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Geographical Skills

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51 views4 pages

Geographical Skills

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5star isneeded
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© © All Rights Reserved
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GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS - NOTES

1. Contours

• Imaginary lines on a map that connect points of the same elevation above sea level.

2. Contour Interval

• The vertical difference in elevation between two consecutive contour lines.


• Example: If the contour interval is 20 meters, every line represents a 20-meter elevation change.

3. Index Contour

• A thicker, darker contour line that is labelled with the elevation it represents, usually for easier
reading.
• Example: Every fifth contour line might be an index contour.

4. Gradient

• Definition: The slope or steepness of the land, calculated as the ratio of vertical height to horizontal
distance.
• Example: If elevation rises 100 meters over 1 kilometre, the gradient is 1:10.

5. Steepness of Slope and Closeness of Contours

• Closer contour lines indicate a steep slope, while widely spaced contours show a gentle slope.

6. Spot Heights

• Points on a map marked with their exact elevation above sea level.
• Example: A spot marked "150m" shows that location's elevation.

7. Triangulation Stations

• Fixed points used in surveying to measure distances and angles between points on the Earth's
surface.
• Example: These are often marked with a small triangle and labelled on maps.

8. Drainage Patterns and Types

• Dendritic: Resembles tree branches, formed in uniform rock structures.


o Example: Found in the Ganga River Basin.
• Trellis: Rectangular patterns formed in areas with alternating hard and soft rock layers.
o Example: Found in the Appalachian Mountains.
• Radial: Streams flow outward from a central high point.
o Example: Found around volcanoes like Mt. Fuji.
• Centripetal: Streams flow inward towards a central depression.
o Example: Found in the Thar Desert.
• Rectangular: Streams form a grid pattern due to faulting or fractures.
o Example: Found in the Colorado Plateau.
• Annular: Circular drainage patterns around domes or basins.
o Example: Black Hills of South Dakota.
9. Settlement Patterns and Their Types

• Nucleated: Houses clustered together, often around a resource or crossroads.


o Example: Villages in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.
• Linear: Settlements stretched along a road, river, or coastline.
o Example: Settlements along the Ganga River.
• Scattered: Isolated homes spread out due to large farm sizes or tough terrain.
o Example: Remote villages in the Himalayas.

10. Map Scale and Its Types

• Map Scale shows the relationship between distance on a map and the actual distance on the ground.
o Verbal Scale: Expressed in words (e.g., "1 cm = 1 km").
o RF (Representative Fraction): Ratio (e.g., 1:50,000 means 1 unit on the map equals 50,000
units on the ground).
o Graphical Scale: A visual bar or line that shows the scale.

11. Distance and Area Calculations

• Calculating real-world distances or areas based on the map scale.


• Using a scale of 1:50,000, 2 cm on the map equals 1 km in reality.

12. Cardinal Directions - 16 Points

• Definition: The four main directions (N, E, S, W), their intermediates (NE, NW, SE, SW), and
further subdivisions like NNE, ENE, etc.

13. Bearing Calculation

• Measuring the angle (in degrees) from the north direction to a line connecting two points.
• Example: A bearing of 90° indicates due east.

14. Land Use and Landcover

• Land Use: How people utilize land (e.g., agriculture, urban development).
• Landcover: Physical material on the Earth's surface (e.g., forests, water).
• Example: A city area is categorized as urban land use and concrete land cover.

15. Site

• Definition: The physical characteristics of the exact location where a settlement is built. It includes
natural features like landforms, soil, water availability, and vegetation.
• Example: The site of Paris is on an island in the Seine River, providing natural defense and water
access.

16. Situation

• Definition: The location of a settlement in relation to its surrounding features, such as other
settlements, resources, transportation routes, or trade networks.
• Example: The situation of Singapore is at a strategic point along major shipping routes between the
Indian and Pacific Oceans.

17. Major Landforms

• Gentle Slope
A slope that rises gradually, indicated by widely spaced contour lines on a map.
• Steep Slope
A slope that rises sharply, shown by closely spaced contour lines.
• Uniform Slope
A slope with a consistent angle throughout.
• Concave Slope
A slope that is steeper at the top and gentler at the bottom, forming a curve inward.
• Convex Slope
A slope that is gentler at the top and steeper at the bottom, forming a curve outward.
• Conical Hill
A small, rounded hill with a cone-like shape, often with contour lines forming concentric circles.
• Plateau
A flat, elevated area of land, often with steep sides.
• Cliff
A steep, vertical, or nearly vertical rock face.
• Col
A low point or saddle between two higher points, often forming a natural pass.
• Pass
A route through a mountain range, often used for travel or trade.
• Mountain Ridge
A long, narrow, elevated landform with steep sides, often part of a mountain range.
• Escarpment
A steep slope or long cliff that separates two levels of land.
• Spur
A ridge that projects out from a hill or mountain into lower land.
• Interlocking Spur
Ridges that alternate and overlap in a valley, formed by a river winding around them.

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