10

Advance Physics:How Is Equilibrium

Achieved?

for Special Science High School – Grade 10

Quarter 2 / Week 2
Advance Physics – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 2: How Is Equilibrium Achieved?
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Ericson B. Elnar
Editors:
Reviewers: Arnold D. Academia
Zenaida A. Academia
Adeline Fe D. Dimaano
Ranjel D. Estimar
Vicente B. Mongcopa
Florentina P. Pasajingue
Illustrator:
Layout Artist: Jane C. Rivera
Management Team: Senen Priscillo P. Paulin, CESO V Rosela R. Abiera
Fay C. Luarez, TM, EdD, PhD Maricel S. Rasid
Nilita L. Ragay, EdD. Elmar L. Cabrera
Arnold R. Jungco

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education –Region VII Schools Division of Negros Oriental

Office Address: Kagawasan, Ave., Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental

Tele #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117
E-mail Address: negros.oriental@deped.gov.ph
 10
ADVANCE PHYSICS
Quarter 2 – Module 2:

How Is Equilibrium Achieved?

Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Advance Physics 10 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module

on How Does Force Cause a Change in Motion.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and to assist the teacher or in helping the
learners to meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore,
this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while
taking into consideration their needs amidst circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the
module.

ii
For the learner:

Welcome to the Advance Physics 10 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module

on How Does Force Cause a Change in Motion.

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
experience through guided and independent learning at your own pace and
time. Be an active learner and put a meaning on what you learned.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

What I Need to Know competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
What I Know
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you link
What’s In the current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be

What’s New introduced to you in various ways; a story, a
song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity
or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of
What is It the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
What’s More
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
This includes questions or blank
What I Have Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.
This section provides an activity which will
What I Can Do help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.
This is a task which aims to evaluate your
Assessment level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

iii
 In this portion, another activity will be given
Additional Activities to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Be gentle in using the module. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on

any part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering
the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity all the time.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind
that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful

learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You
can do it!

iv
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. The strategies
used in this module is suited to the diverse learning situations and learning
styles. The lessons are arranged following the standard sequence of the
course. But the order of the content can be different to the textbook you may
be using.

The module contains one lesson only:

• Lesson 1 –Equilibrium

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. define mechanical equilibrium;
2. compare translational motion with rotational motion;
3. describe the relationship between the location of the center of gravity
and stability;
4. tell whether the equilibrium of a body is stable, unstable or neutral;
5. state and explain the conditions of equilibrium;
6. determine the resultant force of a set of forces; and
7. solve for the torque produced by a given force.

1
Lesson

1 Equilibrium

What I Know

Direction: Choose the letter of your best answer. Write your answers in your
notebook.

1. Static equilibrium is a condition in which _____________.

a. a net force is acting on the body
b. the resultant force acting on the body is zero
c. the summation of torques acting on the body is zero
d. both b and c are correct
2. The center of gravity is a point ______________.
a. in the center of an object
b. where the weight of an object appears to be concentrated
c. which may never be outside of an object
d. referred to by all of the above
3. The stability of an object may be increased by __________.
a. lowering the center of gravity c. reducing the size of its base
b. raising its center of gravity d. reducing its weight
4. The most stable of these vehicles would be a ____________.
a. jeep b. racing car c. heavy cargo truck d. horse cart
5. An example of neutral equilibrium would be ____________.
a. a ball on the table
b. a tightrope walker
c. a book standing on its end
d. a trained dog standing on its two hind legs
6. The center gravity of a meterstick is approximately ____________.
a. near the left end of the stick c. at the midpoint of the stick
b. near the right end of the stick d. at the end of the stick
7. In the diagram at the right, how many forces acting on the
picture frame to keep it in the state of equilibrium
condition?
a. 2 b. 6 c. 4 d. 3
8. To balance the two boys of unequal weight on the
seesaw ______________.
a. the heavier boy should sit nearer the center
b. the lighter boy should sit nearer the center
c. the two should equally near the center
d. both should be equally away from the center

2
9. When you carry a heavy load with one arm, why do you intend to hold your
free arm away from your body?
a. to change the mass of the body
b. to change the weight of the body
c. to shift the body’s center of gravity
d. to feel good and look good
10. Why are doorknobs placed near the edge of a door rather than at the
center?
a. to give more momentum to the door
b. to increase the force on the door
c. to increase the lever arm
d. to make the door look better
11. What is always true about a body in equilibrium?
a. it is at rest
b. it is moving with constant velocity
c. it moves in a straight line
d. it has no unbalanced force acting on it
12. A body in equilibrium is displaced slightly. If the forces that comes into
play such that they topple the body, the equilibrium is said to be
_____________.
a. stable b. unstable c. neutral d. translational

Note: If you get 100% correct in this pre- assessment, skip the lesson but if not
and only get 50% to 99% correct, then proceed with the lesson.

What’s In

What is equilibrium in the first place?

What conditions must be met for a body to achieve equilibrium?
What is center of gravity?

Where is it located in the body, considering the fact that bodies have different
shapes?

How exactly is center of gravity related to equilibrium?

3
 What’s New

Direction: Locate the centroid of the following figures. Show your answers by
drawing. Do it in your notebook.

1. Triangle Note: Centroid is the point considered to be the center

2. Square of a one or two – dimensional figure. It is the sum of
3. Circle the displacements of all pints in the figure.

What is It

Motion of Rigid Bodies

Rigid Bodies are objects wherein all the parts remain at constant or
fixed distances from every other part as the objects rotate. Rigid bodies do not
bend, stretch, or squash when forces act on them.

General Rigid Body Motion

General rigid body motion is a combination of translational and

rotational motion. When a wheel rolls, it exhibits both translational and
rotational motion.

Translational Motion – refers to linear motion wherein every particle has the
same instantaneous velocity.

Rotational Motion – refers to motion of a body about a fixed axis of rotation

wherein the particles have the same instantaneous angular velocity.

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Mechanical Equilibrium

When a vector sum of the forces acting on the body is zero, its
acceleration is zero and the body is said to be in mechanical equilibrium. It is
classified as static equilibrium is the body is at rest and dynamic equilibrium if
the body is in motion at a constant velocity.

Normal Force – The force that is provided by the floor and which pushes up
any object.
Adapted from: Practical and Explorational Physics by: Padua, Crisostomo, Ramos and Rabago, 2003

Center of Gravity

The center of gravity of an object is located at the point from where it

can be suspended without tending to rotate. It is the point where all the
weight of an object may be considered as concentrated.
1. Uniform or regularly shaped objects, such as, a solid cube, a sphere
or an elongated rod, the center of gravity is at their geometric center.

2. Irregularly shaped objects, such as baseball bat, have more of their

mass toward the end.

3. Some objects have their center of gravity outside them, such a

clothes hanger.

Adapted from: You and the Natural World Series: Physics by Navaza and Valdes, 2001

5
States of Equilibrium

1. Stable Equilibrium wherein any small

displacement from an equilibrium position
results in a force that tends to retun the object
to its original position.

2. Unstable Equilibrium refers to objects when

disturbed lightly, it will fall and cannot return to
its original position.

3. Neutral Equilibrium refers to objects can be

rolled from one side to another.

An object is in stable equilibrium if its center of graavity is at the lowest

posible position.
Adapted from: You and the Natural World Series: Physics by Navaza and Valdes, 2001

Conditions For Equilibrium

First Condition of Equilibrium

Forces with lines of action through the same point are called concurrent
forces, and when the vector sum of these forces is equal to zero, the body is in
translational equilibrium. A body in translational equilibrium has zero net
force and zero acceleration.
ΣF = ma = 0
ΣFx = 0 and ΣFy = 0

Cases of Bodies in Equilibrium

Case 1: A box on a table

The forces acting on the box are its weight (W),

acting downward, and the normal force (FN), that the
table exerts upward on the box.
ΣF = FN + (-W) = 0
FN - W = 0
FN = W

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Case 2: A chandelier hanging from a vertical rope
The forces acting on the chandelier are the
weight (W), acting downward, and the tension (T), in
the rope, acting upward.

ΣF = T + (-W) = 0
T-W=0
T=W

Case 3: A swing is pushed until the rope makes an angle with the vertical

The forces acting on the swing are the combined

weight of the swing and the boy (W), acting downward,
the force (F) exerted on the swing, acting to the left,
and then tension on the rope (T) that can be resolved
into its vertical (Ty) and horizontal (Tx) components.

ΣFx = F + (-Tx) = 0 ΣFy = Ty + (-W) = 0

F - Tx = 0 Ty - W = 0
F - T sin θ = 0 T cos θ – W = 0
F = T sin θ T cos θ = W

Case 4: Resting in a hammock

The forces acting on the hammock are
the weight (W) on the hammock and the
tensions (T1 and T2) on the ropes that can be
resolved into their vertical and horizontal
components.

ΣFx = T2x + (-T1x) = 0 ΣFy = T1y + T2y + (-W) = 0

T2x - T1x = 0 T1y + T2y - W = 0
T2 cos β – T1 cos α = 0 T1 sin α + T2 sin β - W = 0
T2 cos β = T1 cos α T1 sin α + T2 sin β = W

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Case 5: A boy on a slide

The forces acting on the boy are the

friction force (Ff), acting upward and parallel
to the slide, the normal force (FN), acting
toward and perpendicular to the slide, and
the weight (W) of the boy that can be resolved
into its components which are parallel (W║)
and perpendicular (W┴) to the slide.

ΣFx = Ff + (-W║) = 0
µFN – W sin θ = 0
µFN = W sin θ

ΣFy = FN + (-W┴) = 0
FN – W cos θ = 0
FN = W cos θ

µ W cos θ = W sin θ
𝑾 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝝁= = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽
𝑾 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

Sample Problem 1

We suspend a mass m = 5 kg from the ceiling using a string. What is

the tension in the string?

Given: m = 5 kg
g = 9.8 m/s2

a. W = mg b. ΣF = T + (-W) = 0
W = (5 kg) (9.8 m/s2) T-W=0
W = 49 N T – 49 N = 0
T = 49 N

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Sample Problem 2:

Given the figure below. Find T1 and T2

Given: θ1 = 30°
θ2 = 30°
W = 55 N

W = 55 N

Solution:

a. Finding the x and y components

For W: Wx = 0
Wy = - 55 N
For T1: T1x = T1 cos 30°
T1y = T1 sin 30°
For T2: T2x = - T2 cos 30°
T2y = T2 sin 30°

b. Applying the first condition:

ΣFx = Wx + T1x + T2x = 0

0 + T1 cos 30° + (-T2 cos 30°) = 0
T2 cos 30° = T1 cos 30°
T1 = T2

ΣFy = Wy + T1y + T2y = 0

- 55 N + T1 sin 30° + T2 sin 30° = 0
T1 sin 30° + T2 sin 30° = 55 N

Since T1 = T2, subtitute either T1 to T2 or T2 to T1

T1 sin 30° + T1 sin 30° = 55 N

T1 (0.5) + T1 (0.5) = 55 N
T1 = 55 N
T2 = 55 N

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Second Condition of Equilibrium

Torque is the quantity that measures how effectively a force (F) causes
acceleration. A torque is produced when force is applied with leverage. It is
defined as the product of the force and the lever arm.

The lever arm is the perpendicular distance (l ) from the axis of rotation
to the line along which the force acts.

torque = force x lever arm

= Fl

A torque (a vector quantity) that tends to produce a counterclockwise

rotation is considered positive and a torque that tends to produce a clockwise
rotation is negative.

Σ =0
Σ = Σ cc + (- Σ c) = 0
Σ cc - Σ c = 0
Σ cc = Σ c

Case 1: Bamboo pole carried at each end

In a Singkil Dance, two men are carrying a princess on a bamboo pole

that is 5.0 m long and weighs 200 N. If the princess weighs 450 N and sits 1.5
m from one end, How much weight must each man support?

Given: lb = 5 m
Wb = 200 N
Wp = 450 N
Find: F1 and F2

Using the first condition;

ΣFy = F1 + F2 + (-Wb) + (-Wp) = 0

F1 + F2 - Wb - Wp = 0
F1 + F2 = Wb + Wp
F1 + F2 = 200 N + 450 N
F1 + F2 = 650 N

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Using the second condition (axis passes through F1)

Σ c = Σ cc
Wblb + Wplp = F2l2
(200 N) (2.5 m) + (450 N) (3.5 m) = F2 (5.0 m) Solving for F1:
500 Nm + 1575 Nm = F2 (5.0 m) F1 + F2 = 650 N
2075 Nm = F2 (5.0 m) F1 = 650 N - F2
2075 𝑁𝑚 𝐹2 (5.0 𝑚) F1 = 650 N – 415 N
= F1 = 235 N
5.0 𝑚 5.0 𝑚
F2 = 415 N

Case 2: A man on a ladder

A ladder 7.5 m long is leaning against a

smooth (frictionless) wall at a point 7.0 m
above the ground with its base 2.0 m from the
wall. The ladder weighs 200 N and an 800 – N
painter stands two – thirds of the way up the
ladder.

a. What is the normal force?

b. What frictional force must act on the
bottom of the ladder to prevent it from slipping
for the painter to be safe?
Given: lL = 7.5 m
WL = 200 N
Wp = 800 N
Find: FN and Ff
Using the first condition;

ΣFy = FN + (-Wp) + (-WL) = 0 Suppose the axis of rotation is the base

FN - Wp - WL = 0 of the ladder. Using the second condition for
FN = Wp + WL equilibrium, we have
FN = 800 N + 200 N
FN = 1000 N Σ c = Σ cc
FflF = Wblb + Wplp
F (7.0 m) = (200 N) (1m) + (800 N) (1.33 m)
ΣFx = F + (-Ff) = 0
F (7.0 m) = 200 Nm + 1064 Nm
F - Ff = 0 F (7.0 m) = 1264 Nm
F = Ff F = 1264 Nm / 7.0 m
F = 181 N and hence Ff = 181 N.

Adapted from: Practical and Explorational Physics by Padua, Crisostomo, Ramos, Rabago, 2003

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 What’s More

Direction: Solve for the following problem. Write your answers in your
notebook.
A 30 – N lantern is suspended by a string
That is joined to two other strings. What is the
tension in each of the strings if both make equal
angles of 35O from the support beam?

Adapted from: Practical and Explorational Physics by Padua, Crisostomo, Ramos, Rabago, 2003

What I Have Learned

Direction: Answer the K-W-L chart. Write your answer on your notebook.

K W L
What do you think What do you WANT to What did you LEARN
you KNOW about know about about Equilibrium?
Equilibrium? Equilibrium?

Assessment

1. Static equilibrium is a condition in which _____________.

a. a net force is acting on the body
b. the resultant force acting on the body is zero
c. the summation of torques acting on the body is zero
d. both b and c are correct

12
2. The center of gravity is a point ______________.
a. in the center of an object
b. where the weight of an object appears to be concentrated
c. which may never be outside of an object
d. referred to by all of the above

3. The stability of an object may be increased by __________.

a. lowering the center of gravity c. reducing the size of its base
b. raising its center of gravity d. reducing its weight

4. The most stable of these vehicles would be a ____________.

a. jeep b. racing car c. heavy cargo truck d. horse cart

5. An example of neutral equilibrium would be ____________.

a. a ball on the table
b. a tightrope walker
c. a book standing on its end
d. a trained dog standing on its two hind legs

6. The center gravity of a meterstick is approximately ____________.

a. near the left end of the stick c. at the midpoint of the stick
b. near the right end of the stick d. at the end of the stick

7. In the diagram at the right, how many forces acting on the

picture frame to keep it in the state of equilibrium
condition?
a. 2 b. 6 c. 4 d. 3

8. To balance the two boys of unequal weight on the

seesaw ______________.
a. the heavier boy should sit nearer the center
b. the lighter boy should sit nearer the center
c. the two should equally near the center
d. both should be equally away from the center

9. When you carry a heavy load with one arm, why do you intend to hold your
free arm away from your body?
a. to change the mass of the body
b. to change the weight of the body
c. to shift the body’s center of gravity
d. to feel good and look good

10. Why are doorknobs placed near the edge of a door rather than at the
center?
a. to give more momentum to the door
b. to increase the force on the door
c. to increase the lever arm
d. to make the door look better

13
11. What is always true about a body in equilibrium?
a. it is at rest
b. it is moving with constant velocity
c. it moves in a straight line
d. it has no unbalanced force acting on it

12. A body in equilibrium is displaced slightly. If the forces that comes into
play such that they topple the body, the equilibrium is said to be
_____________.
a. stable b. unstable c. neutral d. translational

Additional Activities

Direction: Do this experiment at home. Write your answer in your notebook.

And if you can send proof of the experiment (picture), you may send it to
messenger or e-mail.

Materials needed: ruler

any weights

Procedures:
https://www.ingridscience.ca/sites/default/files/
1. Using your forefinger, place the images/activities/img_6667.jpg
ruler above it in such a way it will be balanced. (Determine the point where
the ruler is balanced).
2. Place your forefinger below the 8 inches marking.
3. Place any weight on one end of the ruler in order for it to be balanced.
Measure the weight (in kg) being placed.

Questions:

1. What weight did you place on one end of the ruler?

2. How did you obtain the measure of the weights placed on one end of the
ruler for it be balanced?
3. Make a conclusion based on this experiment.

14
 15
What I Know
What’s More 1. d
2. d
T1 = 26.09 N 3. a
T2 = 26.09 N 4. c
5. a
What I Have Learned 6. c
7. d
Answers may vary
8. a
Assessment 9. c
10. c
1. d 11. d
2. d 12. b
3. a
4. c What’s In
5. a
6. c Answers may vary
7. d
What’s New
8. a
9. c Triangle:
10. c
Draw a line joining one vertex
11. d
12. b of the triangle and the midpoint of
the side opposite the angle. Do this
in three vertices. The intersection of
the three lines is the centroid of the
Additional Activities triangle.
Answers may vary
Square:
Draw the diagonals of the
square. The intersection of the
diagonals is the centroid of the
square.
Circle:
Draw two diameters of a
circle. The intersection of the
diameters is the centroid of the
circle.
Answer Key
Text References
Alicia L. Padua, Ricardo M. Crisostomo. 2003. Practical and Explorational
Physics. Quezon City: Vibal Publishing House, Inc.
Delia C. Navaza, Bienvenido J. Valdes. 2001. Physics. Quezon City: Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc.
Silverio, Angelina A. 2007. Exploring Life Through Science: Physics. Quezon
City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/centroid
https://courses.physics.illinois.edu/phys101/fa2015/handouts/handout2.p
df

Image References
https://www.ingridscience.ca/sites/default/files/images/activities/img_6667
.jpg

16
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Negros Oriental

Kagawasan, Avenue, Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental

Tel #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117

Email Address: negros.oriental@deped.gov.ph
Website: lrmds.depednodis.net

17