Scribd
Upload
12 views9 pages

Network

Uploaded by

muhammed.cti23240202
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views9 pages

Network

Uploaded by

muhammed.cti23240202
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

Sulaimani Polytechnic University Chamchamal

Technical Institute IT Department


Class: 2nd Stage

Internet
Networking and Computer Security
Subject: Computer NetworksII
Fall Semester (3)

Student name : Mohammed Abdlxlaq

2024/2025
What is the Internet?
• It is a network of networks
• Any network connected to the internet
– Conform to certain naming conventions
– Must run the IP protocol
– IP protocol is also called Internet dial tone
• Internet has a hierarchical topology
– End Systems connected to local ISPs through access networks
– Access Network examples – LAN, telephone line with a modem, high
speed cable networks
– Local ISPs connected to regional ISPs, regional ISPs connected to
national & international ISPs
– Construction analogous with Lego construction
Role of Internet
• Allows distributed applications to exchange data with each
other
• Applications include: FTP, Telnet, Mail, WWW, distributed
games, video conferencing
• Provides two kinds of services
– Connection Oriented Service (TCP): Establish connection prior to data
exchange, coupled with reliable data transfer, flow control, congestion
control etc.
– Connectionless Service (UDP): No handshake prior to data exchange,
No acknowledgement of data received, no flow/congestion control
Internet – Information Flow

Modem
Multi-media Home

ISP
Ethernet
University Lan Security

Hosting Platform ISP

Origins of
Online Content
Protocols
A protocol defines the format and the order of messages
exchanged between two of more communicating entities
as well as the actions taken on the transmission and/or
receipt of a message or other event.

Hi TCP Connection Request

Hi TCP Connection Response

Got the Time? Get http://www.ibm.com/index.html

8:50 Index.html
TCP/IP – Internet
Addressing
• Each host on a TCP/IP internet is assigned a unique
32-bit internet address that is used in all
communication with that host.
• Conceptually each address is a pair (hostid, netid)
– Netid identifies a network
– Hostid identifies a host on that network
• Since IP addresses encode both a network and a host
on that network, they do not specify individual
computers, but a connection to a network
– A router which connects to n networks will have n addresses
– A multi-homed host will have multiple addresses
TCP/IP – Network & Broadcast
Addresses
• Internet addresses can be used to refer to networks as
well as individual hosts
– An address with all bits of the hostid equal to 0 is reserved
to refer to the network
• IP addresses can be used to specify a broadcast
– Directed broadcasts are used to broadcast messages to target
networks
– A directed broadcast address has a valid netid hostid with all
bits set to 1
– Local network broadcast address is used for broadcast to
local network independent of any host address
– Local broadcast address consists of 32 1’s
Problems with conventional IP
Addressing
• Inadequate to respond to the fast growth of networks
– Immense administrative overhead to manage network
addresses
– Routing tables in routers extremely large causing large
overheads when routers exchange routing table information
– Address space of networks will be eventually exhausted
(Already short of class B addresses)
• Original scheme modified to allow sharing of network
addresses
– Transparent Routers
– ARP
– Standard IP Subnets

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy