Ashoka Group of Schools

Academic Session 2024 - 2025

Grade X
Pre-Board 1
(H.C.G. PAPER – 2)
Maximum Marks: 80 Geography Model Answer Time allowed: Two hours

Qus. Marks Marking

Answers
No. Dist. scheme
Q.1] Study the extract of the Survey of India Map Sheet No. G43S7and answer the
following questions:
i. Give the six-figure grid reference of the Survey tree near the Atal settlement. [1]
Ans. 268015

ii. Give the four figure grid reference of the triangulated height 198 ∆ in the
north east quarter of the map. [1]
Ans. 3002

iii. Calculate the shortest distance between the covered tank at Jorapura and the
lined perennial well at Bhakodar [1]
Ans. 4.9cm = 4.9/2
= 2.45km

iv. Name the types of road used for transportation in this map sheet. [½+½=1]
Ans. Metalled road [district road ,state highway], unmetalled road ,Cart
track, Pack track, [any two]

v. What is the compass direction of Mahadevpura (2493) from Chatrala (2196)?

Ans. South east [1]

vi. What is the nature of rivers in the map extract? Justify by giving one reason.
Ans. Rivers are seasonal, as they are shown in black colours, with broken
grounds and dry river bed with perennial channels as depicted by black [½+½=1]
dotted river bed with blue line on the river beds.

vii. Find the area of the map between 22 to 26 eastings and 94 to 99 northings.
Ans.
22 to 26 eastings = 4 Km
94 to 99 northings=5Km [1]
=4 X 5 = 20sq km.

viii. What is the mode of irrigation in this region?

Ans. Perennial stream, Aqueduct / canal, Wells, covered tank, overhead [1]
tanks [any one]

ix. Identify the drainage pattern in the grid 2698.

Ans. Trellise [1]

x. What does the word Sluice in the grid 2502 means?

Ans. It is a narrow gate or an opening at the dam / head of the canal / [1]
aquaduct which controls the flow of water

Grade 10th /Geography Model Answer / Pre-Board 1 2024 – 2025 Page 1 of 12

Q.2] On the Outline map of India One mark
each

Names of
the given
clues
should be
written

If marking
or name is
incorrect
10 or missing
any of it=
No marks
will be
allotted

No ½

Marks for
Map
pointing.

Q.3] Choose and write the correct answer: [1 mark each] 10

i. Which of the following is good for the cultivation of tea and jute?
C) Kalbaisakhi
ii. Black soil is also known as ................
C) Regur
iii. Name the vegetation found in the windward side of the Western Ghats
A) Tropical evergreen forest
iv. Assertion (A): Drip Irrigation is usually used to irrigate fruits and vegetables
and provide water directly to the root of the crops.
Reason (R): Drip irrigation is the most efficient method of irrigation
A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
v. Assertion (A) Non-conventional sources of energy are those sources which
are developed in the recent past as an alternative to the Conventional or Non-
renewable sources of energy.
Reason (R)They are renewable and inexhaustible and cause less Environment
pollution
A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
vi. Haematite contains__________
B) 60% to 70% of iron

vii. Crops like Tea, Coffee, Rubber, Spices, etc., are grown mainly for Trade
and Profit. What type of farming is this?
C) Plantation farming
viii. The variety of tea which is greenish brown in colour.
C) Oolong

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 ix. The North South corridor connects ............... .
C) Srinagar to Kanyakumari
x. It is an aerobic method of decomposing solid wastes.
C) Composting

Q.4] i. Mention the four seasons that prevail in India, stating the months for [½+½+½ Each
each. +½=2] season with
months =½
Ans: 1. The Hot dry summer Season- March to May
mark
2. The South west Monsoon Season or the Advancing Monsoon – June to Deduct ½
September mark for 3
3. The season of the Retreating Monsoon – October and November spelling
4. The Cold winter Season- December to February. mistakes
but not for
ii. Name two types of cyclonic systems that affect India and two areas that proper
receives rainfall from these systems nouns
Ans: 1. Temperate cyclones/western disturbance/ westerly depression Answers if
originating in Mediterranean Sea. They blow to the North west India ie. relevant
Parts of Punjab, Haryana, west Uttar Pradesh, northern part of marks has
Rajasthan. {[½+½=1
to be
and
2. Tropical depressions (Tropical Cyclones) originate near Andaman sea and ½+½=1]} given.
travel west or north west causing heaving rainfall on eastern coast of Tamil No marks
=2
Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal. to be
given for
iii. Give geographical reason for each of the following: wrong
a. Chennai has more rainy months but less rainfall than Kochi. answer
Ans: Chennai has more rainy months but less rainfall than Kochi because
Chennai receives rainfall from both- retreating South West Monsoon winds
and North East Monsoon winds (during winters) but Kochi receives rainfall
only from South West Monsoon winds which carry more moisture than the
NE Monsoon winds. [1]

b. The rainfall decreases as we go westward from West Bengal to Punjab.

Ans. The rainfall decreases as we go westward from West Bengal to Punjab, as
the Bay of Bengal Branch of south west monsoon winds gets exhausted on
the way from east to west, so by the time it reaches Punjab the rainfall [1]
decreases.

c. The coastal areas of India do not experience a significant variation in

temperature between Summer and Winter months.
Ans. As it experiences equable or maritime climate due to moderating effect [1]
of land and sea breeze..

iv. Climate data table:

a. Calculate the annual temperature range.
Ans: Highest Temp – Lowest Temp 36.2-24.6 = 11.6˚C
[1]
b. What is the total annual rainfall?
Ans. 140.9cm [ calculation has to be shown]
[1]
c. Presuming that the station is located in India, give a reason for its
location being on the east coast or the west coast of India.
Ans. The station is located on the East Coast because it gets most of its rain [½+½=1]
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 in Retreating Monsoon Season and North East Monsoon season i.e.
Winter months.[ November to February]
Q.5] i. A farmer bought land in an area having poor rainfall, with soil which is [1+ +½+½ Deduct ½
suitable for dry farming. Name the type of soil available in this area. =2] mark for 3
Which crops will he be able to grow there? spelling
Ans. mistakes
 Red soil formed in areas with poor rainfall. but not for
 Dry crops like Millets like Jowar /Ragi/ Bajra and vegetables, Groundnut. and proper
potatoes can be grown on porous red soils .
nouns
ii. Why is Alluvial soil considered best for agriculture? (any 2 points) Answers if
Ans. relevant
1. It is rich in Potash and Lime marks has
[1+1=2] to be
2. Loamy , aerated and Water retentive
3. Very fertile as replenished by monsoon flood every year given.
4.Varies in texture from fine to coarse, as such variety of crops can be grown No marks
to be
iii. A. Why is Black soil able to retain moisture? given for
Ans. As it is clayey in nature so becomes sticky when wet, so able to retain wrong
[1]
moisture. answer

B. Name two crops that grow well in Black soil.

[½+½=1]
Ans. Cotton, Sugarcane, Jowar, Wheat and oil seeds

C. Name one state of India that has large area of Black Soil.
[1]
Ans. Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka
iv. A. Mention any two causes of soil erosion in India.
Ans. Soil erosion is caused due to deforestation, over grazing of domestic [½+½=1]
cattle, floods, and bad farming technique.

B. Name two soil conservation methods that may be practised in arid

regions.
Ans. Planting shelterBelts / wind breaks, afforestation and reforestation, crop [1+1=2]
rotation,cover crops, mulching, [ any two]

Q.6] i. A. Write any two characteristics of Thorn Forests in India? Deduct ½

Ans mark for 3
 The roots go deep in search of water spelling
 The leaves are small and modified into thorns to protect themselves from [½+½=1] mistakes
animals , reduce transpiration (Any two) but not for
 They have succulent stems that help them to conserve the water. proper
. nouns
B. State the factors affecting the natural vegetation of India. Answers if
Ans. Factors affecting the natural vegetation of India :(any 2 points) relevant
Climate: Temperature, Rainfall, Soil, Sunlight, Topography or Relief features [½+½=1] marks has
to be
ii. Mention any two methods for the conservation and development of
given.
forest in India.
Ans. No marks
 Increasing the area under forest- by promoting Social forestry[ Agro to be
forestry, Tree plantation programs , celebrating Vanamohotsav Afforestation- given for
By planting trees on Barren Land ] wrong
 Using alternative sources of energy to replace firewood : - Solar energy, [1+1=2] answer
Nuclear energy, Tidal energy, Biofuel, Natural gas
 People's Participation- By, by creating awareness by remembering Chipkoo
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 Movement

iii. You live in an area which is surrounded by the commercially most

exploited forests.
A. Which forests are these and why are they most exploited forests in
India? Besides your area, where are these forests found?
Ans.
 Tropical Deciduous Forests.
[1+½+½
These are commercially the most exploited forests because =2]
 They are less dense which makes transport easier and economical.
 Sandalwood found in these forests is in great demand in India and abroad.

Besides my area, these forests occur in the north eastern part of the Peninsula,
along the foothills of the Himalayas and eastern slopes of the Western Ghats.
 They occupy a sizeable area in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and
Tamil Nadu.[any one]

B. State the climatic conditions required for such forests to flourish.

Ans. Tropical Deciduous Forests are found in areas with moderate or low
annual rainfall of 100 cm to 200 cm and the mean annual temperature of 24°C
and 27°C and humidity 50% to 80%. [any two] [½+½ =1]

iv. Give reasons for the following:

A. Forest are essential elements to stop soil erosion.
Ans. As forest helps in controlling floods, reduces surface runoff and checks
the velocity of water thereby reducing the impact of soil erosion. / Roots hold
the soil tightly and prevent soil erosion [1]

B. In the Himalayan ranges, different types of forests are found at varying

heights.
Ans. The Vegetation varies as per the altitude of the mountain as the [1]
precipitation and temperature changes from lower altitude to higher altitude as
per lapse rate.

C. Tropical Evergreen Forests are called as the ‘Lungs of the Earth

Ans. As these dense evergreen forests absorbs the high amount of carbon
dioxide and releases oxygen during photosynthesis which maintains the [1]
environment fresh and clean.

Q.7] i. “Irrigation plays an important role in development of agriculture.” Deduct ½

Justify the statement. mark for 3
Ans. (any two examples to be explained) spelling
 Uneven distribution of rain – [1+1=2] mistakes
 Seasonal rainfall – but not for
 Indian monsoon is uncertain irregular. proper
 All crops do not have the same water requirement – Crops like rice, wheat nouns
sugarcane and jute need much more water than others. So irrigation is Answers if
necessary to meet the water needs of these crops. relevant
 Irrigation is necessary to extend the frontiers of cultivation into semi- arid marks has
regions. to be
 One of the important aspect of Green Revolution is regular water Supply for given.
high yielding variety seeds No marks
Grade 10th /Geography Model Answer / Pre-Board 1 2024 – 2025 Page 5 of 12
 ii. State two advantages of tube well irrigation. to be
Ans. given for
 A tube well can irrigate much larger area wrong
 The evaporation of water do not take place as it is underground. [1+1=2] answer
 They are more reliable during periods of drought when a surface well dries up.
 They are also suited to areas of small holdings / independent source of
irrigation
 Large area of land i.e more than 400 hectors can be irrigated in less time
 Easy to operate
 Occupies small land area.
 Do not get polluted like surface open well

iii. What is rainwater harvesting? State any two of its objectives.

Ans- Rain water harvesting is a low cost method of collecting and storing
rainwater in rainy season which can be used in dry season.
[1+{1+1}
Objectives:
=3]
 Meet the increasing demand for water.
 reduce surface run-off and avoid flooding of roads
 raise the groundwater table by adding to groundwater reserves.
 improve the quality of ground water
 reduce groundwater pollution
 Supplement household requirement of water during the hot dry summers.

iv. Give reasons for the following:

A. Well irrigation is confined mainly to alluvial plains.
Ans. Because of the presence of high ground water table and soft soil which [1]
makes easy to dug the well. [any one]

B. Inundation canals are being converted to perennial canals.

Ans. The inundation canals are being converted into perennial canals because [1]
the inundation canals become dry during the summer season and since
these canals get water directly from the rivers they become dry when rivers
change their course, so they can not serve irrigate during dry season.

C. Sprinkler irrigation helps in conserving water.

Ans. No water is lost by evaporation because water is supplied directly into [1]
the fields by a sprinkler and there is minimum wastage.[any one]

Q.8] i. Why is manganese important for making iron and steel? [1+1=2] Deduct ½
Ans. It is used in iron and steel industries to strengthen the steel and rust mark for 3
resistant. spelling
mistakes
ii. State two advantages that biogas has over the solar energy. but not for
Ans. Advantages that biogas has over the solar energy: (2 points) [1+1=2] proper
 There is no storage problem as there is direct supply of gas from the plant. nouns
 Produces manure which can replace the chemical fertilizers and reduce Answers if
amount of waste. relevant
 Provides employment in the rural areas. marks has
to be
iii. Give reason for the following:
given.
A. Coal often referred to as ‘black gold’.
Ans. s it is one of the most important sources of energy It is used in wide range No marks

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 of industrial applications, due to its commercial value. 1 to be
given for
B. Mumbai high is considered to be major oil bearing site in India. 1 wrong
Ans. Mumbai High is considered to be major oil bearing site in India because it answer
produces more than one-third crude oil output of India so regarded as the
largest offshore oil field.

C. Copper is important for electrical machinery.

Ans. As it is a good conductor of electricity and can be easily moulded into [½+½
sheets or wire as it is highly ductile and malleable. =1]

iv. With reference to Hirakud Project answer the following questions:

A. Name the river on which it is constructed.

Ans. Mahanadi 1

B. The state where it is located? 1

Ans. Odisha

C. Give any two of its advantages.

Ans.
 This dam is useful for irrigation,
 generation of hydroelectricity and [½+½
 controlling floods. =1]
 Also makes valuable contribution to the industrial development of Odisha.

Q.9] i. Though India is an agricultural country, the cost of food is rising [1+1=2] Deduct ½
sharply. Give reasons to explain the causes of this rise in prices of food. mark for 3
spelling
Ans. The rising cost of food in India can be attributed to several factors: (any 2 mistakes
points) but not for
 Increasing Population — The rising population in India leads to increased proper
demand for food, putting pressure on the available supply and driving up nouns
prices. Answers if
 Inflation and Economic Factors — Inflationary pressures, rising fuel prices, relevant
transportation costs, and input costs for farmers contribute to higher food
marks has
prices.
to be
 Weather and Climate Change — Adverse weather events like droughts,
given.
floods and extreme temperatures affect crop yields and reduce the overall food
supply, leading to price increases. No marks
 Supply Chain Issues — Inadequate infrastructure, storage facilities and to be
transportation networks result in post-harvest losses and wastage, leading to given for
higher prices. wrong
 Income Disparities — Income disparities affect food prices, as higher- answer
income groups demand costlier food products, driving up prices.
 Export and Import Policies — Trade policies and restrictions on agricultural
commodities can create imbalances between supply and demand, impacting
domestic food prices.
 Global Market Influences — Global commodity prices, exchange rates, and
geopolitical events have a trickle-down effect on domestic food prices in India.

ii. State two geographical conditions required for Rice cultivation in India.
[½+½ +1
Ans:
=2]
 Temp :- It requires annual temperature of 220 c to 32 0 c

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  Rainfall for rain-fed cultivation should be between 150 cm to 300 cm but
much less is required if irrigation is available .
 Soil:- must be alluvial , friable, loamy with clay like impervious soil.
Stagnation of water in the fields is must during the period of cultivation

iii. Tea and Coffee plantations should be developed as tourist spots to

promote agro-tourism and provide an alternative source of income to the
farmers. What do you think about this proposal? [3]
Ans. I believe that developing tea and coffee plantations as tourist spots to
promote agro-tourism and provide an alternative source of income to farmers
can be a beneficial proposal due to the following reasons:
 Tourism Potential — Tea and coffee plantations offer scenic landscapes,
making them attractive to tourists.
 Diversification of Income: Agri-tourism provides an additional source of
income for farmers, reducing reliance on agricultural yields alone.
 Cultural Exchange and Education — Visitors can learn about tea and coffee
cultivation, processing, and local traditions, enriching their travel experience.
 Employment Opportunities — Developing plantations as tourist spots creates
jobs in hospitality, tourism, and service sectors.
 Conservation and Sustainability — Agro-tourism can encourage sustainable
practices in plantations, promoting environmental conservation.

iv. Picture reading: Sugarcane

[1]
A. Name one state where this crop grows well.
Ans. In North :-Uttar Pradesh. Punjab, Haryana, Bihar
In south:- Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu , Karnataka

B. Mention two geographical conditions suitable for the cultivation of this

crop.
Ans.
[½+½+1
 Temperature:- 200 c to 260 c. It is sown in January and April. Frost is
=2]
injurious for the growth of sugarcane plant.
 Rainfall:- 100 cm to 150cm . Plenty of water during the growing period is
required so irrigation is necessary as growing period is more than 9 months.
Water logging is harmful.
 Soil:- well drained alluvial or lava soil .Sugarcane is soil-exhausting so the
soil needs regular nitrogen fertilizers to be added.

C. Mention any two problems faced by the cultivators of this crop in India.
Ans.
 Sugarcane is soil exhausting , needs lots of irrigation during growing period [½+½=1]
So, small farmers have to depend on irrigation Production cost increases.
 Sugar mills are located far from the growing areas hence delay in crushing
leads to loss of sucrose
 The mills are old fashioned.
 In Sub-tropical climate frost is injurious for the growth of sugarcane plant.
 Prices are fixed by the government and does not depend on quality so
farmers are dissatisfied

Q.10] i. Transportation which provides support services to petroleum sector Deduct ½

including ONGC and Oil and India Ltd. Also offers services to remote or mark for 3
inaccessible areas such as hilly/mountainous regions and also makes spelling
Charter flights for promotion of tourism. mistakes

Grade 10th /Geography Model Answer / Pre-Board 1 2024 – 2025 Page 8 of 12

 A. Name the mode of transportation given above. but not for
Ans. Pawan Hans Helicopters Ltd.(PHHL) [1] proper
nouns
B. What are the primary objectives of this type of transportation? Answers if
Ans. (Any 2 points) relevant
 To rescue the people during any emergency such as war affected area, [½+½=1] marks has
Tsunamis, Earthquakes, floods, etc. to be
 It serves the purpose of Air Ambulance given.
 Fastest mode of transport to reach the hilly and remotest regions. No marks
to be
ii. A. What was the objective of setting up the Jawaharlal Nehru Port
given for
Trust?
[1] wrong
Ans. The objective of setting up the Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust at Navi
Mumbai South of Mumbai port was to reduce the pressure of traffic at the answer
Mumbai Port.

B. Mention two advantages of coastal shipping.

Ans.
 Reduces burden on the rail and road transport
 saves fuel
 cheaper. [½+½=1]
 Ideal for export and import of bulky goods
 Causes less pollution

iii. What are the development projects undertaken by NHDP? State its two
objectives.
Ans. The two projects undertaken by NHAI are 1. Golden Quadrilateral and 2.
North-South and East – West Corridors
[1+½+½
=2]
Objectives:
 This highway interconnects many cities and ports and develops the area from
which it passes
 Provides employment directly and indirectly
 It enables industrial growth of all small towns through which it passes [½+½=1]
 Has reduced traveling time and vehicle operating cost
 Provides vast opportunities for transport of agricultural produce from
hinterland [ remote areas] to major cities and ports for exports

iv. Give reasons:

A. A well-developed transport network is important for industrial growth.

(any 2 points)
Ans.
 Transport is important for the progress of the country
 Strengthen the nation’s economy as goods can be send from one part of the
world to another by various means of transport.
 It also provides employment to the people directly and indirectly.
 It removes scarcity of goods during any crisis [½+½=1]
 Backward areas are linked with advanced areas this helps in the better
utilization of the resources

B. Rail transport is an important means of transport as compared to

airways.
Ans. It is rapid, comfortable and cheap for long distance and saves time,
Grade 10th /Geography Model Answer / Pre-Board 1 2024 – 2025 Page 9 of 12
 easy and cheap to carry heavy and bulky material. [½+½=1]

C. Rivers in south India are not ideal for inland navigation.

Ans. Rivers in south India are rain fed and dry during summer season, many
waterfalls are formed in Peninsular region due to undulating surface,
shallow river bed,. [any one] [1]

Q.11] i. State two effects of the Acid Rain on the environment. [1+1=2] Deduct ½
Ans. Acid rain can be extremely harmful to forests. Acid rain that seeps into mark for 3
the ground can makes the soil infertile, destroys crops , damages aquatic spelling
life and erodes the buildings and monuments. mistakes
but not for
ii. Bio-fuels should be developed on a large scale as an alternative to fossil proper
fuels and to reduce generation of waste. State your views. nouns
Ans. (Any 2 Points)
Answers if
Developing biofuels on a large scale as an alternative to fossil fuels and to
relevant
reduce waste generation can be beneficial for several reasons:
[1+1=2] marks has
 Climate Change Mitigation — Biofuels have lower carbon emissions,
reducing greenhouse gas impact. Their production and combustion release CO2, to be
but the CO2 is offset by the absorption of CO2 during biomass growth. given.
 Waste Reduction —composting of organic waste from biofuel production No marks
helps reduce waste accumulation. to be
 Energy Independence — Biofuels decrease reliance on fossil fuel imports, given for
enhancing energy security. It provides an alternative and domestically sourced wrong
fuel option. answer
 Rural Development and Job Creation — Biofuel production supports
agricultural activities and creates employment opportunities in farming,
biomass supply chains, and biofuel production facilities.
 Technological Advancements — Investment in biofuel research drives
innovation for more efficient and sustainable production processes.

iii. Waste can be effectively managed by using the three R’s system.
Explain.
Ans. (Students can write their own examples which can be considered if they
are valid.)
 Reduce the amount of trash we generate.
 Reuse things that otherwise would have been thrown out. In new ways . [1+1+1=3]
 Recycle means to turn something old and useless (like plastic milk jugs)
into something new and useful (like picnic benches, playground equipment
and recycling bins).

iv. What is composting? State any two advantages of using compost.

Ans. Composting is to convert biodegradable waste into Manure This method
helps to reduce the waste
.
Advantages /Objectives (Any 2 points) [1+2=3]
 It reduces the waste
 provides manure to the soil and increases the nutrient in the soil
 It increases water retention capacity of soil
 It increases the resistance power of plant.
 It absorbs foul smell
 It prevents pollution by preventing surface runoff

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12
  It checks soil erosion and silting of embankment
 It reduces the cost of treatment of waste as manure is formed.

Q.12] i. State any two problems faced by the Sugar Industry. [1+1=2] Deduct ½
Ans: mark for 3
 The government fixes the price of the cane, so cultivators are dissatisfied and spelling
have, opted to growing rice and other food crops instead. mistakes
 The crop yields are low. but not for
 The industry is seasonal as sugarcane is available only at the time of harvest proper
and the crushing season is short. So there is increase in overall cost of nouns
production. Answers if
 There is great distance between the factories and the fields so the sucrose relevant
content reduces. The cost of production increases. marks has
 Outmode and worn –out machinery also leads to low milling efficiency and to be
wastage. given.
 The unsatisfactory location of the sugar industry in the Uttar Pradesh- Bihar No marks
belt has a sub- Tropical climate is not ideal for the growing of sugarcane
to be
given for
ii. A. Why Iron and Steel Industry is called the basic industry?
Ans. As it provides the basic raw material to manufacture the machines wrong
and engines for its working in other industries. [1] answer

B. Define a Mini Steel Plant.

Ans. Mini steel plant are the smaller units, which work on electric furnace and [1]
uses scrape iron as their raw material.

iii. What is the need for Rapid Industrialisation in India?

Ans. (3points)
 India has to support a very large population, and agriculture alone cannot
provide employment for all. Therefore, industries are essential.
 Industrialization will also help in modernizing agriculture, which forms the
base of our country.
 By converting minerals into manufactured goods and then exporting them, [1+1+1=3]
India will have a favourable balance trade. Most of the income of any country
comes from international trade.
 The process of industrialization will help India to keep updated with the
latest technologies.
 Industrialization will make India self-reliant by reducing her dependence on
other countries.
 Industrialization will enable India to crater to her defense requirements.
 Industries are required to keep pace with the fast moving world 8. Rapid
industrialization is required to maintain balance of trade. More of export than
imports

iv. What is a Petrochemical Industry? Mention two reasons why

petrochemical products are replacing Traditional raw materials.
Ans. It’s the industry which use raw material like Naptha, Benzene, ethylene
from Refineries to make synthetic products.

These products are replacing the agricultural raw material, and are highly
portable,durable, cheap and cost effective. Eg. natural rubber is replaced by [1+2=3]
Synthetic rubber
Paper, Jute, wood, steel is replaced by plastic

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12
Steel pipes, iron pipes are replaced by PVC pipes
Cotton, silk , jute is replaced by synthetic fibre.

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