6, x Ú 0
, x 7 0  d) h(x) = 2x2 - x + 6 # axb, x ≠ 0
2 2 2
c) h(x) = 2 +
x - x + 6 1x
1-x
12. a) f (x) = x  b) f (x) = 2x  14. a) f ( f (x)) = x, x ≠ - 1  b) f -1(x) =
1+x
Multiple Choice
1. B  2. D

©P DO NOT COPY. 5.4 Determining Restrictions on Composite Functions 325

S T U DY G U I D E

Concept Summary

Key Learning Applying the Key Learning

A new function can be created by adding, subtracting, This means that:
multiplying, or dividing other functions on appropriate • The domain of a function that is formed by adding,
domains. subtracting, or multiplying two functions is the set of
values of x that are common to the domains of the
original functions. However, if a new function is formed
by dividing two functions, any value of x that makes the
divisor 0 is non-permissible.
• If the graphs of the original functions are given, the
indicated operation is performed on the y-values
generated by these functions to get the graph of the
new function.

A composite function is the result of applying two • The domain of a composite function f ( g(x)) is the set of
functions in succession. values of x for which g is defined and for which g(x) is in
the domain of f.

Chapter Study Notes CR1, CR2

• Describe a strategy to sketch the graph of a function that is the difference

of two functions whose graphs are given. How do you determine the
domain of the new function?
On the graphs, I mark two points that lie on the same vertical line, then
determine their y-coordinates. I subtract these coordinates, then plot a point
with this y-coordinate on the same vertical line. I repeat this process until I
have plotted enough points to be able to sketch a graph, which represents the
difference of the given functions. The domain of the new function is the set of
values of x that are common to the domains of the original functions.

• How do you determine a composite function? What do you have to

consider when you determine the equation of a composite function and
its domain?
A composite function is the result of replacing x in the equation of one
function, f (x), with a function, g(x). The resulting composite function is written
as f (g(x)). I have to make sure I substitute in the correct order; that is, I do
not substitute f (x) in g(x). For the domain of f ( g(x)), I have to determine the
domain of g(x), then make sure that all values of g(x) are permissible x-values
for f. If they are not permissible values, then the corresponding x-values are
not in the domain of f ( g(x)).

326 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

Skills Summary

Skill Description Example

Sketch a graph that is the sum, Identify points on the given graphs Graph y = f (x) # g(x), given the
difference, product, or quotient of with the same x-coordinate, perform graphs of y = f (x) and y = g(x).
two functions whose graphs are the indicated operation on the Multiply the y-coordinates of
given. corresponding y-coordinates to corresponding points. For the
(5.1) determine the y-coordinate of the graphs below:
Questions 1 and 2 point on the graph of the new When x = - 1, y = 0 # 5, or 0
function. Repeat the process for When x = 0, y = 1 # 4, or 4
several other pairs of points, then When x = 1, y = 2 # 3, or 6
join the points. When x = 2, y = 3 # 2, or 6
When x = 3, y = 4 # 1, or 4
When x = 4, y = 5 # 0, or 0
y
6
y 5 g(x ) y 5 f(x)
4

2
x
22 0 2 4
22 y 5 f(x ).g(x )

Write the equation of a function Perform the indicated operation on Given f (x) = x + 3 and g(x) = x - 2,
that is the sum, difference, product, the given equations. The domain f(x)
determine h(x) = .
or quotient of two functions whose of the new function is the set of g(x)
equations are given, then determine values of x that are common to the x+3
h(x) =
the domain and range. domains of the original functions and x-2
(5.2) do not make the denominator of a The domains of both f (x) and g(x) are
quotient 0. x ∊ ℝ.
Question 3
So, the domain of h(x) is x ≠ 2.

Determine the value of a composite To determine the value of the Given f (x) = 3x - 1 and
function, given the equations of the function f( g(x)) at x = a, first g(x) = x2 + 3, determine f( g(2)).
functions that form the composite determine g(a), then substitute this
function. value for x in f (x). First determine g(2):
(5.3) g(2) = 22 + 3, or 7
Then substitute x = 7 in f (x):
Question 6 f (7) = 3(7) - 1, or 20
So, f ( g(2)) = 20

©P DO NOT COPY. Study Guide 327

Given the equations of two functions, For the functions f and g, the Given f (x) = 1x + 1 and g(x) = 2x,
determine the equation of a composite function f ( g(x)) is formed write an equation for f (g(x)).
composite function and determine by substituting g(x) for x in f (x).
Substitute 2x for x in 1x + 1:
the domain.
f ( g(x)) = 12x + 1
(5.3)
g(x) is defined for x ∊ ℝ.
Question 7 f (x) is defined for x Ú -1.
So, 2x Ú -1
     x Ú -0.5
The domain of f (g(x)) is x Ú -0.5.

Given the equations of two functions, To determine the coordinates of Given f (x) = x2 + 3 and g(x) = x - 1,
sketch the graph of a composite points on the graph of y = f ( g(x)), graph y = f ( g(x)).
function. substitute values of x in g(x), then
To determine points on the graph of
(5.4) substitute the corresponding values
y = f ( g(x)):
Question 10 of g(x) in f (x).
x = - 1, g(- 1) = - 2; f (- 2) = 7
x = 0, g(0) = -1; f (-1) = 4
x = 1, g(1) = 0; f (0) = 3
x = 2, g(2) = 1; f (1) = 4
x = 3, g(3) = 2; f (2) = 7
Plot the points (x, f ( g(x))).

4
y 5 f(g(x ))
2
x
22 0 2

328 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

REVIEW

5.1
1. Use the graphs of y = f (x) and y = g(x) to sketch the graph of each
function below, then identify its domain and range. Estimate the
range if necessary.
a) y = f (x) + g(x) b) y = f (x) - g(x)

y y
6 6

4 4

2 2
y 5 f(x ) y 5 f(x )

x x
24 22 0 2 4 24 22 0 2 4
y 5 g(x )
22
y 5 g(x )
22

y 5 f(x ) + g(x)
24 24

y 5 f(x ) – g(x )
26 26

From the graphs:

TEACHER NOTE
x f (x) g(x) f (x) + g(x) f (x) − g(x)
Elaboration
−3 −   5 − − Questions 1 and 2 address:
−2 −   0 − − operations on functions.

−1 − −3 − −
0   0 −4 −4   4
1  
1 −3 −2  
4
2
#
= 1.4   0
#
= 1.4
#
= 1.4
3
#
= 1.7   5
#
= 6.7
#
= −3.3

Plot points at: (0, −4), (1, −2), Plot points at: (0, 4), (1, 4),
(2, 1.4) (2, 1.4), (3, −3.3)
Join the points with a smooth Join the points with a smooth
curve. curve.
Domain: x # 0 Domain: x # 0
Range: y # −4 From the graph, the approximate
range is: y " 4.5

©P DO NOT COPY. Review 329

 2. Use the graphs of y = f (x) and y = g(x) to sketch the graph of each
function below.
a) y = f (x) # g(x)
f (x)
b) y = g(x)
y y

10 10
y 5 f(x)

8 8

y 5 g(x)
6 6 y 5 g(x)

4 4
y 5 f(x)
y 5 f(x)·g(x) f(x)
y5
2 2 g(x)

x x
26 24 22 0 2 4 6 26 24 22 0 2 4 6

22

From the graphs:

a) Plot points at: (−3, 0), (−2, 5),
f (x) (−1, 4), (0, 3), (1, 8)
x f (x) g(x) f (x) ~ g(x)
g(x) Join the points with a smooth curve.
−3 10 0  
0 undefined b) Plot points at: (−2, 5), (−1, 1),
−2  
5 1  
5 5 (0, 0.3), (1, 0.5), (2, 1), (3, 1.6)
Draw a vertical asymptote through
−1  
2 2  
4 1 x = −3.
0  
1 3  
3 0.3 Join the points with a smooth curve.

1  
2 4  
8 0.5
2  
5 5 25 1
3 10 6 60 1.6

5.2
3. Given f (x) = 3x - 4 and g(x) = 2 - 4x, write an explicit equation
for each function below then determine its domain and range.
a) h(x) = f (x) + g(x) b) d(x) = f (x) - g(x)
h(x) = 3x − 4 + ∣ 2 − 4x ∣ d(x) = 3x − 4 − ∣ 2 − 4x ∣
The domain is: x { ℝ The domain is: x { ℝ
Use graphing technology. Use graphing technology.
From the graph of the function, From the graph of the function, the
the range is: y # −2.5 range is: y " −2.5

330 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

 c) p(x) = f (x) # g(x)
f (x)
d) q(x) = g(x)

p(x) = (3x − 4) ~ ∣ 2 − 4x ∣ 3x − 4
q(x) =
The domain is: x { ℝ ∣ 2 − 4x ∣
Use graphing technology. For the domain:
From the graph of the 2 − 4x 3 0
function, the range is: y { ℝ     x 3 0.5
The domain is: x 3 0.5
Use graphing technology.
From the graph and table,
the range is: y * 0.75

RM, 4. Given the function h(x) = 3x2 - 7x + 4, write explicit TEACHER NOTE
US equations for: Elaboration
a) two functions f (x) and g(x) so that h(x) = f (x) # g(x) Question 4 addresses:
operations on functions.
Sample response:
h(x) = 3x2 − 7x + 4 Factor.
h(x) = (3x − 4)(x − 1)
So, f(x) = 3x − 4 and g(x) = x − 1

b) three functions f (x), g(x), and k(x) so that

h(x) = f (x) + g(x) + k(x)
Sample response:
Write the given function as: h(x) = 3x2 + (−7x) + 4
So, f (x) = 3x2, g(x) = −7x, and k(x) = 4

c) three functions f (x), g(x), and k(x) so that

h(x) = f (x) - g(x) - k(x)
Sample response:
Write the given function as: h(x) = 3x2 − (7x) − (−4)
So, f (x) = 3x2, g(x) = 7x, and k(x) = −4

f (x)
d) two functions f (x) and g(x) so that h(x) = g(x)
Sample response:
Multiply and divide h(x) by an expression that is never 0, such as x2 + 3.
(x2 + 3)(3x2 − 7x + 4)
h(x) =
x2 + 3
So, f(x) = (x + 3)(3x2 − 7x + 4) and g(x) = x2 + 3
2

©P DO NOT COPY. Review 331

5.3
5. Given the graphs of y = f (x) and y = g(x), determine y
each value below.
8
a) f ( g(2)) b) g( f (2))
y 5 g(x) 4
From the graph of From the graph of x
y = g(x), g(2) = −4 y = f (x), f (2) = −2 24 22 0 2 4
From the graph of From the graph of 24 y 5 f(x)
y = f (x), f (−4) = 10 y = g(x), g(−2) = −4
So, f (g(2)) = 10 So, g(f (2)) = −4 28

c) f ( f (1)) d) g( g( -2))
From the graph of y = f (x), f (1) = 0 From the graph of y = g(x), g(−2) = −4
From the graph of y = f (x), f (0) = 2 From the graph of y = g(x), g(−4) = 8
So, f (f (1)) = 2 So, g( g(−2)) = 8

6. Given the functions f (x) = -2x + 3, g(x) = x2 - 3x, and

h(x) = 1x - 4, determine each value.
a) f ( g(1)) b) h( f ( -3)) c) f ( g(h(9)))
g(1) = 12 − 3(1) f (−3) = −2(−3) + 3 h(9) = 19 − 4
= −2 =9 = 15
f ( g(1)) = f (−2) h(f (−3)) = h(9) g(15) = (15)2 − 315
= −2(−2) + 3 = 19 − 4 = 5 − 315
=7 = 15 f ( g(h(9))) = f (5 − 315)
= −2(5 − 315) + 3
= −7 + 615

7. Given f (x) = 2x2 - x and g(x) = x + 4, determine an explicit

equation for each composite function then state its domain and range.
a) f ( g(x)) b) g( f (x))
f (g(x)) = f (x + 4) g(f (x)) = g(2x2 − x)
f (g(x)) = 2(x + 4)2 − (x + 4) g(f (x)) = 2x2 − x + 4
f (g(x)) = 2x2 + 16x + 32 − x − 4 This is a quadratic function; its domain is: x { ℝ
f (g(x)) = 2x2 + 15x + 28 Use graphing technology to graph the function;
This is a quadratic function; its domain is: x { ℝ its range is: y # 3.875
Use graphing technology to graph the function;
its range is: y # −0.125

c) g( g(x)) d) f ( f (x))
g(g(x)) = g(x + 4) f(f (x)) = f(2x2 − x)
g(g(x)) = x + 4 + 4 f (f (x)) = 2(2x2 − x)2 − (2x2 − x)
g(g(x)) = x + 8 f (f (x)) = 8x4 − 8x3 + 2x2 − 2x2 + x
This is a linear function; its domain is: x { ℝ; f (f (x)) = 8x4 − 8x3 + x
and its range is: y { ℝ This is a quartic function; its domain is: x { ℝ
Use graphing technology to graph the function;
its range is: y # −0.125
332 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P
 1
8. Use composition of functions to determine whether f (x) = 2x - 3 and
g(x) = 2x + 6 are inverse functions.
1
Determine: f ( g(x)) = (2x + 6) − 3 Determine: g(f (x)) = 2 a12 x − 3b + 6
2
=x =x
Since f ( g(x)) = g(f (x)) = x, the functions are inverses. TEACHER NOTE
Elaboration
Question 9 addresses:
5.4
recognizing composed
9. Determine possible functions f and g so that f ( g(x)) = 2x2 + 10x - 6. functions.
Do this in two ways.
Sample response: Complete the square: One way: A second way:
f ( g(x)) = 2x2 + 10x − 6 Replace x + 2.5 with x. Replace (x + 2.5)2 with x.
f ( g(x)) = 2(x2 + 5x) − 6 Let g(x) = x + 2.5, then Let g(x) = (x + 2.5)2, then
f ( g(x)) = 2(x2 + 5x + 6.25 − 6.25) − 6 f (x) = 2x2 − 18.5 f (x) = 2x − 18.5
f ( g(x)) = 2(x + 2.5)2 − 18.5

RM, 10. Given the functions f (x) = x2 - 3x and g(x) = -2x + 1, sketch a
US, graph of each composite function below. Why are there no
CR1 restrictions on x?
a) y = g( g(x))
y Make a table of values for the functions.
8
x f (x) g(x) g(g(x)) g(f(x))
y 5 g(g(x))
4
−1 4 3 −5 −7
x 0 0 1 −1 1
24 22 0 2 4
1 −2 −1 3 5
24 2 −2 −3 7 5
3 0 −5 11 1
28
4 4 −7 15 −7
b) y = g( f (x))
y a) Graph the points with coordinates
8 (x, g(g(x))) that fit on the grid.
Draw a line through the points for
4
the graph of y = g(g(x)).
b) Graph the points with coordinates
x (x, g(f (x))) that fit on the grid.
24 22 0 2 4 Draw a smooth curve through the
points for the graph of y = g(f (x)).
24 There are no restrictions on x because
y 5 g(f(x)) both f (x) and g(x) are polynomial functions,
28 which have domain x { ℝ.

©P DO NOT COPY. Review 333

RM, 11. Given the functions f (x) = 13 + x, g(x) = 1 - 2x2, and
US, 1
k(x) = x - 3, write an explicit equation for each function.
CR1
a) h(x) = f ( g(x)) - k(x) b) h(x) = g( f (x)) - f ( g(x))
f (g(x)) = 23 + 1 − 2x2 g(f (x)) = 1 − 2(13 + x)2
f (g(x)) = 24 − 2x2, − 12 " x " 12 g(f (x)) = 1 − 2(3 + x), x # −3
1 g(f (x)) = −5 − 2x, x # −3
So, h(x) = 24 − 2x2 − , − 12 " x " 12
x−3 So, h(x) = −5 − 2x − 24 − 2x2, − 12 " x " 12

c) h(x) = k(g(x)) + k( f (x)) d) h(x) = g( g(x)) # k(x)

1 g( g(x)) = 1 − 2(1 − 2x2)2
k(g(x)) =
1 − 2x2 − 3 g( g(x)) = 1 − 2(1 − 4x2 + 4x4)
1 g( g(x)) = −1 + 8x2 − 8x4
k(g(x)) =
−2x2 − 2
1 b, x 3 3
So, h(x) = (−1 + 8x2 − 8x4) ax −
1 3
k(f (x)) =
13 + x − 3
1 1
So, h(x) = + ,
−2x2 − 2 13 + x − 3
x # −3, x 3 6

12. Given the functions f (x) = 1x and g(x) = x2 - 3x - 18, determine

an explicit equation for each composite function then state its domain.
a) f ( g(x)) b) g( f (x))

In f (x) = 1x, replace x with x2 − 3x − 18. In g(x) = x2 − 3x − 18, replace x with 1x.
f(g(x)) = 2x2 − 3x − 18 g(f (x)) = (1x)2 − 31x − 18
The domain of g(x) = x2 − 3x − 18 is: x { ℝ g(f (x)) = x − 31x − 18
The domain of f (x) = 1x is: x # 0. The domain of f (x) is: x # 0
So, g(x) # 0 and x2 − 3x − 18 # 0. The domain of g(x) is: x { ℝ
Solve the corresponding quadratic equation: So, the domain of g(f (x)) is: x # 0
x2 − 3x − 18 = 0
(x − 6)(x + 3) = 0
x = 6 or x = −3
Choose a value of x * −3, such as x = −4.
Use mental math to substitute x = −4 in
x2 − 3x − 18 # 0:
L.S = 10  R.S. = 0
So, the interval x " −3 is the correct interval,
and the interval x # 6 will also be correct.
So, the domain of f (g(x)) is x " −3 or x # 6.

334 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

 13. For each function below TEACHER NOTE
i) Determine possible functions f and g so that y = f (g(x)). Elaboration
ii) Determine possible functions f, g, and h so that y = f ( g(h(x))). Question 13 addresses:
a) y = -31x + 4 recognizing composed
functions.
Sample response:
i) g(x) = x + 4 and f(x) = −31x
ii) h(x) = x + 4, g(x) = 1x, and f (x) = −3x

b) y = (2 - 5x)3
Sample response:
i) g(x) = 2 − 5x and f (x) = x3
ii) h(x) = 5x, g(x) = 2 − x, and f (x) = x3

ANSWERS
1. a) domain: x Ú 0; range: y Ú - 4  b) domain: x Ú 0; approximate range: y … 4 .5
3. a) h(x) = 3x - 4 + 2 - 4x; domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y Ú - 2 .5
b) d(x) = 3x - 4 - 2 - 4x; domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y … - 2 .5
c) p(x) = (3x - 4) # 2 - 4x; domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y ∊ ℝ
3x - 4
d) q(x) = ; domain: x ≠ 0 .5; range: y 6 0 .75  5. a) 10  b) - 4  c) 2  
2 - 4x
d) 8   6. a) 7  b) 15  c) - 7 + 6 15  7. a) f ( g(x)) = 2x2 + 15x + 28;
domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y Ú - 0 .125  b) g( f (x)) = 2x2 - x + 4; domain: x ∊ ℝ;
range: y Ú 3 .875  c) g( g(x)) = x + 8; domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y ∊ ℝ
d) f ( f (x)) = 8x4 - 8x3 + x; domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y Ú - 0 .125  
1
8. The functions are inverses.   11. a) h(x) = 24 - 2x2 - , - 12 … x … 12
x-3
b) h(x) = - 5 - 2x - 24 - 2x , - 12 … x … 12
2

1 1 1
c) h(x) = + , x Ú - 3, x ≠ 6  d) h(x) = ( - 1 + 8x2 - 8x4)a b, x ≠ 3
- 2x2 - 2 13 + x - 3 x-3
12. a) f ( g(x)) = 1x - 3x - 18; domain: x … - 3 or x Ú 6
2

b) g( f (x)) = x - 3 1x - 18; domain: x Ú 0

©P DO NOT COPY. Review 335

P R AC T I C E T E S T

1. Multiple Choice Given f (x) = 1x and g(x) = 3x - 6, which TEACHER NOTE

function is a composition of f and g? Question 1 addresses:
A. y = 1x + 3x - 6 B. y = 31x - 6 recognizing composed
functions.
1x Question 3 addresses:
C. y = 3x - 6 D. y = 1x - 3x + 6
operations with functions.

2. Multiple Choice For f (x) = 3x - 5 and g(x) = 4x2 - 7, which

value is greatest?
A. f ( g(1)) B. g( f (1)) C. f ( f (1)) D. g( g(1))

3. Use the graphs of y = f (x) and y = h(x) to graph y = f (x) + h(x).

y From the graphs:
y 5 f(x) 1 h(x)
8 x f (x) h(x) f (x) + h(x)
1 1.5   0   1.5
6
0 2   1   3
y 5 f(x)
4 −2 3
#
= 1.7
#
= 4.7
−3 3.5   2   5.5
y 5 h(x)
2
−4 4
#
= 2.2
#
= 6.2
x −6 5
#
= 2.6
#
= 7.6
26 24 22 0
−8 6   3   9

Plot the points with coordinates

(x, f (x) + h(x)), then join the points
with a smooth curve.

Use these functions for questions 4 to 9:

1
f (x) = 2 - 0 .5x  g(x) = x2 + 5x  h(x) = 11 - x  k(x) = 4 - x
4. Write an explicit equation for each combination of functions, then TEACHER NOTE
determine the domain and range of the function. Approximate the Elaboration
range where necessary. Questions 4 and 5 address:
a) y = g(x) # f (x)
f (x)
b) y = operations with functions.
h(x)

y = (x2 + 5x)(2 − 0.5x) 2 − 0.5x

y=
y = 2x2 − 0.5x3 + 10x − 2.5x2 11 − x
y = −0.5x3 − 0.5x2 + 10x Since 1 − x + 0, then x * 1
This is a cubic function; its domain is: x { ℝ; The domain is: x * 1
and its range is: y { ℝ Use graphing technology. From the graph,
the approximate range is: y + 1.7

336 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P

RM, 5. Write explicit equations in each case.
US,
a) two functions a(x) and b(x) so b) three functions a(x), b(x), and c(x) so
that g(x) = a(x) # b(x)
CR1
that f (x) = a(x) + b(x) + c(x)
Sample response: Sample response:
Factor: g(x) = x2 + 5x f (x) = 2 − 0.5x
g(x) = x(x + 5) Write −0.5x as the sum of two terms.
So, a(x) = x and b(x) = x + 5 f (x) = 2 − x + 0.5x
f (x) = 2 + (−x) + 0.5x
So, a(x) = 2, b(x) = −x, and c(x) = 0.5x

c) two functions a(x) and b(x) so d) three functions a(x), b(x), and c(x) so
that k(x) = a(b(x)) that k(x) = a(b(c(x)))
Sample response: Sample response:
1 1
k(x) = k(x) =
4−x 4−x
1 1
b(x) = 4 − x and a(x) = x c(x) = −x, b(x) = 4 + x, and a(x) = x

6. Determine each value.

a) f ( g(2)) b) g(h( -4)
g(x) = x2 + 5x and f (x) = 2 − 0.5x h(x) = 11 − x and g(x) = x2 + 5x
g(2) = 22 + 5(2) h(−4) = 11 − (−4)
g(2) = 14 h(−4) = 15
So, f (g(2)) = f (14) So, g(h(−4)) = g(15)
= 2 − 0.5(14) = (15)2 + 515
= −5 = 5 + 515

7. Determine an explicit equation for each composite function and

explain any restrictions on x.
a) g(h(x)) b) h( f (x))
h(x) = 11 − x and g(x) = x2 + 5x f (x) = 2 − 0.5x and h(x) = 11 − x
In g(x) = x2 + 5x, replace x with 11 − x. In h(x) = 11 − x, replace x with 2 − 0.5x.
g(h(x)) = (11 − x)2 + 511 − x h(f (x)) = 11 − (2 − 0.5x)
Since the square root of a real number h(f (x)) = 1−1 + 0.5x
cannot be negative, 1 − x # 0, so x " 1 Since the square root of a real number cannot
So, g(h(x)) = 1 − x + 511 − x be negative, −1 + 0.5x # 0, so x # 2

©P DO NOT COPY. Practice Test 337

 8. Sketch a graph of the composite function y = k( f (x)), then state y
4
the domain of the composite function.
1
f(x) = 2 − 0.5x and k(x) = 2
4−x
The domain of f (x) is x { ℝ, and the domain of k(x) is x 3 4. y 5 k(f(x))
x
1
For k(f(x)), replace x in k(x) = with 2 − 0.5x. 28 24 0 4 8
4−x
1
k(f(x)) =
4 − (2 − 0.5x) 22
1
k(f (x)) =
2 + 0.5x
For k(f(x)): 2 + 0.5x 3 0, or x 3 −4 24

So, the domain of k(f(x)) is: x 3 −4

1
k(f(x)) = is a reciprocal function; it has a vertical asymptote with
2 + 0.5x
equation x = −4, and a horizontal asymptote with equation y = 0.
Make a table of values, then join the plotted points with 2 smooth curves.

x −6 −5 −3 −2 0 2 6
k(f (x)) −1 −2 2 1 0.5 0. 3 0.2

9. Write an explicit equation for each combination.

a) y = k(x) + h( g(x)) b) y = f ( f (x)) - g(g(x))
g(x) = x2 + 5x and h(x) = 11 − x f(x) = 2 − 0.5x
h( g(x)) = 21 − (x + 5x)
2 f(f(x)) = 2 − 0.5(2 − 0.5x)
f(f(x)) = 1 + 0.25x
h( g(x)) = 21 − x2 − 5x
1 g(g(x)) = (x2 + 5x)2 + 5(x2 + 5x)
So, y = + 21 − x2 − 5x
4−x g(g(x)) = x4 + 10x3 + 25x2 + 5x2 + 25x
g(g(x)) = x4 + 10x3 + 30x2 + 25x
So, y = 1 + 0.25x − (x4 + 10x3 + 30x2 + 25x)
y = 1 − 24.75x − x4 − 10x3 − 30x2

ANSWERS
1. B   2. D   4. a) y = - 0 .5x3 - 0 .5x2 + 10x; domain: x ∊ ℝ; range: y ∊ ℝ
2 - 0 .5x
b) y = ; domain: x 6 1; approximate range: y 7 1 .7  
11 - x
6. a) - 5  b) 5 + 5 15  7. a) g(h(x)) = 1 - x + 5 11 - x; x … 1  
b) h( f (x)) = 1- 1 + 0 .5x; x Ú 2  8. domain: x ≠ - 4
1
9. a) y = + 21 - x2 - 5x  b) y = 1 - 24 .75x - x4 - 10x3 - 30x2
4-x

338 Chapter 5: Combining Functions DO NOT COPY. ©P