2610t2022

EDG Isdau
Kespiiatosu
measuHemebs Atds
nemogsnaph dettct psesence
o1espisation
*meumotacommct& esp.91atc mctes
SpiDmetet Nol
infokMations(quantitatbve i0.ogumations)

Note
AU fests pentolMedcene_LISed foYmeasuye UAvg volume
Capacities

Lung Volumme a

alidal Volume(TV) VoLuvwe p ain inspited

SoOw auung_nofmal
|expited
3ESPNatio0.
500w
D Minute volume(MV) VX bieathing rate
CLohccullu
C)Spiato9muesexue Vol o Qas MspKed alteo nomal
VolwmeIRV) Eidal Yolume
2s00-3000 2000-3000 ml
IRV =
VC TV+FRC)
Vital apaity functional
Sesidual Voluune

Expiato_ MesePAVCVol oqas foMceully explyed

Volume(ERV afte henal exptyation
1ooo-1100ul" 1100ml
ERV= FR-RN (LESidual volune)
eKesidualValume VoL o ain xemaining in Lung aftcg
1200 RV) oHceLul Cxpieration

1200 vul
 ECT+ E (16o0wl

aih that can be

>Rspihatoy Laptity Max yo.ol
Max fs
(
piuatio
expised follo wilg

Vital Capacituy(V)- (91eatest Volme o qas Hhat

"4So0i beinspixed by voGntaeuy Cpot
TtEtL Lc1 maximae CXpAnsioissp
o ime (appeLOX5L) expinatio
VC=IRV+TV+ERV
Yh OR
bNC= IC +ERV
b) Function Hesidual -Nolme_ofgas emaining in
Capacity(ERC)lungsalLanonmal xesp1Mation
22O
RE FRCFERV+RY a
Jww2.2LD
Clotal ungcap.-Volume o gasin Hhe ungs at the_
d U(TLCDoint o aximal i1spiiatio0
6000l
-+EtkK*I VC+RV =TLC

dInspiatoea (ap.Maximum Noluyme Hhat (anbensp

(IC) om the sti0g_COd expihatDHY
3Soo wl pDSition
T+T
IC= TV+ IRN

Note BnatNAg GHate- 12-20 bieathes min

IceaSes dusing exetcise "40-45 bHMEathes|nán

 EDG

6PIROMETRY
GiNeS a quaytitative Measuse 0 ung VolumeLung Ca
Mechavical Elcctic models

Basic Watesc sealed spisLOmetes (Bel-Jan 4pitnometen

Bell a weight
Rotake

- AiM
space
pen
Taak NCCOndes

Wate Eo
AAN
MOuth 2 -Tubing -Eue ene

Piece Cqynd) (Nc

Kotaking deu iS ChummoqHaph

Kotation Specd o fhe s30-2000mmM
wuin

he weight isbalancecd Eo =0

E clecteúc al avalo o 1spiaatiovn

boCt VcxVolune_ol bellows at heopen positio

Naut max. Volume of bellouds

Max Yolume =aHea(TTH2)the belLouws

X max.height_of_bellou
 ADAN1012023
EDG hustsdas

Lmpedance pncumogtaph

XA mehod Lscd Ho ind yspixation aEe

Xndeeck method Voluntaey epo4dt i 1ot 5equustd)

Ghtough sesp.impedaucc dhngc ocdttck 3esP.

AC impcdance chAngRS Spi3QEiDN Votkage)

XUss masks OH tubes wheátstove
bidgc used
WCommonly used in inlants

AAA AA
Usedtotxeat_apnea(Stoppaqe of bacath 10% ShoHE.
pCiod o time

Ctprtea
Resistive
ta AqlAQC_qel isused as susiace elkctsode
Etcthde is placcd atthe &mGulb.
R AR Ln yesting positiov, AR =O
AMMA 10RACawpEie
AAAA-
EAAAA odulated sqnal
1oR 2 synehyLPFa>w
ctctectoo
Respiyat
USEd aAS
CusTent Wavetorw
R2-100R
SOWs CU
w.25ok
RcfeMence
w-escill Siqnal
K- 100k 250KHz
(auCG
OSCtlakos
Tt ishigh
not Ho
Equiyalelt.cincuilt stiulaeod amp.-> 1m A(P-P)
R hucesHigh eg.250-5OOHz
E Eo
Eo=IR#AR)
AR whee Eo Output pot.
tn yolts

Cu911Enue thoogh chest

h Ohest íupedance wl
AR Chage in dhest inp.
Clue to 85piyaution sespisatidn
 Anplude message
wodu lation AMU-Catiet signal (25oK H2)
Owp,odulated
Siqnal

uied ampificg designed to 5pectsum of biologica

ptovidc Z0to

A AR T
AR PPOx
Chave
22 pe
4Cspange

ubseo
evevts

BCspixatod yoluMe

Ap. wo dulated 6ignal 5q.9aph

250 KHz

Xomnmony used oM neonatalS

eumotacometen [od sensi0a spiftoActee)

Elo) SCnsitive_device._
xMeasuyeSLo 6ake ofQases.

By iteanating_oD KakeWe_an measuse yolume

BMealche
P
tighLo
P A used Ho ueasusc rdifenduce
pACSsune

psc.PesSuyC

ResistauCC

(Pa-Pa) Mate ofc lowo Lauivar lou

 EDG

2 lypeS o es6iNe pmeumotadhDmetesu

bascdA -0 Fleish tupe

5esfstaue
Ceheb) Lily tupe(6ilvetman fype

a FLETSCH TYPE

Pa-PaRxVI aH Nay o Capillcs

Hubes

Llo

P
P-P2yY
DTHeWEiat poesswse

toawsduCe L

bTLLy TYPE Oih kyto@d Mesístuce

SCHeen
heaked at 3tC
to Cvap0G(atC wake
y'- Vapo5.
(COL sesistauccc)

Pa

Have a0ide dunamic eange

Pellceed ovee lcisth tipe
 EBE

Hot_wihe anCmometeh(DaStd o)
Homp.dnop)

HnemmoS meaLS Wind

ptwitcheated to 3
LLpow bmeathin
tCwp deccheasesdue
Lot wetal
Cooting do
Hewce +ewep o 3CY
PLaeinuL

AlS0 used Ho ueasuyedisectiov o aiy Lou).

DHawbacRS

a)Sensi gas tempeHatuse

Eive to

b)pt.Wies axeNeu delicate 0

01082022
dTubinetupeCMcq.used Monday
iut sounco

gas
istosdy
elccisúc pulses

photoceuL

CLig
he detcctos)

pulse
>loud
Counitcet Votuwte
Lo

XFlouD KVolutions unit of time(pn PLE )

 HAdvautage

Conpact
0ide eAYnge

3-60Oml munHake
Adyautages

Not SoIsitive to Hutbulent lou)

to qa8tempeialtune
to watCH VapoLLe
to Qas Compos ition

LomitatioyS

lneutia (ovecomeusing ght_weiaht yanes0.024ms

3udo30
We Obtain aLow-VolunmeCuwe_

Lo
(LIscc)
Asea= Voluwe

time
 Respiatosc Aids

Gas exXchang at exluy1gs xtestnal xSpixation

xGasexChange at fissuc > Tuteual 3spisation

TWOpaMts

*Conduction susten

xKespixat Dy section

CONDUCTIONSYSTEN

Nasal cavitphatunxLOMunx MacheabHonchi

1SEutiobuonchio les
CTotal: 23 Sections)

D KespiMatouy sction

231a Section alveoLae duct dlveola Sac

Pleusnal wCnnb
bMOvcw- hasLayes
ViscenalL
patúctal

Dueing inspination-dliaDhHagm mOVeS dLow uad

Chest alL MDVeS Outuwa1d
 EDG

XStoppage o sespi xaion oM 5insOh moe Ca COuSC de

CO poisoning
LDtOwAinq
ElecEAic ShoCR

XKate of Kespihation 18 CoNolLedbymedulla segion

Auiial yespihato

-VENTILATOR
x Atds A xepixation
OR Keplaces

Huke espixatouyailune

a)hupoxa
b)hyupeeLCapnia
a lod D2 Loflkent_i0 blood due to impMopeeL Nekilation

D
X CauLsec by_pulmonau_emphusemaLosso

DH
Chetonic büLDMChutis

PulmoNOBL tumoHS
ung_elastiuit

041 pulLona&uy inOctionltissue_death due tolack

Oblood supply)

bX n Pook alvenlae
blood
Nentilation

Dhekehody
Causilg_

fuls blue
acumulation_ o CO

This usulEs in CNS disondens,diseaseof neNes

Muscle wakness metabolicdiseasesDubmonac ephyseMD
cheuonic bLOYdhitiS DH ung obstyuction
 EDE

AutifitialVentilato91

Adiust_alveola Ventilation fo hanging body necds o02

intake & CO2 xemDval

Mechauca entiLat p
Nalwe
XMask, beeathing -bA OM Sel iling baq

Manual Aotilicial yeulilaton O40s2022

valye
Thuksdo
bLeathng

Expikhed

Mask Scl Rung bag

-Tnspieiation -Expiation

YentilatonsRespiMotoM

xpologed time

Ne pueesUMe i0lungs qoal)

 EDG

Nega-tive_piessuene veatilato4 (motuSCC dUuC H wo

pPLabvb

XYC PHeS Sule g pleunal Cavity

a)IMon ung_laak YspixatoM(Body)

type

D)Cuinaes Chest espixato1pouo paticues)

)KocRi0g bed 1espinaton_

d Abdomina Mespinat0nAAhwúc pesSure

applied fo causeivep.
Patiew exp
-ain tiqkk
TakchGube
pattewe

45
-pivotcd Pavoted
Cetae Cetue
TnspiHaki on

PositivePHessuete

tVe peKOLLC : Ventilato

QHWay (pushž ainitoLungs)

tho1Ough he endotyachealtube

InspiatoyPakient tiucut Insp

Low deuvest tube
patiefnt
Sustem
Covteto le

thtation-
CooteLOL SUsteml Exp tube
 EDG

2modes:
)Ma0datooy mode(unablefo bHcath on
Youg ou

bSpontaneou mode (dCmaud Hupe

acts asa aid

lupes(aka ycled yentilatoer)

) PhesSueie Cuded (owHo1s fopiessUs Chat

5 PTESCE
(Cawnotbe masteicd b)Volume ucled oluue Spsesce, upow
WheA thee sleakage) expisati ov occus S)
C) Flou CUcled 257 ohca 257.flowisycached
Uex oCcurs pitation

d meycled pesCt tineis ge_Loe

nspihakion
05Osl2022
02 theMapL Uni FHiday

Adnministen O2 ohen_demad os O2 inckenses

Can occu il Conditions Like_Pulmon ceu
Rdema pmeLomOnia COLOVLgHu
obsteutkiOn nbeathing

Administeed thotough 1asal cathetens DH M1ask

XHoto 100 02is deliuested

Pauts
a)GasQulatos6 lommetens(ontnol devices
b)LoLe netet HumidifenSnebulize Hs> Condtiouu
)Omask tent 2aduoisttatinq
 EDC

a) Cqas Kequlato91
0
X I0bOing dow0 psedsuse oamound 50
ptessue
psi
adfustuieut haudle

Fs

diap hhag m
Outlet gauge

eutblet

irtte yalye 0 Poppe

Uitte

F-0utet paessin

Fssping0C
F Ohen ouklee_openS
Fs t
EqtbeúU 1saluwaus waitai ned betwecEA

lupes o 9as equlato415

1-pheset_type Maikain picSSuYC al xed
Nalue of 50pst(1dkquwbc
1valvc
M
T-AdjusHAble upe 50-10o psi

TII-MulEiple_stage 50psiultiple cuaw beOS

Oene used
a) FLouW Mete

X Hlow iodicated Lmin

upes
I- Unuo0 Mpensaked thosupe Lo yeten

Lboundan uMCOm pen sated loLD gauge

II-esSuse_Compensal: cd ow meten
Calibnated
orflo Scale ball (olfcs mesistauce_

NCcdle valve

ain input outlet

NEEDLE DISTANT
TY PE

Cdekeud wes Ploo

necdle yalve
akilPU U
-wcedlevalu e
OUE LCe
 -
EDG

b Hunudteus
X Adds 0aten VapouG to douy aib SInCealweola
C0pilLas gas tiaYns embxane qu3eS_igI lumidi

lupes
1-Onio fet hunmidi.ien

I-Puútau bennet uwidifien

D) Nebuliz
Aosol hupt thehapy uni

XWt1 ApOMeA Susponded a ine paehicles JduOplets.

Tupes decoptc

T-tnasonic nebulizen
1.35 MHz

C)Administnat ive tupe

Nasal Colhetenmask entsurutS Used toadnuinisten

 EAP44 080812022
PHE Mod
ntemittent positive psessL9e bMeathig (TPPB)hesrapy

Aug ae 8 nllat.cd byVe phLBSLKe duGdnq IsPisatioa

ExCtciSe xespixatouy muscdes (application)

lo QemovC SeCHCLSbns.(application)
gos pxesSuseak Sopsi

DHCSSI1MC Fixed ou)

CovubioL Ost 1cgulatot
DilutCsCquloto SenstEvity
dULULETO Cadiustoble) CowetolU
Conta
Conbxd psessgauge Rate
LCovuEOt
Bernet
JExp fuc
Cx haltatto
tortpsto
diaph1aam
velpessusC
oROS
Naluc

btealhia4Hel
TetTC
Ftot coute
Covko OL

90s lou
to pabient Nebutize
ncbulizee
COvUSuoUN

IPPB uwiti0cludes a pecial COMPOueyt called bennett

Nalye whidh towthols itewittewt +ueeSp.piessus3
tnspiHalo 4uy
which assiskS in IO laking ahe ungs
Pak iOuks espNation eflot Cau Coutetol valveycle.
XA psessuie at 50psi s ed to the bewttt Valve hetoug h
the 0djustabltdiluteeL Caulato09
The OwDlssushe pissuYCS ase eCOYded O1 the
out Pouel gauges, O he waN i0puut gasclineoD
DMCSSLKC Kcqulatou SLpplies inpuk sunsi iviky, ale ox
CXp.Cont0) hese ané fed to thehexmett valve LosManly
adjuwked Coutstol
 mai
oin Lioe.
XIiDal A-Vepoiessuxc a
atealso Conttolledonm
Wudh
Nhe beyvnett value hos xotatiNO_ intesnMl

expisasbn
Valie

ACxhalakion duaph
Qoses dusiypatiemts
opAS Ao clthcAhaust QaS
Upo inspiNakio0 diaphxag coses2bennetE uLNOpens Do WOwelen9
CA)
eed O2 wadk Hopalients.

ApplicakionsoTPPB

Wcd 0 0akients wth chest_disondeHs

bMOYChitiSasthma pulmoOGSLL CMPhusema
SUdh Qs
D DsOAChinl
N ctionS,post_opetatde Conditidns
x Ihe objcut ue_D LPPB tD_asit pomoteuwulDa
CXdhage AEt in
Yespisakonacitate bette D2 & COL
Seclet ions. also
SCoval o bbonlho pulmoyas

excMCSC eSpixalDy ICLes

X -X
161os l202
Chenmt ca laboiatD aLyyStLnLewks
TuRsday

XICheCQL CNaug (sU Hhe body analusing hesaMples

diagnogis etiveness
pDanosis of toeothMewt

Biochemistty Klocd ueineCSF othe luids

Hematology: Nwmbeu b Chabuadtei Stics of blood constituents

xMCuobiologu DGtRuminin Pathological micO0UCauis

 EDGH

SpectAopho-tomete A

based o0 absouption o Etectmaqnttio sadiationsin

theuy,Vi8ible IR.
wOveleng 10 104 10 Lo 101
CA) V X
ays ays
UV Visible IK
waves
10o
Mico
Waves
103
Kadio
Daves
J NBqORt60 nm
y00nm

PhotoY euengies abs00 bed bu the

AE Molecule depends on themolecuila
O wwStucEuxe Can be measused with_
instxuments Called specE300metens.
The daka obtained aMe veusensitiie
ndicatoS o molecula&nstuCEuXS
Moleules possess 3types o NtCAnal nRQu
OElectJonic enekMA
b) VbHational eneou
Rotational eneHa
hen aMoltule QbsoHbs Yadiant encHQit canincicasc
J
tsi0E A0al enchgy i0 A-VOitty o uaus
TR-Iheue aue2 dilfucat vibkationalRAGngu

UV- ElCctonic enengy states. These

SCates oNe quantitized Most ofthe nMoleulle exiSt

Lowcm enen9y stattE1 Excitation ofamolealle rom

louwen to highe state yequdyes

OheA EMR als0n a molecuc only dhe egucncies

whose LDHHEsDondin9 0ghe leyls (qudl foAE.S_
Cnenq9 Absobed
 X COYjugakio)-C=C-C
X lanbovyl-C0-

NNSiblc xodiations oxeselul o deicction.of Co0ita

UG
COnboAuL QMouDs

In IR Adiatons Wdh axe (ss eyehQchic causS Moltudax

MbHationS saetchtg vibMations as also useuL detttwinin
Molkutay Stauctuse. Hgh uavelelqth_in IK Qed ugesp
Pxtafons oeIe Ahe mosk chayacteouseic o a Cowpoud whch
Cat distigLESh bkween duliHnE CompoLI S

INMR/Nuclan mQyetic XtsoNance)pectsosuopy

STudy of molecuk.es by sccoding Heactionof yadiolstquenu

EMR LUh nucletomolcule placed i0 a Stao1g

magneticield. Lt givesa_Complcte insight iHo he nvixanm.

30NG oatomis Whi he olCcidle

KadiouWave oseq.60-ZD0Hz ase uscd.The samplk undex

Ovestigaki0O iS placed ha sbíong magnctic ittd iAdiatd

With adio DovesS

:
MHuGCtiOn of1adiotion Wih MateN_

AbsoYptio

lupes o ivHcAactiovn 1a/nsišS.

Reflecbio ScatteuL

TS (onCeMOed OHh abSOPtion&ansmissiOn. T i8

basedo0 hepuihciple Hhatomoo absoaptio
OM 1D 0MoRculS pCs
dependent S
Thenetoue útnity_ iatiOn lCauing the substauce is
antodicotion o oOLentatio0 o Hhe matcuda
 EDS
P ncident eneetg9y
PCneo19y txaosSttIed
Katio o
Gadiaymb Pouwe a0Smitted by the s00mple to
Hhe ate suat
ppoc Nideot to the saple is txaOsmit
S tansnüttance

T= PP

AbsobaMCG0q L)
RogPaP)
Beeu lambesats laud

P=Po.10Cbc

Whene C=(ocntHation
b=pathlemih of ght
C= exti0hion coe

Concenttation (c)_o a substance is calulated om absosbaMce

also called as extinction
og o1P)= bC

5o oa
Absouption(E)=

Inspectiophotoetouc
paouticulan
ueasuxeuenks

measuSement,
b ae ConStants

Hsoubanee XContenhxatii
AXC
Conmp oneuEs Da Spectto Photometeo
a)sounce ofsadiaME encqy (Co-tunqsten lamP)
Xcnov vmeHcufty axtlamp

Hydsogea lamp etc)

 bayd o 39diau
b)FltMS (UStdoM Sclectiíonof MasoouO

a-ASY,diactiO0 gsutbg,0H[aCE PLte

OptcalSustem_poducing a beam op teHed Ugh
DAxallel

08pas8de theough absogtption

et)
Cq-ons sutš diaphnYagm,ú10%

a deteCEion SIustem meaS

ene1gy
ement oUlabsoAbEd NadMut

-Pv
e)displa O device umcacal display)

SpectuoSCopy InStMUMentation.
180s2022
huisdw

Kadiati oM Waueleuq\ME wltpeteectoit

Souce Selectos

Displa

Kadiat io Sousce 01 d0A

SulRdentu f0lense

230012 Covutinuous
Stable ConstoQul iAtensity

(longehkspan emissivity)=

LnUN egion QeutuW 1amps H2 (hC Lamps

(ange 190-380nm
ot Sauuple pacd in QuanbzCUSTaL
FlwoneS Cevut measuoements MeHCuxU Vapou

lungsen halogen ght5aul

(220-38onm)
 EDC
In ViSible oegioY
lungsten

InIR3eqion : 207. TLR

GLoban Glowe (SiUCoN

NCMst lament
COUbide)

(= 1onm)
MOAOchftomato
Used fo CONe
MeAechoOMatic lioht
poL
> Morohzomatic ight

FiUte Anu taangpaent Medium Which by ts StauCtuve

LomposibiOn OM Coloux enables isolaEton of Hadiaion
a pauiulA 1ayeltngth.

Filte Ps
Nisible1adiation B00-o0www) Uv TRNible lghi

Pism 0Hattigs(monodhxomato)
(Dcttc Aau pyisus)
(shatpes Linc)

ColLmetsu lens ocustng lens

Exit
Enttance Pous Sau-ple
strt
SuC CeUL
 EDCH

Sample ContaideM

jas oft uguid somples aMC sed b hey q EXaMUKOin

AN ADSOpkion cell Called Cucte oith Catbyak0 ghE pathb
Cuettts aY made up o qlasSoY VISblt b quaMz h Uy

Light.

DerRCto915

MeasueIMCnk of absobauce elakive to blanR 50Lpk

ototube is used asdtectoMsWhne cathode is(0ofed

wHh Lght amfssive mateutal LOnkaing Looglu bDund
electnonso Cuent lows between (akhodeb Oode

Photobe Consists ofSecuGind ConsCakhede 0uode Cne

Sealkd na glasš enuelopR. Conuae Sux facc ol Hht
exapOHOLtd
Cakhode a
isCoattd Oith laueh 0hotoewissivevmalkHia
o lokhode mateial A pot-Gforence is apped
bJu Cathode anode he photons aYedbotbed by
hedetectox t3aNST RMegy athode sUSfaCe o
LOostly bouud electYons leaue Cathode Suaface
(Ousihty AYeuk to loud Hhxough phototube

22108/22
FLame photometiYFLame spectuomehy MoNday

Used 4ch guautitatiye deteHUiNation o Na KCa iba

Paodues a chaxaC. CobDuen LOhe nacd.ed in a a

Na yellou coloun 584 nm

K> Violet cCo Loun T66 mm

 EDE
Ca BucR Red 500nw
CWmSOY yed 641 m
xBa apple geO) 554Y
Lytensity (CussenE X (Quawtitative measUXe ment

LOauele nq
th)_XQuulitative _measusewed

Theoxy
Soln o sawwpLe spAayedovko
ayae
Radiotion emitte COWpoy Rnodm (onco o Saue Cop.

Soln Spaed into

o sauple
H spedAl spsayelopeHated by_Compxesged AxlOxuaen
USEd to iHiodice Soln-i fheDxm o
ine spsay Tåexosol
8
t0Ho helame of a
buxnex opexaked oduelgas(icekulinc
pHo paue 0
Ha gaS) waueleig selecejo
T TvOvtotuoAALd
Mcasu
opticac
Systew
Detectiow Ap. RCcomd
Ssteu
meas reEKY
A Buunee

of-Reco1 ding Sustewa

uel
Eisfion Atowds Ce Oxidaut
SustCu Co2)

-Test sou.
 ED

Aspiatio
(3Cnoyal ofuwat
Vapotisation
tn flau
ce)

MX Moltu

acoosd
NO C
TheAnwal
tact dissosiationi

Enegyeuitel HCatCacg/ M Plou

Ou
abso4tbed

nd state HE Exdtcd atow

JCwuisSio
teusity CatbeHatio
Cuuue

Fo O weladd a4 Conc- iovs

blauR SolM to calt bnate

IE COWS(S tS o heaeuissiov systeNe

PMeS SUS qukatnoLS 1Ro uell
wuw metes Oxidouk gas

To Rep Heup oambc(owst.gas PRsRLSC oLD +o

Lame ex citation System shoulc be Rept coustaue.
Fuelgas is kepk in ylidef wdey_pessuxeHh
Oxidawt Comes disetlyxoM Hhe Compie6ged

- Hovwise91
-bume
ItCowsisteof aspQyenakomzakion_ wheC
chauwhet
HheQeosols o tst olnis paoduccd ed i0Ho heane
 EDG

b)0ptical sustcm
Consists oiltoS anohxonahs LenS diaphxagm, slits
Ctcox aeltngth selkchon

CDeecLoss&eLOKding Syshem
Phototubes PMTS aMe Cmployed asdcctoxsIt alto
En.cludes decteuonic ymeavs of dnplitication., ItLodlinq.c
ldetecting

uautiicakion
A sceies_o knoon_LOMC. oa Std-clemeoE Lox andusik
S pxepaxed.A blaok SolM iSspHayed ito the lame he 2
TOStsuneut is adiusted toone aD
uete tading.ailith_
blank
The mosE CoYc.solMof Hhe stadaxd is intxoduced iHo tHhe
ame Meke stadia issek to max-value. hou
auL uzthet adjuslmcunuckot eading 1mainidg
aN aaly ti calbxation
n
50 std. axe sead
CLSN lamelt inkensiky_ A Lon. iS pxtpaacdl.

UnkOoon Soli.ventsoduccd ilto Hhe laame undetcthe

AMe COOditions 0S tlose o Std coln- used OY Daepaxio
Onalutical cuw
hemete Rading OX unkiowN axe_sead & stuuSve
o
Used toobtain coc. unknow0 Soln.

ApplicatiOn8

a Na K u levels peSCat t0 5LHLM,ULTAE.,peksptatio0A

Salkua Ala Kda
bLAn bx USd to aaalysc these Clemtauts o SoiL

Na KCa Levelsi0 cenent

 "PPT

EDC 2
HtoniC absouption specdsuoscOpu CAS)

Usedl0 detcctina mctalS.

measukie CoDCentatkio1s of
XICan analyse oves1 62 leMents
mctals nYsample.
NBased 0m absooption ol ght at a pantitulah wayeleugth

Consiss o
Qlight souxceHollod Cathodelamp
bNebuliseH MxOSaCe1OsolL HudL oxidau
Jo tutmoductiou utolac
ypes ol atouuseS
CUsRd to cowweut sawple inlto atonic foom

Flame atomisens(aihtacctulcueflameisud
b)Gnaphite electto theumal atomisefts
(soltd sUuus stes (a loe
used)

Monochnomato
bepenates he ine towing 30m analyte element

Dtectons
PMTAH Lged
FuOÍMNEty

Ab50Hprion of Light atshotem coaueeugth emisSion at

1aqeh aVetengMh

E- Hspik QuiniN SuLphake odomethacinetc

 ucnciNg-Stopping oLuonosence

EDS

PhosphoLLuoHestence
Malcoial cowkinues to yit Lonqcn a hadiation, even
aften exütation_ 8xemoved.
oLanqelietiomeHiau uo41t s(Cuce

FackonsalctiguDHCSCece

091ganic compounds thaE poSsess CoAjugated systems

C-C=C - =C
PHIesence oubstituentqaoLLpS 20 Axomaticings

Molecula qeometnu Highy iQidplanaN_ ispeeseaE)_

DH(neukna alkaline sDlu is xcq uised

Fuohesence CoNcentsation:
2.303 Q foabc F-2-303 Ag Po abc

F LuoHesence intcnsity Yo=ihttu síty of cxdting

a= wiola absoibVity Had.0
b- path lCugth
C CovceOHiation_ oluotesenccwatcrial
Q-QUlendung o. uoHCSCeuCe iCuc

Lnstuument USed speCEHmolungdmelsu

Light SDuMCe
Mdnoch40 Mato
Sauple Cowtaine

2lbens
Detecto1S PMT
 EDG

HpplicationS

a)AualySisoduugs b-antimalaial
00mulation
thecn
doug
-QuiMe
Thaimine

b)Metabo lites
CNanoghaue
d)Respiatoy
(
Phenobaebital

level
biologicau fluuds
 PPT
Cquid Has
25,08.12.022
EDG
*CHROMAIOGRAPHY
Nch oSCpeoalkiug auixtusc o Cowpoueuts intoidividua
COwupoueEsCopoueuts to be Sepexated asedisttbuted betueen
2 pNases(rationdsY mobile phase)

Sepe1aEiON_ i8_bascdl on difenenCeilXake_al Dhidh Componeots

YMoves thhOugh_ a Stationay_phase u0de the inLluence o he
Ymobile phast

Adsosptiow
Rewoval o Cowpoucuwt ducHo uost ol vuabilc
phase

gas ChuOmatogaaphy Awmina Gas

(sepehation of (statioWay) CMobile)
VoLati Le substauuCCS)

ape Chetowotogaaphy )atenadsooped iquid soLvent

Hlbinlye (Luonay
ON PapeH

Bilica
1:S
Butanol:acetic

iauid Solue
suate

apes dhotomaltog Haphy hlo ttofoeu

K= datance Eauelled by soluke_o

Clistance txauelled by soluent 3om
D4ginbase
ta|base

R Value i8 Constannt

10 a qiwen 5UbStauce apaticua solueuut Susteu

in Lay L Chcomat0gMaphu TLC)

XSlica ael13Coaked on AX plate Avated at110°

LC.clabeg
TLC Plate
 INSEM1:25|os|2022

Aduaukagesi

XOide 8auge of Compounds can be detected usinq dik u

OdicatonSUN fluotosence)k yeaciue agents

Sepcenated (onponents can be Cakeaouztd

deadbak
Column ChMOMakogetaphyocquiyes laxgc_voluCofSitAE
in Litves
Silita gel)aluwnina (adsoubeat) 8led in a alasscolun
Ho U desited lngth

Solvent elutes difcaeudt Compounds

Hiah PuoOMAuce liquid Chromatoqmaphy(HPLO

used to Usepexob quiloacidi sCu
Mobile phase is a liqud

X6 liseS Smal pacRIg pa9ECles, henCC impkouingbC OluHio1

Lon excnange CheiOMdtogihaph (used He Clco tonte 29/0812022

detedk tons in soli Monday
UsedOn dettCEi0g 00tons in aquLOUS
Solutions. -OH
H
Coumn adsobent_consistS opoumesic
esins
Aio Calbio

OH
 PSI-pounds pcot squasc ride au
EDG

as Cheomatoqeaphy
U Uscd to sepenatc uúghuy votatilc

Substauces
Gas-solid qas-Liquid Chotomatoqonaph
adsoptio Cpoexkitio0 ohide
punci ple) Occuis betwcen Hhe phases)

Gas quid Oxonatogxaphy(qLC)

a Supplu o CascauiC
Inettnesso so aas highly pune Chheappune gases

0q-He H A Angon
b)Requlatons
COnthol Monitp aas low

XPess Une_xang 10-5o PSL

C) SamPle injedtio systemleakiNG shoud bc So:c luighey

thase boilig pto Cowp)

&Sample is intyoduccd theOLgh the i0eCEiOn po9E thttough

sel sealinq membMane

Sample is yuked thhough a syeunge hitough the seplum

xlemp oCouwMn is adjusted s0 vapoüzation of 5olutt

OCCLYS
 EDGH
iguid is led
ube
d)ColLmn O0O
Cactswith ckal
pne cmed whe elewewt
wow)
x Madeson qlasS O Stain less steel(3-10

50td suppo9uting malesualtg-Cute

phasc Statiowaa phasc
hola
Coakcd wrh iquid
( 20.0 liquid\

XSOud Suppott i Coluwln adsonbed liquid PaCRIg length

fempeatuhe_ aHe akomSaRtiq esoLETOA

gud used a3
pouguLOlspolaM LOpouNds
-Guiindl (Hydogenbond
class)

3Uubbe H[NoN-pola)
pãeralfin_oil sihco OUM

e)Detecto
b Used to weaseuMe 5euSe Swall awountso sepehaked

LOwpowts pyesAWE ga8Stzeaw.

JPog no
)
lypes of dekectom:
Thetwal Conduckivi

b)Flameonization_detcboen
cElecLOW CaptuHe detectDHECD
ty deteEDm(TOD)
(ELD

Ratc
Coouhg
o HERMAL ConNDUCTIVITYDETECTOR (TCD)
Heat txanseued isConveted ino
CkcEical siqals
depcudls on

clewcut Thetwal owductiviby Caveden gusstHcau

u
COYt NiAg_Covpoueutrsis seused byhe
Re Sauple wetal dPecto1s
"WHEATSTONE
BREDGE
 Manual Aaaly seu:
Huau Coto
X Tc cows torai tsDisadvawba9
TL-FLAME ToNIZATION DETECTOR
www alaMe is phoduced using efluen
30m ColuLA wixcd uith Ha, JollouiedL
buudng in ai

2 Panawetens LIsed in gascheLOYMakDgHapny

aRebewtion HncRI)-D in time blu pt-of injeckion

ppea9auce_opeak waxima
win se)

b)Retewtion Nolume(RN) Ket. time(RI) X{owvate

HdNakaug es

High speed OCUBACy

ExHeely senSitiue

HUTOANALYSERS

PuOCeSS
a)Pheanautical st0geLptpaeaing icagcuuks calibeation
b Analytical stage Yintoduia inh dMalysco
Olost&onalytical stage(pucpaeúnd Hcpotts
Cquality Coteuol

Discncte Huto aNalusehs CowLDnly used

ea
XEectije wixing_ol SaLple eagcatiuEfLDcuC
Spectuophoto mete
X ChambeH tempeoMatuxe adustmewt
X Post. ANalytical stage(hteLetation_ofxesults
 Fo CutEing

ElCCkaode
shepes Fo Coagukatiow
ELCH 30.LD%12022

ELECTROsURG1CAL UNIT (ESU)

ou
to
of ungeu
peofou
that UKCS
singedes.
ighEqueny elkdtkical

XscdtoinciseCoaqulate destsuouyhomeostasik of blood.

XCqueny o CUMCut2 1-3MHz 1oF 0 Stimulake Hssue

lod poue Ppueyentz eltLEstDCuSiDn)

deallh by cuvcut

Putncple behind ESU

K|Bastd OY heating eck o CuACnE.

RE
OSCILLATOR

-CutEi0
Npp tectuodc

Pakieut

RetuA
Noltage Ctectode
QActiue eLtckuode lutkag eleckuode
Npp
A pHobewith dimensions oAMe
0Sq.mMHRgh CIeteak deNsity)

bRetu eltctodePassive cdectkode

Laae Suace Quea i00CMÉ)i0oHdee to_distGthute Cusaent

 AplutLac wodulaeiow
CamLcnVUUMA^ Coust. genenated stgna)

MSSaq (oy aup. fs changcd) EDG

Powe

PSVI*
P powK inwatES
ResiStiviofssueiN SL
by

N=Volue (w3)
ld>(uHALuE densit

i PoIa
t luMueaE theat_dissipaked

EecEHO Sungital fechniques.

b

a)Monopola technigue (Uipola)

Aceive
Electhodes Ae placed oppesite each Patient
Othe
passive ptate
F1O
|b)Bipolan technique Rctuo
CSafc)
Both active passive elccbhodes
aM pHesent on the Sam auea Tissue

FlouD ísMoHe ocalised than uaipolatl techniquc

ESU Machine

Powet Wiqhpowc, Couplin4

Suppu CiHtcu Eectroter

Modulate (Ho dhanae I wodulate aou CO

Sqnat fdf aPpucatios
Conbo L
CiHCuit
 EDGH

Modes oopehakion

a) Culting

E ho Suhgical
Lect Cuttig of tSuc isacheived bu passilg

righ eq uOCnt AhetouhShaup togeo aiMe_opo

a
a aE this pt.
PE of needle. Huqh Lon.of_UHMenE IS AeLyened
Hhe issuc heaks up at the_point the self Ceu puid botls
uts the figsuc.

b)COaqulation
LMSEauutane ous htatinduced phecipitakion leading to eltin
Ofs sue.Electkodes ane sughty WIde thaM used in th
Cuttng Mode ba type)

Dessitakion ldehud Haki0n

The necdle point elkUode is kepE Mko Hhe fissue Steady

Wile clutode_usoentis_passed Local inHcase i the heak
Ouchts popoukional to ihkensiky > dUHaEton_ of LIbaeAE FaRES
pLate eading todouuing o tikSeS
d) FulguUMation

The ncedle
toudingit
Supedfcal
|ball

the
H8sue.
eleckode is held nea
clectuic QHcDOLOduced
Hhe iisuewiHhoutE
destHoys the

e)Blerding
ointng_o sepemaktd issues MCnVCS by_an eleckeuic Cphadued
anCphaluLA
by Reeping the eltdF 9LOde_AbDue Hhe Sk)..
 RAN
EDG OLLO/2022
Tuuxsd.au

Types o WaUefonMS
FO dessicalion Coagulation

Pulses 250-2000KHz
ph Sccoud
Pulse Hates
Voltage : 120
300-200ON
Powena 80-200w

FO CuUEEing

heg. S00KH2-2.5MHz
Ry
Jolkage
PoLDR :100-15O

XFo blended tuptEtinq (04qulakion

"Notmuch bloodl
L055
 C
ElectsOSUYgical Salety

aBums
(appugd 1D Keqi00 O intensihyN
Dur fo high ussevt_densit

K USualu OcCuus due to to MsSiue eLecELode

(due fo Poo Covtace edectvole

site)
Kgion oontact_ should be Smooth lat

Can also he (aLLSed due to -high 13Pqutnu aHenak

BuGun
paths

ESU AcAye
electo.
ECG
uowito

Passive Cunent density

Lww
moue bMoade plate

bFMebhazand
Flawwable 1gens(anaesthetic devices)deaning seagewt
mustbekept D y OM he ESU

XAE Hhe Hip o the eletkuode_a thick dloud of NeQs

hich oAIYMS a_Dptectiie_Cloud DhoNeuki0g (Ovlkact
ol

N2 gas
RGBilteos Suspace Coatin9 of lesse deuse
CCD detecto ot atetual.
ahb sousCe TIR-unimal ps of Signal
180 (
beuudun augle FonuwAnd L latehol EDGH.
view

cRE 0EcufeueYice popely shiclded)

RE Can otentQC_Diththe settings o pace Makens
LMplantable deviceS.

ENDOSOPY(Refe PpE)

Used to vieud inteuual 0Mq0uS

Seuw iog deviccs aten suugeuendocinch

w NEoNATAL INSTRUMENTATION 120a2

Monday
X Neonanlogu deal oith Speialized uedical caueLoY 1Rulbo

babits-

Medical Cae

YeOnatolDqy NEWbOHnS edicane

uksitio0
heaual Couktol

X Yudmon09y CouE0
EinunLaon of mekabolic uastes
A Kespiuatosy disEsess

S0ction
hemolutic_disonder
longtital disondee
LCV
Systems
Lleunduy tsact
 EDG

Monttosuing ) 5p02
b)Bitioubi0
c)Yulse 1at

dundie
Bilisubin Buphoduct_o bioduemical degnadaion
elloD) hemoglLobin

eUels Smgdeutne(d hupenbiliAubimia

xBibin is pXoduced due to incAased_desbuWkio0 oRB

OH Livt iS ncapoble o_adequaelu semovia0 hemolysis)
Diliubin in a timely Mannën

leuels o biMubin Can LaUse_meAtal Tttaxdotion A bliodnes

Instumnt_used_ o MontteH DlMubin:

RANSCOTANEOUS BILIRUBIN MONIIORING(Handhdla

devi ce)

Reflccted
Uight
EC Photpdttt.

S50Ww Photo
Heteet

Sunfote
No ahe Loss

0 coutdce Fibne OPtiG

ohchepd DIspLay

OO
Swrto
FUUSA Mglde
tuhe SOusc
FORCE HCTIVADON
(To CusuGnC o Coutacb
 EDGH
Ful f0LCe 5 to Move blood way
applied
foot Switth isuSed to acEiuakt
sRin_& O
light suscC

Kellected ugnE is (OMveuted into an absoa bauce

6Dectha-
AbsoubauCe melauin cau acde
efLectauce
Dewal walkuity,
CoLogCA biu Yubi
teve Fereptest
4biuubi

300 400 So 600 o0 Spo 900V

AbsoMbance = Log (RelLeckance)

10
UV ight _byeaks down biliYubiA ito Samall quaatities

Mpedance Lank apNEa monitD 1309a|22

140sthohacic
Tuesday
Without wind
TdinecE
Hpnea Method

S-20SC
isaflccbed)
-3 types )Cente1a apnea(boatn
b)ObstuCtive apnealdung slecp

C)Mixed apaca

Chadgc in YSpixation.
Indiect method to measutc
 20-1oo KHz
Htan fcqucney siqnal=
EDS

Detecbtot Baseline HCjeckiol

LOscillato
Cussent ites
Tsolation "Bulfe4s" Awpli (iee

Electodcs Candiogenic akiace

1ejedto

KBaseune ccieceiol isaHPE Whick

bLockS lou ycquenoallou0s Baeath detcckos

high eQuencu
Apnea tiwes)
Rateindicatk
ouoeq 2gnal ALaA

a)Lmpedance measusement
b)Cauidiogenic 0tiact xejeckion
C)BHeath deteckion
d) Apnea identiktatinn
CaiduogeNG
) AmM unction apnea
(se LPE tp euovehiah

C)Beealth COu be_doue by

debectiov

I-xedteshold detection
-
FoeqSig nalsri

I-Hdaptiue hHeshold
4O-teutdeued

Aythuvg (1Ossing thieshold is assuued as abyeatb

 So'-of petuioutly deiected byca EDG
plidc

ttttt

Slhould natdecp de a yaluc topick upasuifacts

-Rate

Lnubato&_ 16 092022
FULdy
heamal photecbion

mphOVe Hhe asouth Xate

Used O PHewatuoie babies p_pHOVide a miCHocLimate

Factos COnsideued in the intubatosn design

a)Physio logicalheat balance

35.5C to 3t 50 e can Cout stet

heat pHOduted heat losS

Cawnot be Coutsolled Must bc balauced

I heat ptoduced t thea boly tewp 1

1.5-2W kg nowal adults)

Do not shiven buE
picduce

4:5-5 WR nconates) o1gan of heal phod. is

additional tissue
byown at adipose
 EDG

Ways oP heat LosS

infaut
a)Conduckion
CCCueLS Whea inlant_ Comes i0CoukaCE WIth_(oolee

Obiect."

DConvection R a cylic Canopy

Difetcnce in tempe matusie beEuieeM ALanksbody ar

Hoea d body CXpOsed.

Speed of ain mouement

C Radiation

Heat
WHh
L033 0R SpectuUM toSugHaCeS Nat M Coltack
the infanes DOdy.

d) EvapOHation

HeatLosSs thtough sweat

mostlyohseewed iOiN
whee tyOnspi Hattön o waten betueën ntantsRin
SAiDuNdiDg enutkonAeuE

St8ule 0otenused in humidiLieo

educe hea 055
 Tupes of ncubatog91 5: EDC

Ain mode
>Ain
bCwphehmostat)

Ai
nfant
-acyiC Canop
HEATER

b)InfanE mode
Ain
>acyc tauopy
Theamistot
Chighy Seusitive)
LnfayE
Heaten

CKadtant waemen (doesMot scsulk in uwifotue heat

disted butiov)
Heate
Conteuole
36.5
Seb tewp.
Fixcd
SeHyo Covtso lie
Tfaut SRIn Cup senso
 1904202
EDG Mondo
equupmet
Anes thesia
Anesthesia

stin
AHnesHhesia which Sponse.ohadimful muli
lhe stattof CNS
in

isSuppx(ssed VEYSabU

which seu eves pain

Adnunistxation doug

a)Ingestion Canalgesio) Itxapeoitonea oy it

int9amuscula1,
b)Subeutaneous
CKectal admilistMtion

d nhalaEion o_
QESHhetiC ses.|NapaUMS

Anaesthctic agent needs toyeach

apautilO CONenbsat

fo ACcomplísh hedesised eed

Dilkhent anaesthebic Qgeats 2
ideuilyowable &Yonliawuabie

LIGUID Haloethane_dithule Ehea ChlotoLDGHm fHIChlghothylte

Methoxumoa ne ek

Gaseous NtHOuS Dxide Cnlostopxopane etc

(N20)
Easy Hapid COnbHalability
LCanbe quicku KtmoNedxom bloodstscau
DuHatio dpends on Chnackoristics o A agn A

Depth oOnaesthesia:

bign-qeneha
O)CNS depitssion (peogecssiveluincoiease
highet pointcoukex n ou
CoutexSpiual Cod)
 b)ResiMation is
pOquessiuely depHessed
oith Tagut)

Siqns-GypicaL)

peHate d Xespisatinn decAcasesS

DPupillasuu sizeb eSpONSE o liahtCno sespane to

CEyeball ymouements (osdUatesoiHhwild

auacstheS ia) o0
d)Cohneal eex(lossof elex J

e)Muscle tone In Statc wwusde Honeis

decpee
Cost&be Coweslacoida) 2
Patellas tendon xePlex (Rne fCk Hdicx)

YHoguessiNe Louwesú ng_d body tempeuatuete

hupothalauie cenbre byain islessS

Oactive) teup Gegutatio

Stages planes o a0aesthesia

Pupil(0uncal Resp.ip Musde

Stage DesCGÁpkion_RespitatioM si2e tghe Dne
Kelcx
Pseset Peseuk NoMMal
Stage 1Hnalgesia:
OF PAIN SENSAT
LOsš NohMa
DEEP SLEEP
STAGE 2IDELLRLUM: ww
Ww
Pseseul Piescnk
D
LnCheast

motox
ELEVATEN HR & Dilated Octivitu
BLoob RESPoNSE
EXAGERRATIED
KESPONSE
 & hoMaX.
"PLUne1 (s used o
susgeny oOF
Most ahd
head, neck

abdoinal pOCedures also prcducdre

Plane s uged fox
lox
Most
fonsit
(oE
DCCOSiOnallyised ox
abdowialpxoceduyesEDG
PlaneiS
Plane KupiL CoHOcal Respodse Muscle
Kespiration one
StagebeScáption Sizeto UghF
SizeSC
STAGE 3butgical
Andtsthesia Notual
PLANE 1 NOMmal Hesp.
S PsesntPsésent igkt uscu
1eloxakionSub

Pyesent Modenot
PLANE2 BP nd Pseseh
Musado
Hesp educes eloxation
Sightu
MaGked
PLANE3 BPud M Hbeent Sluoaisito musalay
Styong ight EoxatioN
stsohg
tSp. seducEion

Absent Absent Muscula

PLANEA Lou BP
LHR sp Hedures
Laccidib

maukeb

EXHIRMe_
Stage4Medullaw NO espD Hbsent Absent
musuulQM
Patalusis
Locctdibu

HR 200g 2022
HnaesHheia Equipmeuk uesday

MUimal istance to gas loud

Upsed CHit QnatStESiQ YMaclune CMcle LuiLE

 x NODOúsen auows us tD uSe leSS NoUntile anesthetic
agents (ust be esene Win dMdle cinCut)

EDG
"CLOSED CIRCOIT ANAESTHES IA MACHNE
Insptiatoey tube

Cowstaut Vapousdse
onacsthctic
Resehuont
pEHeatWi0g bog g0ses
SubjccE
coapsible I Value
Gnspruakory)

EXPValue
CO2 abs oubee
ExpiHatosy (soda
Fube ime) N20
Excess (Suplemeucog

lowweten ases

apouuseen"
2O0KeNE. Contyo
Natwe

O2 O2+anacsthetic
Vapoun

Hnaes thetetqu (vorttey

TheaaestheticEquid 13 Contathed in a_hamben Dhetc

evapokakioN takes placeA COnktolled amount dD2s
POSsed htiough Hhe VApoMatiDA Chamben Dhie the
HeMaining amt 2 02.Dy passes it
The Lowewb o 0aswuxuMe emHIiNOoM the
Vapouedse H IS depedent oAhe PMop, leDthaough
Hhe evaponatiDA Chambe Hhat hich bypasges i
 Lww Con bC
Kenad stooc ess Ahan spontaneously

passed out o body

Renal tone mOK ha h0s Ao bc
Sww 0-2022
EDG
botokcA douwh sucked outoy bod hLdass
Lithoisaps

tLihotupsy:Stonc+o bheak

XKenal alauli2hasdened mineAal deposits

Twuneals-CalcCum oxat
uWoteh Cottcnt

Chtmicalscitmate DuAOphosphate
in uine
-SoohStoe
-1enal aMtes Consugaked

Penal CoLeX
ACnal_ Vein

S bxanched

Tenal
Mna peUv S bladdC
wedulla

Types o tmoNal

O)Pecutaneous AasoniC lthot. PRMcukoNeoLL

emoval o
Rd
StoR
b PeHukaneous electmohultaudlic liho.

T-Eoon ExtiacoApINL Shock-wWave lithotaipau EsWL)

OR uWate bath thokwips

aeMCukoneous La sonic Hhotip s

Sonot1OaC is a hollod,4igid shecl puobe,the handie
wok is a piezOCeMac o
AC is
Puovidcd to cowapoess 2
decowpscss
sincc thc CHystal Should osdluakc.
EDSH
"uuesasonicyaoge
"UHCAhaisdilatcd
a guide oie is 23MHzof Ac
isuSed fLcOSclto
inscedt cd
yOSTErOncd
iA-coatac
wih
AA 1Cattadued
pitzrce

IephoStope medhuw +o
he ASLLEee
Sondtsodde
Stooc

Lsonotico
piezocenaumic Convent clectdc
Wat e1 to Sound
1cphzascap

SOnoTHode
agauts
used tobatak the
waten Stone uS ing ultrasogn

sqnal also unctions

Yeucutaneous cledtuolyde.auic ithotúpsy

ne-GthotsiteMandau
*EFfedGve oHeating ena 2insulated clectaodes
NCphetoscope

Dugation o=1-5sec
iwpulse ele cksop clecEskop siobe

1-o pot 3 udes astound Lci

HAz
o pMoteck
SR lens

"Onccstowc isbeLokCK iss

XEplaced a
wth sudion2ppaiatu
ctectscopstobe used to bzéak he
0QACLS
EIkive infyeaig bladde
Stones due to pCsnd owatce
 EDG
CT91answuússion of wectu Wawes ohe
causes disíueevatíon ston

LxtkacOMPoMEa Shock-uwave lithotipsyBWL)

(non-1NasiuUe
(oubside bocuy) Wethod

"Fluid mcdiuw Ttoutapebie.

1OVeIL
Ho hadsnut he i dif duT)
Soundyuaves.

Wak c hakh_

"Can vou the Coaus he

ptessuze&0 4OMPa eipsoidal
30-110 Me"/ 5Hsec eLectouode Cplecbo High Qplit
CHeateS ultras oute shocRuoaves)shost ducator

(OAony used wethod used Lo SaULeM 4AONES.

2 UDSCOpic X-Ray uniEs fo image the StONe

Gantsu is positioned to dous maximatuOnthe stoIC.

&Eupsoidal xeflecko has &focal points. Enemgy= 18R

DCLsed on iecko

Tensile styess to beLcak 0to_sand-ikeDouticles

 ED05401
Lond
2022

LEMasouud

X20H2-20KHz 0ULdible xOug

Lowe han 20Hz:Infsased
GpLeatee han 20kHz:
UEHasouYId 1MHz-10MHz
ChaackeiSEics o Sound FoM diagiostic
Punposes

VIBRATION
uiseinPessuse CoupsCSsion

auwpitludtAA A

.
LOngiudioat_uwaves
dtnap in pes sueaGHC{action
Vbeakious
iM Medi
iquid, Solid,gas
P Pt
-(Oavelcwgh)
DYstau ce between a Cowpyession aelacion

hquencu Ft esolutiont
No. wavclenglis pee ultt hmc
Absouption oc F

Velocitydepend on tissuechaHactceistics

Speed wkich aue velocihy Daso

V Cowphiessibi Lrty

xAt has ugkesE Cowwpsiesstble peuopeb

Soid las kihiest deisity

Bonc has ghest vdodtu ihWtaasound.
kALbodu hissues exCpt be_i(onsidesd liguid.
Sount Hauels slotuesbinaiuitceuediakr ia
Uquid olees lúghest 3esistance
 EDG

Aplitude cpsescut stxougk

db
osigna As
above he.baselegth
x Maxinu heioht

Inteusily(Powc density
Eucgy lunit diuc

*(oncenE91akion_
ooDeon pe unitE Ca
lOuwest ak f09E hen points.
Highst atcentse
>RHO

SVA (2T 1 Z(Ad

S=densityof he uediuw
V= oveloú SouwAd

>Nelodt
A=wax. aupdSplacewcu
Z AccousicLpedauce y
[z=deusit
(10

Inttacki0n A 1UkMasound oth fissues

Iwkemface
Scakteeu

-Hbsouptiou
-Refleckio0

SEiow
auSwi
ucdiuw 1 wediuwn 2 -Refyacki00

Attenuation
Decmease AMplitude

oss oMeasit
 AtHeOko0 uwth ttquendsy (dueto mokc SCokteHing
AEtenuaEion tLth fdiskoncefxom ti
Attenuation t ith tndswakclk of mediu

Keplectio

XRoy ULtG1as od
Souse
dctecko4
Sounce
TOus uittauce detecto1

ReficckionK=Z2-Z1X Loo
ZL Reflection
Za
wed i
Ao
Cotfftcieu Z2+ Z1 Ttstscg
(Siqwal has Ho
(upedauC of 2wcdiuuns tyavel cccpe)
Aie oleg Mighest_
eLaEwiss1= Z122 X100 eS istauce to ull3as.
Z1t Z2

HCC.Dugtic jmpedance(z D

MCOsuge o ho 5OLund ANSNCMSeS thuough amediu.

Z3N
S
x Bonc hos igu mpedauce Copased to aton.

Gueateo the wuswat cl wou istheacoustie S0 und

5Clecked

Whea Zi=Z2
No. REFLECILON
 1540 s iu

acEs as detcckon
sft tissue

Couy stals EDG

-Resaction (notdesinalbie).

beaw encouEMS mecia o diie

Ohen Ah ultoaSouad
btam tx0nsMUEtaUMdemoes
VelocibyHhepopo9LiOn D
eackionbeodiyg

fmoge_antefact CSotuEion
X Kesulls in douhle
Hee togeS Axe Used

4o Susfae

Daction

Bea gpolads 0u wth distauce o lesseS UFeAsThy

Oo he beaua

Note:Depth ofpenetHation= Veloiks olsound ihmed.xTHme

2
STEPS

O)Putses o Lltnasound of5eq 1-5 MHz i3 tanswitted iO body

by plaang Ha4 vibnahing (eysHals (oukatt Uh Skin
(wakea used fodose qapso
txausuission is betco)

DSowd 0aues f0ue therough tn Wtbody bouusdooy blu

bouest tisuc
Some Daes Qtt 6elired back to Hhe phobe Some %0v ushe
wEil hey 3tadh ancthen_boundaui gut veLlected

c)Reltcted spd ispicked_up bu the puobtMadne_(alaulaks

distauce o he pohe fothttssue usingsprud 5ound int3suE ol

also fiute dath etho zehuRd.

 EDS
dThe machine then displays the distance b
echo OA he scueeN oing (2-Dimagc. i0tensitu o
Tea0sduceM (ulLsasoúc)

USCa CIS both SDuCedctkctoe 60und to clecksuc

Coweutseltckuic to sound eneHgydpíezoucltcdc)

Calbe
CubbeaecosR
Hcostic
HSUAtD
backig
bteek
plastic housing

live eleckstodt
IMHZ)Quautz
TCustal- AHOud elecksuode

insulaked
COveu
4 C102022
SCanning_modules ofuHMaSoLwnd Fúdau

A- Made (amplitbide mode

*Ustdto measuee depth n he signalS.

timc t
retrsctttete
beaken deptu

0SLosCoPe o
 EDG

Hpplications
aUsed iN_Cchotncephalogeaph
GtR g
b)sed in opthalmology depth ofstmutunes
UHuckness o [eus

Bmode Baightness Mode) Can secimaqcosuchugg

bouiantness o dot iMdicates
EchoeS spots(dots) intensiy o he signal_

t2D iwuage

StupcturT

Simple sCau
COwpod SC0u
Tdi wOVed oulu
houzoukolyO
Tdei isSocked aloug
OZOukol wovtwA
h
Hoi Zotal woveuueut +1eckig
ACeio

Siple scau
Coupoud Scou
 popple USes ultasond to mecsuse blood Low"

EDG
XHoplicoktions
a)UsRd in diagnosic
heowt
o RuelieM bxeasE
studies.
DtEus

M Stan (motion Eime

motion 5Can

Used oimagi0g hemovingstauctutxes eg-heaHE)

ombinaEOA o Amode Bmode

d istakionatuy echoes aue displayed as

dots

Tst
iwlenface
ubenface
ubelace

mode

TiwcT
Oxfs Tmode TM uode

The tde s ixed at1posibion

a beaReeo
tmútting apulse o
watehaving a Vibiating
tvasowud iuto

ut coufoce init.
Uheu Ahe 05Cilosopeis made tomoue
veetically Os a
o Hime motioOn o the intendacc is
ditplaycdAs
ALNttion
MSCayn
 >Cowpaousou blo 3wedes EDG
OY
efhtCRo
a)In Awodc cdu00s PoducC UOutical displacneut
s
Hwt ofdisplaccwCuk poopostiona tostuglukof he
unE ARpsRSRnts time
CCho & hedistance alongthe houzontal
SOLund Aauelled in he
tis8ue theheby pekmutti0g auHate

MCaSukement_of the tissue depth.

6)By hotakiogAvnodeecluoes byO,

ethors.cou
tcbotouically
be pitscuted a
as &
buightdot Ahe disaue betweex h
dots 3eptsatks iwe ox fsSuedepth

C)I oleohe couosouMCisamoviM S1uCtuxe theu the2

Rcho dokSo ght bo0M ha sthuchKealko
wuDN bick

oEh dots ae made to Move WHh an electhouc Swerp

o bottow to top o 5HeeU ok a piCSeLECteG YUIE O Speed

e Moving dots uDU Exace_Motion_paEteHn
"2movin8
of Moving Studute
stuuctuies

A SC

DAaD COu HCSOB MSCau o

EchoCandiogmaph 0
11 2022
Pulse echoUS Suystem) Tuesdau

Ratc ausuittcou
Conveoutce

Te base
ReCE VCT
qCneHatog
Hcasut

ACCowwension

tow vetoctty otoptkee

Hfe based qcutonato oYequeac P Edhocatciogeapk
VMdeo Peuute
 Agiogaapl is tnvasiue
IwMaging ith Cr

EDGH

ApplicatioAS

Echoc09diogmaph is used
stiuctasC(Betteo 6105oltion
o detect movementonts10 toelial
thao angoqaph

RYOtOuEdes Ainme vS he heomt stauckoye

motion iMfo9matioo abouk
Sualy ECG&plOCocondiogsiau isalso meased siomultautowl
60fhaE Stuctuxes MeQstuseduHasonially Ca bht. COMMelated
uth Rnouwn evenEs in the OMdiacCuce

Its ofteu uscd o study of a09ckicuitUSpidpuLauaw.aeu

Nalves also witoial stenosis.

It 8also useful fo detectionof peaAC0udial efUsion kid

ishe Qbn0Nal coledkion offluid bloheovt ptHKLodial Sac
It uses M-Mode o display ) & also capabie o displaying
CHOss sedtional slice ate beaking Hes

>UlEoasouic pow

PounC NaUES 0Hh time space

xTntensitypoukeLnit aoica

iukcusity is lugkest
Ct Ceuts

fi0tusiby1NiDAatinn1NClociol pasicLes

Fous he beQL 0 t Poweo Leuel

IA
 EDG

tenSi specLEiCakion

XNotunilowmnot ConiAuouS
yaiatiouove CLOSS SeCioual aKea
of

that signal
patial Vaiation

Intensíty
SPCspatial peak)

Spatial Ug (SA)

Distauceou tde

iuteushy

eompoa VoeiatO

in fiMe sine Hhe

KuEensity opulse cCho alSo VaoLÉes
bea is Dulse & 1ot ContinuDus
Thepulse oukous uuliple udlesHhat cousg iuleusibyVaÍokion

Luttnsib
MwlCu
Tp
PA PA

Ta TiLe
TA 5ACaS uscs of Auup ohalL Vasuadion

wwmm p uwpoval peak

LATewponal ug
TA 0 PAPulse ou
 SPTP SPTA deteoine heat pouoduced by Us
280-2Soomw cu Max. peaR avg.ove 1 ycle Phoceduce)

20-1O 00molCw 2 EDC

Hduenst eptcts mau stsult i cxcCssively lúgh ulbhasoud

AtEenuaEiDn 141o2022

HEtLAOk ion_CotLecicuk ( -ye Feuday

-Uwt= dB|om MHz

dBCm-1 MHZ-1

Lungs have highest_atteu Locflecicu: ()5i0eit_

SLaFteus OM iled with wateM
o Liquid mediums1s loursE
US windoo)
Attenuation(dB)= x path leng-th(cm)x(MHz)
should aluays b-V
)-Fiud the attenuation o 1MHzIl5 beant p0ssing htough
3om ol Datcm. (C=0.0022)

A- AEEenuatioN[dB)= O-0-0.0022X Ba 1
-0.0066 dB
US beam
Fo DMDst_ diagnostic ultaSDuOQLHaphy 0 pulse echo Hechnigue

a
to 1ohich puke isemithedAsechors axehecieved bu a tda
atcn 0 (eutain tmedelay

The tdu euitsA pulse by Vibaating0-ydes

Hheu Gathes iupowatiOn oM Hhe xetuvuimg lokcebe o1
CithAo he nexE pulSe
 -Duty facto
INSE T
4iUl 14|10|22 (tncluudea)epRA
FrOWL auaesthesia
Not including incubakoms

cguencu (PRE)
a)Plse epitition

Aw Tpulsc
A
TI Pulse

1sec
w-

MCqLLCKL5Hz
MaxiuAM PRE isliwited to 2500H
z

Pulse epitibion peiodPRP)

AAwA vwwwww-

Xliu o begiuuwng_o 1pulseHo beainoing olnot

O Pulse duerakion PD)

Twe duetng_wich pulse ackualu OCCUS

PD=Pulse pesúod XMo.o ucles a in puLSe

La 2MH2 tde hasucles in apulse FiOd Hhe pulse

dngakiovM

ld)buty Locton

& FHaHo0 o im US actuallu eudtsa pulse dueung

1pulst enepition ptedod (PRP).

Dutu fodoi = puWse dusation

Pulseepiitiou peúod
 PLOCE 66inq display o s imaqts
ENANlo,22
EDC ThuSda

Pulsen

Reieve
-Ampliication SCan ConeKE
-Dmodulation -MeoHy
-Enyelopi0g

Display
Hansduccn
BASIC COMPONNENTS OF A PULSE ECHo
Dmpontnks*Pudsey: Khythmic electuc SpikesUS Sustem
(200-6ooV)
PRF (1000 pulses| seC) Rattatwhion pulses ahe
Ven
T Stiength of signalt he US intensity
Shouldhaue
igh KtcieveH 0ide uang Cannot be sho n on displa

Sensitiuhy to of xeception: (to 1Hy)"TaLE0OF iedetana

CyOanuc naOQe -VRu laMge(10
dCtece Loub leuel signats

Logaui-huic must b Comp Comprcised

Confpecssion beoueqiuing todisplay

Amplilicat ion-
-to dbout 10V O display.
Ihe Lho siqnalR Mustbe 0mpliked
he max gai instoument is 120dB.
pDUided by
of us beaon_i-th
he uide dynaonic ange i8du Ho attenuation
a
be Compensatd by selcctue
deoth. This attenuation Can
qain Compenk.dtion TGO|
o ampliication falled time
onnm
DGC) Sdept gain sG)
depih gain_CompensAtion(
 EDG
AtHOnuation xateo US 18 1dB omMHz
hteciDHe TGCacton 0uplifies eaken ehocs.1etuiOMa_
som neotby objecs.
X0M deEPe shuctuye mone thon echoes
zeieyed.
hus laten the ehoes xeku30440akc7 OmpliOkoo_
INkeofaC

CAD
Sigwal
QuLplitude
withoue

TGC 6)
Depth

aupkiud TGC (O
Dep
TGCuAVN
TGC(dB)

Tme qain (opeAsakio0

ean slope
-gain-
delay
depthHim
x Na gain:
Ttepatsuks gain appid to ine dloses tcho.Sancethe tchoes

QHe VE sttog miimal amptikicak:00 180pDpliec

Delau CDukuol
Rantates tine atolidu TGCbeginS tobe agplied.
Tu uCton allous dosest echots to be bupassed.
 EDC
TGSlope
T adfusts the deqsee o a0MPicatton added to thecdho somn
depth

Hwp Ration applied todistaut echoeS only

xEwhantemeut
Hmpi fes_ecuo xom specificpoition_ of the TGC uAVe
ea- Muthal valueoegi0n dueung cadia CAlakgement

b ted enoesFio image

*Reject
Ii&QUailable oD Some iAstdUmenl fo eliMinate small 1oises
Siqnals

Sam p4OCeSSi1g-

a)Demodulatio0
KecHficakion (Rewuoving-e halo a siqnat

The aM fied siqnal& axe subfect to demodulation Lohh

iavolues eckilication_oaltetncting uwavem ito a
disect volkag uaveoA This done by eithe
ipping OM emovi1g-Ve potio.Ao h Signa.
Twkegnaion taken ds 1pulse
b)Envelo ping

Alsoeefcotted to A8 5moothing
A0 envelo
sa etng
p a1OLAd deModutaled
DoLOCeSSHiat 1500eS

ind 3i9N So Hhat nd.DSdlakions no Longe (ppea

Mividul TheCuuelope is a iCpHesevtt:OCthoampitudewith ime.

This18done in pueuent he display DM xCnding
thedisploy as 1esulbing xo Cehal clhoes

The sqnal shape ikD3oexscd. uHtheH hu_peak dctatioa

Oh iNlbation o
'wakt it Lowpattble wih displauy
 VIPUsing 8bits ,we Can sepresenE

(anbe3ephe
° A
evels

tgay leuels
*tno.of bits e
debectionD SpiRC WHh Sameheight ashe
Ih_peak
ís used as asignal
In
envelope pcak
intcqxationspikeeiqke
18 pmOPOUEOnQl o
nue lope 091ea
DiHh aSingle <0tbe
These mehodsieplaces -fhe Cuelope_

Stps 10volued 0dtal5iqnal_paoLe8SiNO

Retuing
Dewuodulation
Ccho siqnd Auwpliication

Analogto
dgita coNCGKCH

ADC Pocessiog EMuclopiOq_

C) San Conueuten 2s110l2022

Fuida
Stoue (uStd asmMRmOBu
images

2tupes Analog aiqital wost PHCHcd

Diqita 5can LoD\euk eM (DSC)

LInput is indigital fot
Value (onueuled Ho digital value alte1 pasfingtheragh ADC
255 AD Mapped S12 x S12
A SCAN
LocatioA CONNERTER
X-Y) Memoty
Valuutobe StoeS 6bit
Coweited to digital Coe Coloues epyescutcd age
Natuc looks beEte
 DSC Can be 6bit o S bib memo
Can stone 6 bibs
L6 a901ays
e 45=L01101,éach bit
BEWdte GAheh Th
ís stpeicd onc EDG
N
6bIE wCmoy
Klo uSeHhese deviCes,ccho hehe sigoalsmush be digitised
Eachecho ignalis Codueated to a bioaey lo. efone heihq stphed
i0 a digital memom
5CaN (onNeateo
LONsisEihq
Sto91es

o 512x512
imoqt dako
Cleneniš cCalled "
in Maktx OMMo
addxess|memou loatton.

A Each_XY Location has a unique addses in Hhe bodu

he edho amplitudeoM Lach location CoAVeEEd D
DINOGY OUmbEHStoMedin he COMHESPOnd.addsessin DSC.

Mpst USquipments wse b8bitmemoy

Thebinaty mumbens ae
KEad OLt o he
mCmoH,FILOAveted
tlHD analoq siqnals usiog DAC he Seat amonito
O di3pla.(tCp is cated postpHOCCS&ina

G 632.2
toces scd
JinSiqpat heighte

AD
6bits o
63Cbina uy

Body COSSSetion
Diqitak
Scan conycodtcn
 EDE
splay deuice

Calthode Kay ube(CRILD

Cbettcen MCsoLution)
Fouss ing
FoSS
CoiL ettcdEon
Dertcctio
Anode
coit
I
Electio 1 Lumini)
Electhon
beam
g lass
enuelo

phospho
pe
Covt oL
gid
Reflecto
Cothode
tbeanm stMenghEtlight generated (spot)

SummaeLÍSed Steps

ADC- - DSC DACzMontpe

po cessed
Signal 31102022
Monday
Theumoguaph (onL Hempeatufie changes

TR Cameia
on TetAbolic A ciCulLation.(Hhcmoqyaph
PHovides infommmation
(Hadioqyaph)
imageS oanatonmical suctufies
XDoes not pioduce
haph_axt tomplementaoy
hemmogkHaphKading
 s
HuwaN body ís
a natuenal souCe o
input to thew0guaph
heat whtch
R
acts

Oc hcat EDG
Intensity sadiation

Emissio) om huma0 body p ea ks at m (-10Hm

Intensity
Nisible

4SOa

5
SpecesuL

numau
body

O.4 0.8 uaveltngh

(Hm)
Delinition:5dence oVSLaising chaKacteistic Skin tempeatuae (STP
patteon detenVminiñg_devÍation om YDMal due to
pathological Cases

Chonactesistic topcehatuse paktcAn:

Summcty should be pxeseu
LefE
hatf tewp dist is Sqmwctie fo RE half

Adjantag e
a Non invasive istoument

bINo_physical Conkact betuween patient A system

ONo Madiation hazand

dKeal time system

xMainly used oH detection of bxeast_ Canceulidenki|9ing i

Populotion

Also used on stheening o genehal Dopulako To Dbset

I Fhene i any difenentes nsymmetuy since meTupoue
Changes OCtU OY
 esEDG
Lnthe Case bxeast (ancen it 18 veuwell
o

applied
becausc Cakcetissue metabo lise
sapid y
ha no91Mal fi35ue
pModucuhq highen tCp.
Conveued fo the skiA SUsaceThesokc
diuttEly bv malignanty lughen Atmp. (anbe noticrd
LLsed i0dekeckion o deep veio thmombosis

POphenal cinCulation Studies

Gencoal Sungeo1y Opthalmologu

IRdetecto IR elctHÁCaL)

Y hemal derectom: ThenmistogXheemDcOLLDle Widely used

xhobdteLton (eHange2-6Hi2.4yL of Hotal huwian

body emission)
hese ddtectpens should haye a 0ide Hange 3-20Hm
Indiunmantimanide(Insb)
atialCadmium meHCLUGY teUuHide (CMIL)|10-12Hv
Cool i0 Lquud útyogeu
Changing Concevel of (admiune changesitsoptical Gange.
J

Theomog.eaDhit tquúpment

XRange1-50C but leVel _can be bMought down oeLinage

5pecificpuyposes.

eq- Bxeast exmilation25-35t

25-33'
Ltgs
Fouehead 31-36 C
data should be 1'0.
FO muedital daka di-in
 low
body ve is
of IR fovn has Jhigh
Auepttude min40e
flatplane
& ontal EDGH
Osallati0g
Reld of
view n
both ventical houiz

PICESes TD CRT
Synchetonization

Optical sysheu:
IIK cawuda

Replecting
D-AC Cto gcEelcdt
S1qnals
CRT

odu
Scannúng wino hoppe4 peteto epaadula
Tttovetrho
CCone siYnais
Body sueLace Convented Ho
discaeke
signals DC sianalsdaunl
N

AC Signals,
*Choppens anc_used to amplily
asdots pn CRT.
x intensity tbaiahtness

ADplicatioy

HeaLthu Case (Tn case fevee)5ummet9uical

Used 0o
In_COse
detecting

beniqn
tumoMS-
tumons dilleneyLe iempeeatue
isVeGu Small(IE).Howeuee eup di ofa 2-3 YoM
SUYOUuding iSsueisnokiCea i0 the suprenicial tias

Used o detecing inflammation (blood loud t)

TnPlammaion Leads Mo high HCmp.daleeence becAuseolacti
wetabolism& inchease inLocal blood low.

Disease o peupheoal vessels

When QHtcoits Qke blocked blood low demeasespdissapeD

COMpletely 5LUENQ i lod temp in tha pautiouan paot

Buanstemp t ducto inflamnation 1Stdegccbuao

emp duc to Vessel.cdayage :31ddeac huean
*Outhopoaedic application
 EDGThuhsda
ED403,11
BLOOD CELL CouNTER

5-10. O the otal bodyu 10eight is Constithuted ol bload

X5-6 lEies of blood i8 p105ent i nmoHal adulS

3LOOD HAS
x45 0 COpuscLe 55,Constitutes of plas ma in blood

55
9 pMMES plasm Blood constttutes of 55 plasma
hght o hetght ok he incentsdjug
Katio o Ctlls to he total blood is RYAeC
blondHeighe tD Q5 Dacked cel Volume (PCV)
CCUs
ON A.KA "HematocÚE"
CENTRIFUGE TUeE
Tupes of blood cells

a Ked (RBC)
blood cell&
TeyanSPout of O2 ungsto tissue
Hacmoglobín RBC anaemia

Maooglobirn KBC T polycythemia (blood hickens

2-5.u LWomen
uUiOn
L-6 milion |HL:
16
men
RBC Onstantl eplaued at asake o gooo muULon hou.
* 120 daus :lifespan of RBC

000 mi lion hou Heplacement xat

b)WBC eucoCte) TotalwB(=4500-400oo|AL

espan of wBCis 13-20 eutocytes
days
Uwmehoats (140p-2500 HL
Stophii LS
(2500-aoo|HLNEug
Mmanological yeSpone
A0gest backetia
 Discuinúnato
2 PoPMTS
1 captuúng ught scabteoing
MT fo
LLL Hom RBC anoihg
dteting Lighe
EDG
fvomplader

O Aidsin blood
PLateleis (Hhetombocutes)
clotting

Pnevemts Coaqulation of blood & helps in blood dlnte

sIneveHy mm° 250000-150000platelets AM_pyesen

Methods 0 Cell Counting

CountiAg_ChambeH method
Conuentinal aMm0scopic_ method
mthod
Subitttive rnos (107.ootal (ene

DHabCRS Tnheuent sustem_ ennOHs(107.0total enenD41

(
micdscopic
7methd d Time COnsumin0

time m
Count fon 2"a
Pon ephoducibilfty
mo be same

Acu Mad b) Automatic pptical method

DiscaMinone hc
i 2,) (adjuSt aupl
12 Reod ouk Anplaite
"Ony1m
elecka
SionalT
2PMT'S pesent
ofbood is P4T (To Conc. bloxdl
Ain CeAte1e to
heguihe Ou tutebwod
Time Meglúged Lase
Sheath to mooc
ighe sustcomt ugh vetocity iquid lod
OM 1MCOsukeun

(is30stc Statteo
Light statteocd uom Hht
DMauhack Dloods Cells is Convented imo a0
Voume electúcal signal detected."
"FocusiNg
Puncple
sHeouied teus how wuch 4Sawple
Volume i Habio 5
dispiaced)
*FoCounting RBC,dilution50000
Csihce RBCCounE shuge)1 i5
eatio
FO1 CounbingwBc diuioY 500
 xELecb HLoniemethod bei ngs enetogt dow0 to 3/.
Ncc
RNout Conduct ivíty
mete
CHCuib EDG

C)Electúcal Conducthvitu method Coulteo me thod

"Change intonductivity When tach blood cat ch055es theotdfice "Y PHiocipLE
Whe) noell pascs hMoügh the 0dtetheweis anonmal sistancebetw eenthe 2
LcE Gjodes &with passing of cadh cell hmu the otlice +he opentng is blocked,
he
Hesistance tach passing cou gives blood cll Coun

Since dBC is
biggen
i)
Sige ,nesistan ce offened is highen ot ConducE ví ty

RB T2
plotdlce Theshold
lfes
puest
appopiate +hARshold we
Con O
Kesisbac By setting

tdtal Co unt o RBC BC Count on plateLet Count-[Total tount-Re

-wec)

Sudion Counkce

Volume Measvacueut
Gate
Nout C AR
Conductiudy Pulse
TICteT Vout Shapee
RtAR (Removes small
reastTtdt tst Vauakions,ptovidig
wheak stone beddge
Same pule)
Elcchode
DiuEed * Blood isa pob

Samptc Conducton of electhiity

but it is diluEed wih a

duuent (qood conductoh of eleCEthy)

of100Hm
allpws 1celL
to CMOss dt a
time
 EDG FHida
0
Hemodialusis
Machine

LOCtion
kidney: ExCHetoy &ucqulatosuy

a)Kmoue astepoduces
b Maintain blood 0Smalalityb Noumne

OMaintains acid-base_balane (heovesH*OH

d)Reglatt elcctolute_Lovtent

Ntph9tons StHuctuial unctional Unit

Nephtuon glomeuuduLsCapiLloH

uoxi MalA
Cowwulaktd
tuyule
AAA eowttTs CapsuUTU

Colle cting
duct
Loop o Distal Convudated
heulc tubule
"Filtyiake= qlometula

k GER(Qlomeulla ate)
p orheation
mea suteof assessing kidny funchioll

GFR 120mynin
OM180Lday
Amount o Uine Climinaked hom the body 1-1.5aay
 EDGH
Renal ailune Can beclassiied into 2tupes
HCUTE CHRONIC
in
(loss kidh eyfumction 01a (loss in
aidney funcEion fort
shot peeuiodt
0ngeet pesuiod
Kidney caN setusO tononmal unctionPtogessiueloss ofuctionin
usig 12hemodialysis pMoceduune Iephson
In Endstakë yenal. disPase(EsRD)GFR is25ml mih.

1eatment 104 enal failuke

a)Peuitoneal dialusig

b)Hemodiau se
C)Kidney txansplan

aYeutoneal
"LeSse
Heshod.cejoh on
dialusis
Lt
(theapem than hemodiayse
inpeitoeal
-5houtts 01 exchange ofwaskc
cauity

dfe -(dialusake-dialysing ftuid) Phoduct

2.L1tHes due tphe
ConC. ditfenence
peutpncal cauity

hoh chdnc es led with

sg fuui dialy

neceid n" CAPDCowkitusambuatpea petOVeal dialusis)

Subfaub can movewih faiptaite cathekete

LPD (IntCtdthtutpcuioneal dialysís

heno- phoceSs Can be Lepeaked 10 a feo hous
ndialy- KestQCtion ol diet si0Le Waste electeoyte Mustn0l
he highh

UHaoback *
High
Amout_ofexchangedepends onconcenkealkion_gaadient.
Chanes of iection due to Cathete.

tage Anticoaquants not 3qui sed 5i0ce yo OvFadt of blood

lxteoLnal-devitee
 cannot be (ontolled
(Exchange Low to he DYneal
Deaoobakk
on he blocd 1owf0 thepeeitny
EPRcCny depends
ynevnbaa

also depends oY he ollOwsng pa1aVme tens:

EicteMCy 1
tim,lou, VoluumC o blood
membione pHes&

-DHadhacRS:
a)meCHon_
b)RSR adequate dialysis

c)Malnututtion (dueto loss o bumin oM blood

d) PsyCho logital_puoblems

eDaúly qlucose Le Oad

b)AKER iCial kidney (dialAse)

Dialy sis is the iNtenmitt€k Heatment With the medhaniral

deutce called dialyse Ohich xeduces aCCLMudation o wot

Dkoductshulalt hu neducthq_blood Conc of oxiC Substane
TonOmad levels. maintaining_
oukside body
kItbaRd On extHacOMpealexchange betoeen blood& Hhe_
dialusig Soluhion thoOugh asCuipenineable mMbaanC
dialysen
 fon otemoyal of 0ate1,ulkeaiLGtatio) sUusea

EDG

Peundple o diatysis PoMe size-50Ä

SCudpenueable meunbna ne

RBC PaLotein (silicone)

-ye
PHessune
Sus
pHeS

4-SugaM &
Salt
waste
SuQa
Salt

Blood COmponCE Dialuses ud COmponent

Due to CoOC.difeuence, waste p1oducts moveUnto thedíalystng luid
ionmedialkeuy dnained ouut Homaintan Co0Centhakion of oaste sO
*Onc_QMadimt Memove_waste

Pstssue qMadieut o ontkol amtof ldte1_Movig OLE

Ketuendialused blood is o
theappe0puiatevei0.Ihe
dialysing membaane o3 pt{OMakhions extxemely small iAVisible_

he maked eye.)aste_poduts likeUCa LLHIC acid

CMeakiOC ihe to pass hoLLgh hese

blood Otle able

peufomakianS dHo dialusig uuid wheu Hheu aee

Washed
Qulou.Waske poioduds pks hOouah a membaane due to Conc. Qadtent

LacnasS MeMbyanc)

Fo deainina dakeH[eKtna) lEenafilHakion is employed.

depUNidR ON boHh psessuse difleence actoss
memb.
DeQHee o UF
OF chaHatteuštitsothe membyane

the
XThe-ctilicial kidneu is uable to peMDam aAy_of
Suntheh Oh MetaboLie unckioNS o thenoHal ktthe yl theritfone

LohADtCokect abnpmalities Hhat esu faon1 a los5 of these

uacht5
 EDS

Choccacteoistics of an ideal aeutifitialkidnty

Should efecely XC010Ue 0ste pnoducs 10m the blood

bTtshouldhave a aitly Small intennal bloofside V Lune o
Hhat the pakieuks bl00d (an b usta to HheLnit.

Bloodsidelou sesistance ohe deuice loud.

d Pavt o he_devicc Whith contink dialusig mmbaaC should

D phtsteúliscd then xeustd.

eUnit Should be Constmuctecd yom non-toxit blDod compakble

moitial dhith doAot abiokh pkh ile ouk vitat blecdComp-

DDutte Shoudd be URliable, salt toopehale shouldgne he

5OMe ef0ma.nre He peatedlly L should haue a lan maitevan

)
Lost
0H412022
yes o dialysen_ Monday

1-Coil type (1stommcoucial

diaty
Coil is madeup o tellualose, a
Patiantblood Sentpeoumea ble menbeade & must
be pehmeable to uakth &wasa pXoduchs
x Menbaaneghould have sufficient wet
6tuengthh (nottean dusdng puoccSS

Should benon-Hoxic Ho Hhe blood

Aood to dialysng COMPonents
palEIE fluid Should be fntxpenSiVe
DHOud backR
Non uwifoww distkíbution of diaysakeiNtuuas k o
 EDG
TTHYauallel plate type
Blood 2dialysiogfLuid is cieHCulakd
alkenatively Exchange takes
place

Btood aCMOSS membyane due fo

difusion

Diay sing Patallct DMaDback:

uid platc
Sgnty ighen amourtE of blood
(semi penmeable) 4
Bteed f

equined fon his tyPe o

dialysen .
Dielu Advautages:
tLwid k Minimal Mesistane to blpod lo
hence dialusing_luid is passed easily.
CLeanance 1atecan beContto Ued

Blood {low =20omL|muN

* Dialysate lou)= 500mumin

Dialysate loa9ate ishahce toachieue a qeadieuut so

hat dalfusion is bettei Hence oasteís dlea ed ofl

qulcky

Daste Cleauance Make is 64-20mumin

TDEAL Ideallu it should haue tow podmung votwne (ameof volu

IHollow tbee dialug seL:(minionalResistavnce to blocdflou)

Cow púng volume-Smi
lonsists of appkLoX.11,000 Capillaedes.
Each COpila is 13.5Cm Ccna

0.2 mm incianMet
 Peuis
otK
Bloed in EDS
Ascteadal heades
Gasket (osepcmake blood
dialgsakt Chombev

Dialysat

Out
Tacke
4Diaysake in
4Gasket
Nenous headee
Blood ou
Blood passesho1Ough the wmen of he_ibe i beK is
made up o Seipeumeable membnane.
Ouk side he ibuc,dialusinguid iHculated 8
Blood louns om topto bottom.
xDiolysing uid moveS ombotom to top(teuntei lou)
NegaFiu pyecsugeit applíkd to move dhe_dialysake upuaads..

Keaso05 O COuynte louD

O)I both louD in he SaMe_diveChion-
HE initioalstages tHhene i8 aQacd Qxadient, 1aken
O0 Hhtue fSa buildup o aštecohcenteation
Haditnt at hebottom.
ERCTeny of ditlu8io0 2nds oMedue
X Hence Coumteen ou) is appüed to ncHease epiuendy
Dy Maintaining_a gnadient

Adunnk.an be used 15-20 Hmes pen patient

Si0ce umen isof diameten
smalul Small Qugntity of blood
ispassing heAougheOch ibenhence laytH oL blood hin-
impMouin exchahge ienty
 Pumps due
Cnbufug al pump (damage blood comp.
PeuistaltC
01 Kole pump
Ho contace with yotaking n
Lessdamagc fo blood comp

Hemodialisesn Machtoe: Bloodsidecompastment

be -Dialysaleside
14

(anEicoa9ulad Holow Çibeh

Hcpasdn CinDialseo to220NeneuS PVSSUIE
in fusion gauge

Blood RolteA pume

som paltienE o blood
CPumpedat200-250my

Dialysat 214ed ueluei

Blood fLoumetet Ho pakient
leak dektco
4re
Dialysatt aben
PHessuoi Heake
15. gauge Dialy sate
Cohcehteal
Pump baulhhPocpoukiotng
Spene
dialy salke(Waskc

The madine canbedivided ilto2hmlves,

ie,blood side
diausate side
BloOD Blocd side omp-has inPusion ofhe blood {aom thepatient
SI DE (usually300)a vein siNCe biachfal auleny is supplying blood supply

Hohe hand. The ontiHe photess takes -5houes blod

is deained om the ettey,iemaining pontion of he wo0t
ecieue blood supply CQusi qanghenë.)0:0hy blood is
daaun sam vindnot auleu
X Thene SA CoNDecEion made MOm anteHy to_vens Sothat some
Omt.o blood onm aMFeies entehs inHo he veinS thepMOcess
iscalled anastomosi8
is
COnnectio0 called
 Dialysalt- Diatusing luid + wte
EDG
Dialysate side dialysingluide-

pump Mixes puMeaken & ton.entatt

PHopOMtonate
in Matio o 31
twatehConcent vole

2 upes o pMopoMtioning unit:

a)Fixed Halte pmopoot foninguniE (qivesfixcdvakio of 3u:

bVaouableeatepMopoutioning uniE Vauiakion of tS7.

tothe fixed
Makt )
Onte mixed ia the HequiHrd akio itenkeus i0to Hhedialysan.
H heatt isalso piesent Ho htat the dialusake to body
Humptuatuie sidce diolysis is elltckue okbody Hempeeaue.
T hating cHassež L4OC hupdsswill open sitce high
Hemp.tandanage fhe blood avd also (ausc puot eh
dlenahueation. he bupasslinemoves the soln to thewaste
Mot
CLaups
di alusee

atrUSCdHo adjust the o (Spentdialyso

The fs then given to the flowmetee Ho masuoe

dialysate

COntL louhate)Floukake oL dialusake &lousate

D blood muSt be_balaDCed to maintain_ pessuHE gHadient

Flou i measueed by 2 pMessuME Qoaugts

m anaining hesur-Dialusake psessUse qauemcae.c dialysate pies
Odksakdn canL-Nonods peSsuM gaiuqc U
(nicas blood prssure)
be conkoued

AiM tMap:Mit bubbles may be pesent ohichCan block lLauD o

Venous blood i009ledits.Hente NEMOus at deitcton &
DubbLeOp) oihHap is pxSEnk to At1ap -he ain DuDDIE-

Blood Leak delecko: I impenftckions aepvest onhemmbgOM

theblood an
leak into dialysate,nence

blood Icak detctog phatpdi tecin ispSen

o
deltct blo
omponevits.
 0
Disad uankages pakients:

intted waeenConsumption
x Low Utne
X limited ood uwith high elecke1odes

END
 N
EDG 011
TUEAn 2022

INE
HEART LUNG MACH heant
AMERPiial

peujomm minRSlqus_DIL heaHtt_uhith

hith
SUQeon Suhgrits
StOppedto petoMm_
Allous iRs.
alloulsit Ho be Completely WORA
A uno
of heaeutungs
Is a bypass uniE(Hake ovce undtion

(lodbody tempenatuene
kUsed to achieve"hypothemia pocediee isdoncat os
To maint ainunctiGnofvital
0914 as

XThe txHHaco pral CtHtut S Ustd fo cp_Dlood tmpesiauuet

28'C

Heaut lung machine is als0 Rnoun_as

pump OXygegalbr
pats of hc
DeviCe ušed to puump blood fo_dilcacnE
bodu when heau is Stopped

Z Hupes of pump ovailable: a)Kolle pump(PHefHned)

PLufd i0
b)LentiLugal pump

Pushes blood Puid

Out Out inlek Outlct

Suction

Impellan

CentL uga Plasbic tubing Loto

punp Koll PLUP
Rolee Pump is pHeeHHed sinct it doeS no damage blood

ents asmuch 0s(entHkuQal pum

os
Compon
n Cenkuiugal Pumphe bladrscauSES damogt bloy

Components (RB yse)

 EDG
5inCC heanE
Lngs
8 SUMgicalliy stopped, no blood
ispumped tothe
Henteuctioning o ungs also has to beMeptaced
Theoxygenaton unckions asthe lung & uted o
puiing hlaod

a0ta
WORKING

Oxfathd-tot
Blood is daainrd
Resetuoi
NenaCaua &
ekens he
I hiS System.blood enteMs XeseHUOM ughtatscum impune)
instead of heat. E Hhen entees hx
OXugenatoH hetue Nenous blood isoxygenaked & C02 is yemoued
The 02 H{dh_blood is then Sen ohe aoita inis
Connected o
all pants o thebody
PutthsAas4

DIAGRAM
Lung
Lppe bedu
Teast
8lood ouos
Nobloodo Ae4ttaculaler-
SVCSUpe HuoH VCn blood to wppet &
Caua Lou et hal

IVCIvfcuoo TV íHo
PumpS
aoika
blo od_
foce
LowC body pot
To dadhouk > Lead do_upaL
loulcet boHy
mpuuc blood
&tecds to the PLTP OXuqncto
OXygendko
tO2

Audal MaNEenaice d Cadiopulmonaiu

unction
ATotal heast ng
bupass
 EDGH
oCuIS aukside thebody
Oxuaenation
X Heat ispeseuued in a Saline Solution.
KCL s Used tostopthe heauE

Using_poatiemEs luMgs DH OXugemation Pud monay aHleu

uPPC
LAna
Todenai
Out blooR
() SVC

0 SCnd
A blood

INC
Loo body
Pacce

Blood is pumped imto Dulmonay

the anteouy instead o
OXygenakoM. The PA Suppies bloodd LMgs whee itis
OXGoenake Oud PV baúngs blood bockto he heoHE.
Puied blood is(Onmected back tD aDtka inhun
SuptdonA Întui0h Vela.coua

DHOuw back It is diitut to (AMnulate

"PMe&suMe must be main tained acos8

the hiA wa Led P PA
P&."Ca YSU

HdvaukageExtMaCOM DOMeal Útuiteu is

indueolk uptuye
Oxugeotion s simple
n
eXCeLle due to use omotndl lungs
 Pncentag sauaahion of. Haemog tobiM:

Satus1at ion=Vol-o O2 CaMOaied by 1g of Hb x100

DHb Max 02 Caying capacity o1gm Hb

HEMAX SAEUHatio 10Ham Hbca0 Cany_1.34 ml 0 02

Tdeal heauk (ungmachine

11Eshowld oxygenate 5Lo venous blood peH minute to 45-100

Hb SatusMakion foH 20mio_Upto seveHal hounsS

2 Should simullanNeOusly xemove CO2 to avoid xes pixatrhy Actdtosis

buEnot 50Muchit auses 1espisatoy alkolysis.

3 Hn outRE PCD2_ 4Omm Hg pautial pMessuee

Shold have aea sonable puí ymiAg volume o 1-L4 Litxes

(5)Should he gentle enough fo OUOid iHDlenable levels of

hemolysi8 &photein denatueation.

65hould be simple easily Cleaned steuilised quicky&

SmoDthlyConnected b distonnccked hom the pakient
 AN 11011,202
EDGFiday

between natualauEi ficial ungs

CompaMÍSon

Natunal lung
5MIA 5Lm.N
Pulmonosulo
1LitHe 1-4L
Pul monauy blood yol De
0.1-035ec 3-305tc pouyd
Blood tMOMsit time
hou Lng blood is in
contact O2)
0.005-0.01mm 0.1-0.3mm
Blood alm thickness

50-100m 2-10m12
Exchong Suace

Aueola 02 ghaditnt L0-50 mmHg 650mmMHg

(dueto css'suedaeSet
H
(Po2) (SuiienE).
aMea hence t02 Ch
Cauinqqasiscquiúd

C02 9madfent 3-5mm Ha 30-50mHg_

Hlueolon
PCO2)
Nott:Amount o 0
tyansersedbetween Hea Time of.exposuye K PD2

blood' gas Lm thickness (iAvensly

14pes o 0xuaenatos
a) Bubble Oxuaenato Deuall Oxygenaton

Led
*Based on the act that when gasis pbubbles
bMoRen nto tiny bubbles t0fth O2

Hence puovsdes
La ge itcnjace a1e
 1
I100 ml o gasisbmoRen tto5mw sige bubbles it
AOvides 500Cm of cXchange sunface

Note: Comphomise between ease of

semoval ehange
NatunaUy 5mw
Defoaming chambe Contains
uthe
bubbles aMe
toapped
emoved by
polydimethu Defoaing
Siloxane" Setbing chambe hdtcal ettlung Chavmbe )
Foam Cdue toCO2
00 genehalted)

bubble Chi mney

Hdical (ContainS venouš blood)
eSettting. (O2údh gas is bubbled huOugh
Chambe)
ed

-HAZARD A
No aiM bubble Shold be
blood O2leftbehind
Fibin ilten

bFilm Oxyaenato

Duc to thin suKtaLc auca blood exchangg 1s ellecient

Deoxugenated blood
Film
Oxugenatoe
CO2
CO2
C02

Sebtlng Chambce
Oxugenat cd
blood
 EDG

Rcquinement
(ause minimal damoge to blDOd Component
Shold
discOxugenatoH
Key (t05s Hotati0g
ypc

Oxugeals Duc o
itsdensity
10tatio1,blood s Veu Much thione due

HOEaETg discs
CD2

Shalt
(uobain9
Iwpue
4
blood
PuCblood
Blood gas low diMeckion will be_peHpendiula

IMotation Reps ocCutúNg,blood +Mansit imeisn0t

met
I 30tOtion sped tblood beto mts thinnen _

"59 discsasepxt5ent.

Note: Blo00d Components qet damaged due to presente

blodes & shoßt.(disadvantage
 EDSH

CMembane Oxygenato
No tbain deposition
*INo hemolysis oCCuMS
No o th omation
Mintnall photeiO denatuation

A O2

blood

Membnane
0 C02

should be p emeable TO
togases
Pefched ove teflov
Siicon (usedi0 membnane) is 40 timesmohe Hejtmeeke
pemeable to 02 80 imes peMmeable to C02 C02
Factons6
a hicknesso membnane 2: 1 8 4:1
D Pomosiy
02 C02
c) Pemeability of O:A CO2
Disadyantag es
a)sughty "bulky
b)DEficult toassemble
C)Expensive
 (Covt )
between 3 Oxygenato
types of
COmpaui son

Bubble Oxugaakph
FiL DiSC Mewbyane
Oxugnalko OXygemakox OXMgcnako
Xugcratoy

High Hign LoU)

FLow MediumM
Capadhy

Thwnwing Medium LOMge Lang Snalll

Voluwc

Tuitial LOW High Hign Medium

Cost

Menmbxan High Medium Lo High

Cose

Blood ModeMate Medium High Minmal

toyauwa
J

Main Deogmu Cleaning Cleaing HsSembly

dMaud back|