Edison G Agoram Memorial School,

Class: IX Artificial Intelligence

PART A
Unit 1: Communication Skills
Communication
Information by signs and signals speaking, writing or using some
other medium and means is called communication. The word
‘Communication’ comes from the Latin word commūnicāre, meaning ‘to
share’.
Communication Cycle (Process):
The timings and effectiveness of a communication cycle is based on how long it
takes for feedback to be received by the initial sender
• Sender: the person or entity originating the communication
• Message: the information that the sender wishes to convey
• Encoding: how the sender chooses to bring the message into a form
appropriate for sending
• Channel: The channel means by which the message is sent
• Receiver: The person or entity to whom the message is sent
• Decoding: how the receiver interprets and understands the message
• Feedback: the receiver's response to the message

Communication Styles
There are four main categories or communication styles including verbal,
non-verbal, written and visual.
Verbal:
Verbal communication is the use of language to transfer
information through speaking or sign language. It is one of the most
common types, often used during presentations, video conferences and
phone calls, meetings and one-on-one conversations.
Non-verbal: Non-verbal communication is the use of body language,
gestures and facial expressions to convey information to others. It can
be used both intentionally and unintentionally. Non-verbal
communication is helpful when trying to understand others’ thoughts
and feelings.
Visual: Visual communication is the act of using photographs, videos, art,
drawings, sketches, charts and graphs to convey information
Written: Written communication is the act of writing, typing or printing
symbols like letters and numbers to convey information. It is helpful
because it provides a record of information for reference.
Advantages of Written Communication:
A Permanent Record: A written communication helps to maintain a
permanent record of the information exchanged or shared.
Meticulous Presentation: As a written document is a permanent record,
people are very cautious to fulfil all the writing requisites to make the
writing perceivable at the other end
Easy Circulation: A written document can easily be circulated in an
organisation, unlike the oral communication medium.
Suitable for Statistical Data: Statistical charts and figures are difficult to
be interpreted verbally
Promotes Goodwill: When conducting business, a well-crafted written
document speaks volumes about the competence of a particular
organisation.
Disadvantages of Written Communication:
Time Consuming: In order to craft an impeccable piece of document,
one has to invest an ample amount of time which is indeed difficult in
constrained timelines.
Non-flexible: A written document cannot be altered once circulated.
No Scope for Clarification: If the document is not curated keeping the
less informed person’s mind-set in check, the details cannot be perceived
by such people via the formulated written document.
Demands Writing Proficiency: In order to deliver the message
adequately across the other end, one should have competencies in the
writing sector.
Probability of Wrong Interpretation: If there are complex words or
difficult sentences included in the writing document, one may interpret
a wrong/no meaning out of it.
Introduction to Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication
Body language is an aspect of non -verbal communication where physical
behaviour is used to convey information. Body language includes:
• Facial expressions
• Posture
• Gestures
• Touch
• The use of space
• Eye movement It’s also known as “kinesics”.
The Do’s and Dont’s of non- verbal messages and body language
Do’s
• Make eye contact
• Have a firm handshake.
Check your facial expression.
• Be natural with your gestures
• Maintain a receptive posture.
• Refrain from sending mismatched messages.
• Watch for actions that can be taken for defensiveness.
• Don't appear disengaged.
Dont’s
• Rubbing your hands together during an important meet up
• Leaning back while meeting with a friend or close colleague.
• Crossing your arms during an interesting conversation
. • Not making eye contact.
• Making too much eye contact.
• Fidgeting.
• Touching your face too often.
Advantages of Verbal Communication Skill:
It saves time: The verbal form of communication gives you this facility
to quickly send intended message thus saving you time.
It saves you money: No requirement of paper or designing a flyer etc
Feedback quickness: The distinct advantage of verbal communication is
in the fact that the receiver can ask and clarifies his doubt on the spot
without any delay.
Most convenient method: Verbal communication is the most widely
adopted means of communication globally.
Ease of preparation: Oral communication is the easiest way of
communication as it does not require preparation of any material.
Disadvantages of Verbal Communication:
Chances of distortion of meaning: Due to the presence of various
barriers in effective communication, it happens that the intended
meaning of the message changes for the intended person which causes
a lot of problems in the future.
Not convenient for long messages: It is not at all convenient to convey
long messages orally as it may happen that by the time message is
completed, the receiver may forget the previously spoken important
points leading to a chance of ineffective communication.
Irrelevant information: While having an important discussion, a lot of
irrelevant information can creep in during a conversation leading to a
waste of time and gap in the relevant information.
Create a misunderstanding: Usually, when two individuals are having
deep conversations, they can have some misunderstandings during the
time.
Communication cost: Sometimes verbal communication can be really
expensive if you need to communicate in a language that you are not
familiar with.
Advantages of non-verbal communication:
Complementary: Non-verbal cues complement a verbal message by
adding to its meaning.
Easy presentation: Information can be easily presented in non-verbal
communication through using visual, audio-visual and silent means of
non-verbal communication.
Substituting: Non-verbal messages may substitute for the verbal
message especially if it is blocked by noise, interruption, long-distance,
language barrier etc. for example; gestures-finger to lips to indicate need
for quiet, facial expressions- a nod instead of a yes. Reducing wastage of
time: The message of non-verbal communication reached the receiver
very fast.
Disadvantages or limitations of non-verbal communication:
Vague and imprecise: Non-verbal communication is quite vague and
imprecise. Since in this communication, there is no use of words or
language which expresses clear meaning to the receiver.
Continuous: It is possible to stop talking in verbal communication, but it
is generally not possible to stop non-verbal cues.
Multi-channel: while watching someone’s eyes, you may miss something
significant in a hand gesture. Everything is happening at once and
therefore it may be confusing to keep up with everything.
Culture bound: Non-verbal communication is learned in childhood,
passed on to you by your parents and others with whom you associate.
Long conversations are not possible: In non-verbal communication, long
conversation and necessary explanations are not possible.

UNIT 2: Self-Management Skills

Self-Management refers to management of or by oneself; taking of
responsibility for one's own behaviour and well-being. It also means
managing yourself with the people and resources around you.
Self-management is exhibited by our habits, manners, knowledge,
intentions and our deeds.
Self-Management Skills
Self Confidence It refers to trusting one capabilities and potentialities to
achieve the necessary goals, objectives and challenges in life and being
worthy of leading a happy life.
Stress Management It refers to a state of psychological tension and
discomfort originating from unforeseen, difficult, confusing and
challenging situations.
Doing homework well in time, will give you more free time which you
can enjoy without the shadow of homework hanging on you.
Independent Working This typically means is when an individual is
assigned a task(s), he/she takes ownership and doesn't require constant
assistance or supervision to complete that task(s).
 Preparing for a test, a competition or learning something new on your
own shall help enhance self-reliance.
Team Player A person who conforms well with norms of a team and
contributes to the attainment of the common goals in an efficient and
effective way is called as a team player.
Time Management It is conscious effort to prioritize task according to
the time at hand to increase productivity, efficiency and effectiveness.
Self-Motivation Motivation is defined as a driving force responsible
to do something.
Personality management General neatness, grooming,
appropriate dressing, apt verbal and non-verbal communication are
components of good personality.
Factors that help in building self confidence
• Social Interactions with family and social environment, like
friends, relatives, teachers and media influences self-confidence of
individuals.
• Getting rid of negative thoughts Going away from negative
thoughts takes individuals closer to a peaceful positive mind. To
travel away from negative thoughts, individuals need to involve
themselves in an activity – take a walk, draw, sing, dance, chat,
watch, read or talk.
• Thinking positively: Positive thinking brings brain to a peaceful
stance and increases productivity and performance. When
individuals start thinking positively, they feel happy from within
and their self-confidence boosts up.
• Staying happy : with small things An individual who is full of
gratitude for every small blessing in his life feels contended.
• Staying clean: hygienic and smart Personal hygiene is the first
key to a confident person. Keeping hair, teeth, fingers, body
and skin clean and well maintained is an easy and effective way
to be at best.
• Chatting with positive people: Interacting with positive people
brings forth a fresh and progressive perspective to life.
 Unit 3: ICT Skills
ICT stands for Information and Communication Technology which deals
with the use of electronic media like computer, smart phone, iPad, etc.
to store process, and retrieve data or information.
ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF ICT IN PERSONAL LIFE AND AT WORKPLACE
Information Technology has become a part of everyday life. ICT
applications are found in every field – education, health, business,
design, manufacturing, science and environment.
ICT at Home
A computer can be used at home to play games, search information,
listen to music, watch movies, send or receive email, maintain household
accounts.
ICT in education :For teaching/learning purposes.
Using ICT tools can lead to
• Higher order thinking skills
• Provide creative and individualized options for students to express
their understandings
• Students are better prepared to deal with ongoing technological
change in society and the workplace.
Some of the advantages of ICT in education are:
• Complex topics can be easily explained to the students with the help of
pictures, videos, presentations, etc.
• Images and videos used for teaching improves the retention memory
of the students.
• Presentations can make the lessons interesting.
• Practical demonstration can be given to the students.
• If the teaching process in the class is interactive, it will make the lesson
more enjoyable.
• An e-learning program allows students to learn at their own pace, at
any convenient time, and from any place.
ICT in Healthcare
Through the right communication media, a doctor can easily deliver
treatment and care to the patient who is located far away.
Using the ICT tool or a suitable communication system, government can
make efforts to create awareness among the public about the
communicable diseases, prevention measures and various current
diagnostic & etc.
• ICT in healthcare research helps to find the possible prevention
measures to eradicate and reduce the spread of diseases.
• Computer based machines are used for MRI, CT-scan, ultrasound are
done in hospitals, diagnostic centres, to diagnose the diseases.
ICT Tools: Smartphones and Tablets
Smartphones
With a simple mobile phone you can only make phone calls and receive
calls.
With a smartphone you can make calls and do things that you normally
do using a computer, such as browsing the web, sending e-mails, making
video calls, playing games, listening to music, watching movies and much
more.
Tablets
For some activities, such as reading a book for a longtime, the screen of
a mobile may be too small. For such activities, we can use a tablet. A
tablet is a mini computer with input, output and processing functions
that are all combined into one ‘touchscreen’, where you can do various
tasks just by touching its screen. It is bigger than a smartphone and you
can perform all the functions that one can perform on a computer or a
smartphone.
TV and Radio
TV and radio are being used as an ICT tool since a long time. Radio is used
to broadcast audio while TV is used to broadcast audio-visual
information to many people.
To operate your smartphone, you need to know about basic controls and
functions and their uses.
Files and folders
All information stored in a computer is kept in files. Different types of
files store different types of information. Each file is given a file name
and has a file name extension that identifies the file type.
Communication and Networking
Basics of Internet
The Internet is a huge network of computers around the world. Using the
Internet you can get any information that is stored in a web page on the
World Wide Web.Connecting to the Internet
(a) A device, such as a computer, laptop or mobile.
(b) A connection device, i.e., a modem.
An Internet Service Provider (ISP)─i.e., the telephone company which
provides the Internet connectivity using the phone lines or a wireless
network
Types of connections
(a) Wired connections: When our computer is connected to the
Internet using a wire
(b) Wireless connection: You can also connect your computer to the
Internet using wireless technology.
Bandwidth:
Bandwidth is the amount of data that can be transmitted over a network
in a certain amount of time. It is actually the volume of information that
can be sent over a connection in a measured amount of time – calculated
in megabits per second (Mbps).
Internet browser
To see the information on the various websites, you need an Internet
Browser. An Internet Browser is an application or a software program on
your computer or laptop which helps you visit the various websites.
Some examples of browsers are Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox and
Internet Explorer.
Communication and Networking —
Internet Browsing
World Wide Web
The World Wide Web (WWW) or simply the Web is a huge collection of
data and it serves as a platform through which users can use or share
information.
It is made up of
• A web page
• A web browser
• A system to transfer information between the web browser and the
web pages.
Web page
A web page is a document present on a computer that is connected to
the Internet. There are hundreds of web pages. Each web page has a
unique address/location like the address of a house. We can use the
address to see a particular web page. For example, the address of
NCERT is http://ncert.nic.in
Web browser
A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software
application for using and sharing information on the World Wide Web.
Part -B
UNIT I
AI (Artificial Intelligence):
• AI refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks like
thinking, perceiving, learning, problem solving and decision making
• AI is a form of intelligence; a type of technology and a field of study
Advantages of AI:
Reduction in Human Error
• Reduce errors and increase accuracy and precision. The
decisions taken by AI in every step is decided by information
previously gathered and a certain set of algorithms.
Zero Risks
• Letting do them for us. Whether it be defusing a bomb, going
to space, exploring the deepest parts of oceans, machines
with metal bodies are resistant in nature and can survive
unfriendly atmospheres.
24x7 Availability
• Humans are productive only about 3 to 4 hours in a day. But
AI can work endlessly without breaks. They think much
faster than humans and perform multiple tasks at a time with
accurate results.
• An example of this is online customer support chatbots,
which can provide instant assistance to customers anytime,
anywhere.
Digital Assistance
• The most technologically advanced companies engage with
users using digital. Some chatbots are built in a way that
makes it difficult to tell whether we are conversing with a
human or a chatbot.
New Inventions
• Self-driving cars, which use a combination of cameras,
sensors, and AI algorithms to navigate roads and traffic
without human intervention.
AI in Risky Situations
• One of the main benefits of artificial intelligence is this. It can
be utilized effectively in any type of natural or man-made
calamity, whether it be going to Mars, defusing a bomb,
exploring the deepest regions of the oceans, or mining for
coal and oil.
Faster Decision-making
• By automating certain tasks and providing real-time insights,
AI can help organizations make faster and more informed
decisions. This can be particularly valuable in high-stakes
environments, where decisions must be made quickly and
accurately to prevent costly errors or save lives.
Example:
• An example of faster decision-making is using AI-powered
predictive analytics in financial trading, where algorithms can
analyze vast amounts of data in real time and make informed
investment decisions faster than human traders, resulting in
improved returns and reduced risks.
Unbiased Decisions
• Human beings are driven by emotions, whether we like it or
not. AI on the other hand, is devoid of emotions and highly
practical and rational in its approach.
Perform Repetitive Jobs
• We will be doing a lot of repetitive tasks as part of our daily
work, such as checking documents for flaws and mailing
thank-you notes, among other things.
 • An example of this is using robots in manufacturing assembly
lines, which can handle repetitive tasks such as welding,
painting, and packaging with high accuracy and speed,
reducing costs and improving efficiency.
Daily Applications
• We utilize a variety of apps, including Google Maps, Alexa,
Siri, Cortana on Windows, OK Google, taking selfies, making
calls, responding to emails, etc. With the use of various AI-
based techniques, we can also anticipate today’s weather and
the days ahead.
• About 20 years ago, you must have asked someone who had
already been there for instructions when you were planning
a trip. All you need to do now is ask Google where Bangalore
is. The best route between you and Bangalore will be
displayed, along with Bangalore's location, on a Google map.
Pattern Identification
• With its ability to analyze vast amounts of data and identify
patterns and trends, AI can help businesses and organizations
better understand customer behavior, market trends, and
other important factors. This information can be used to
make better decisions and improve business outcomes.
Example:
• An example of pattern identification is the use of AI in fraud
detection, where machine learning algorithms can identify
patterns and anomalies in transaction data to detect and
prevent fraudulent activity, improving security and reducing
financial losses for individuals and organizations.
Medical Applications
• AI has also made significant contributions to the field of
medicine, with applications ranging from diagnosis and
treatment to drug discovery and clinical trials. AI-powered
tools can help doctors and researchers analyze patient data,
 identify potential health risks, and develop personalized
treatment plans. This can lead to better health outcomes for
patients and help accelerate the development of new medical
treatments and technologies.
Disadvantages of AI:
1. High Costs
• The ability to create a machine that can simulate human
intelligence is no small feat. It requires plenty of time and
resources and can cost a huge deal of money. AI also needs
to operate on the latest hardware and software to stay
updated and meet the latest requirements, thus making it
quite costly.
2. No Creativity
• A big disadvantage of AI is that it cannot learn to think outside
the box. AI is capable of learning over time with pre-fed data
and past experiences, but cannot be creative in its approach.
3. Unemployment
• One application of artificial intelligence is a robot, which is
displacing occupations and increasing unemployment
Therefore, some claim that there is always a chance of
unemployment as a result of chatbots and robots replacing
humans.
4. Make Humans Lazy
• AI applications automate the majority of tedious and
repetitive tasks. Since we do not have to memorize things or
solve puzzles to get the job done, we tend to use our brains
less and less. This addiction to AI can cause problems to
future generations.
5. No Ethics
• Ethics and morality are important human features that can be
difficult to incorporate into an AI. The rapid progress of AI has
 raised a number of concerns that one day, AI will grow
uncontrollably, and eventually wipe out humanity. This
moment is referred to as the AI singularity.
6. Emotionless
• Since early childhood, we have been taught that neither
computers nor other machines have feelings. Humans
function as a team, and team management is essential for
achieving goals. However, there is no denying that robots are
superior to humans when functioning effectively, but it is also
true that human connections, which form the basis of teams,
cannot be replaced by computers.
7. No Improvement
• Humans cannot develop artificial intelligence because it is a
technology based on pre-loaded facts and experience. AI is
proficient at repeatedly carrying out the same task, but if we
want any adjustments or improvements, we must manually
alter the codes. AI cannot be accessed and utilized to human
intelligence, but it can store infinite data.
• Machines can only complete tasks they have been developed or
programmed for; if they are asked to complete anything else, they
frequently fail or provide useless results, which can have significant
negative effects. Thus, we are unable to make anything
conventional.
Applications of AI:
• Personalized Shopping
• AI-Powered Assistants
• Fraud Prevention
• Autonomous Vehicles
• Spam Filters
• Facial Recognition
• Recommendation System
 • Voice Assistants

Part – B Unit :II

AI PROJECT CYCLE:
The AI Project Cycle mainly has 5 stages.
• Problem Scoping.
• Data Acquisition.
• Data Exploration.
• Modelling.
• Evaluation.

• Project: Creation of unique product, service or result.

• Project life cycle: series of phases that a project goes through from
its initiation to its closure.
• Predictive life cycle: Specifics defined at the start of the
project and alterations are carefully addressed.
• Adaptive life cycle: the product is developed over multiple
iterations.
Project Cycle Management (PCM)
 It addresses the complexities of its phases, while maintaining
alignment with the strategy and objectives agreed upon.

Steps in AI project cycle

• Problem scoping: Scoping the problem to solve.(Understanding the
problem)
• Data Acquisition: Acquiring the data for the AI project.
• Data Exploration: Explore data and interpret some useful
information out of the acquired data.
• Modelling: This phase deals with the different AI enabled
algorithms
• Evaluation: To deploy the real world and evaluate each and every
model and then choosing the model which gives the most efficient
and reliable results.

Problem scoping:
• Who - "Who" part helps us in comprehending and categorizing who
all are affected directly and indirectly with the problem and who
are called the Stake Holders
 • Stakeholders and beneficiaries are the people who are
affected by or have an interest in your AI and social impact
initiative. They may include end users, community members,
partners, funders, policy makers, regulators, researchers, and
others.
• What - "What" part helps us in understanding and identifying the
nature of the problem and under this block, you also gather
evidence to prove that the problem you have selected actually
exists.
• Where - "Where" does the problem arises, situation and the
location.
• Why - "Why" is the given problem worth solving?
Data Acquisition:

Data Exploration
• Data Exploration is the process of arranging the gathered data
uniformly for a better understanding. Data can be arranged in the
form of a table, plotting a chart or making database.
1. Google Charts Google chart tools are powerful, simple to use, and free.
2. Tableau: Tableau is often regarded as the grand master of data
visualization software and for good reason.
3. Fusion Charts This is a very widely-used, JavaScript-based charting and
visualization package that has established itself as one of the leaders in
the paid-for market.
4. High charts: A simple options-structure allows for deep customization,
and styling can be done via JavaScript or CSS.

Evaluation:
• Evaluation is the method of understanding the reliability of an API
Evaluation and is based on the outputs which is received by the
feeding the data into the model and comparing the output with the
actual answers.
• API Stands for Application Programming Interface
Modelling:
• Modelling is the process in which different models based on
the visualized data can be created and even checked for the
advantages and disadvantages of the model.
• To Make a machine learning model there are 2
ways/Approaches Learning Based Approach and Rule Based
Approach
Learning Based Approach
 • Learning Based Approach is based on Machine
learning experience with the data feeded.
Machine Learning
• Machine learning is a subset of artificial Intelligence (AI)
which provides machines the ability to learn automatically
and improve from experience without being programmed for
it.
• Data Science(Data for AI)
• S/m collects numerous data and maintains data set and
derive meanings/ sense out of them.
• Ex: Rock Paper and Scissor Game
• Natural Language Processing(NLP)
• Interaction between computers and human using natural
language.
• Ex: Alexa, Siri.
https://en.akinator.com/theme-selection
Computer Vision(CV)
• Get and analyses visual information and afterwards predicts
some information and decides it.
Ex: Snap chat and face recognition in mobile
PROGRAM DESIGN AIDS:
• Algorithm
• Flowchart
• Pseudocode
Algorithm
The word algorithm relates to the name of the mathematician Al-
Khwarizmi, which means a procedure or a technique.
An algorithms is a step by step method of solving a problem.
Characteristics of Algorithm:
Input: An algorithm may or may not require an input.
Output: Each algorithm is expected to produce at least one result.
Definiteness: Each instruction must be clear and unambiguous.
Finiteness: An algorithm should terminate agfter a finite number of
steps.
Advantages of Algorithm:
 It is a step wise representation of a solution to a given
problem.
 It is not dependent on any programming language.
 Easy to understand.
Disadvantages of Algorithm:
 Time consuming.
 Space consuming.
Sample algorithm to find average of 5 subjects.
Step: 1 Start
Step: 2 Input marks of five subjects.
Step: 3 Calculate sum of all subjects and store in total = English + Tamil+
Science + Social +Maths.
Step: 4 Divide sum of all subjects by total number of subject to find
average i.e. average = total / 5 .
Step: 5 End

Flowchart:

A simple graphical representation of steps. It shows steps in sequential

order. Used in presenting the flow of algorithm, workflow or process.
 The symbols and its purpose in flowchart

Pseudocode:
Pseudocode is understood by the programmers of all types. It enables
the programmer to concentrate only on the algorithm part of the code
development. It cannot be compiled into an executable program.
Advantages of Pseudocode
 It can be quickly and easily converted into an actual programming language
as it is similar to a programming language.
 It is fairly easy to understand, even for non-programmers.
 It does not matter if there are errors in the syntax - it is usually still obvious
what is intended.
 It can be hard to see how a program flows. For example, where does
following one path as opposed to another take the program?
 It can be time consuming to produce.
Disdvantages of Pseudocode
 It can be hard to see how a program flows.
 It can be time consuming to produce.
 It cannot be compiled nor executed.