1.

What is the voltage at the inverting input of an ideal inverting op-amp if the non-inverting input
is grounded?

a) Equal to the voltage at the non-inverting input

b) Zero volts
c) Equal to the supply voltage
d) Dependent on the input signal voltage

Answer:
a) Equal to the voltage at the non-inverting input

 In an ideal op-amp, because of the virtual short concept, the voltage at the inverting input
will be the same as the non-inverting input, which is grounded, thus zero volts.

2. What is the purpose of the feedback resistor in an inverting op-amp circuit?

a) To provide a path for input current

b) To control the gain of the amplifier
c) To stabilize the output voltage
d) To decrease the bandwidth of the amplifier

Answer:
b) To control the gain of the amplifier

 The feedback resistor in conjunction with the input resistor determines the gain of the
inverting amplifier. The gain is given by the negative ratio of the feedback resistor to the
input resistor (−Rf/Ri-R_f/R_i−Rf/Ri).

3. How does the output of an inverting op-amp behave in response to a positive step input
voltage?

a) The output voltage steps up

b) The output voltage steps down
c) The output voltage remains unchanged
d) The output voltage becomes zero

Answer:
b) The output voltage steps down

 In an inverting amplifier, a positive step in input results in a negative step in output.

4. What is the phase difference between the input and output voltages in an inverting op-amp?

a) 0 degrees
b) 90 degrees
c) 180 degrees
d) 360 degrees
Answer:
c) 180 degrees

 The output of an inverting amplifier is 180 degrees out of phase with the input, meaning if
the input goes positive, the output goes negative, and vice versa.

5. If the feedback resistor Rf is 100kΩ and the input resistor Ri is 25kΩ, what is the gain of the
inverting op-amp?

a) -4
b) 4
c) -25
d) 25

Answer:
a) -4

 The gain AvA_vAv of an inverting op-amp is given by −Rf/Ri=−100k/25k=−4-R_f/R_i = -

100k/25k = -4−Rf/Ri=−100k/25k=−4.

6. Which component is essential for setting up the initial conditions in an inverting op-amp circuit
configuration?

a) Power supply
b) Capacitor
c) Ground connection
d) Diode

Answer:
c) Ground connection

 Grounding the non-inverting input is essential to establish a reference point for the op-
amp’s operation in inverting mode.

7. What is the effect of increasing the input resistor RiR_iRi in an inverting op-amp circuit, keeping
the feedback resistor RfR_fRf constant?

a) Increases the gain

b) Decreases the gain
c) No effect on the gain
d) Inverts the output phase

Answer:
b) Decreases the gain
  Increasing RiR_iRi while keeping RfR_fRf constant reduces the magnitude of the gain (−Rf/Ri-
R_f/R_i−Rf/Ri).

Here are some multiple-choice questions (MCQs) based on the Non-Inverting Operational
Amplifier (Op-Amp) configuration:

1. What is the gain of a non-inverting op-amp if the feedback resistor Rf is 100kΩ and the input
resistor Ri is 50kΩ?

a) 3
b) -2
c) 1
d) 2

Answer:
a) 3

 The gain Av of a non-inverting op-amp is given by 1+Rf/Ri . Therefore, the gain is

1+100k/50k=1+2=3

2. What is the phase relationship between the input and output in a non-inverting op-amp circuit?

a) The output is 180 degrees out of phase with the input.

b) The output is 90 degrees out of phase with the input.
c) The output is in phase with the input.
d) The output is 360 degrees out of phase with the input.

Answer:
c) The output is in phase with the input.

 In a non-inverting amplifier, the output voltage is in phase with the input voltage.

3. What happens to the output voltage of a non-inverting op-amp if the input voltage increases?

a) The output voltage decreases.

b) The output voltage increases.
c) The output voltage remains constant.
d) The output voltage becomes zero.

Answer:
b) The output voltage increases.

 In a non-inverting amplifier, an increase in input voltage leads to a proportional increase in

output voltage.

4. In a non-inverting op-amp, where is the input signal applied?

a) To the inverting input through a resistor.
b) Directly to the inverting input.
c) To the non-inverting input directly.
d) Through a feedback resistor to the non-inverting input.

Answer:
c) To the non-inverting input directly.

 The input signal in a non-inverting amplifier is applied directly to the non-inverting input.

5. Which configuration can be used to obtain a gain of less than 1 in a non-inverting op-amp
setup?

a) It is not possible to obtain a gain of less than 1.

b) By connecting a resistor from the output to the ground.
c) By reducing the feedback resistor Rf to zero.
d) By increasing the input resistor Ri

Answer:
a) It is not possible to obtain a gain of less than 1.

 The minimum gain in a non-inverting amplifier is 1, achieved when Rf is 0.

6. What is the role of the feedback resistor in a non-inverting op-amp configuration?

a) To decrease the bandwidth of the amplifier.

b) To increase the input impedance of the amplifier.
c) To control the gain of the amplifier.
d) To provide a path for input current.

Answer:
c) To control the gain of the amplifier.

 The feedback resistor Rf in conjunction with the input resistor Ri determines the gain of the
amplifier in a non-inverting setup.

7. What would be the result of short-circuiting the feedback path in a non-inverting op-amp
circuit?

a) The gain becomes undefined.

b) The gain becomes 1.
c) The op-amp will saturate at the supply voltage limits.
d) The circuit becomes unstable and oscillates.

Answer:
b) The gain becomes 1.

 Short-circuiting the feedback path effectively removes Rf , setting the gain to 1+Rf/Ri=1+0=1
From the circuit diagram and problem statement provided, we have an operational amplifier
configured as an inverting amplifier. The diagram specifies resistor values: Rf=137.5 kΩ and Ri=25 kΩ.

Calculations

Part (a) - RMS Value of Vo when Vin is 1.5 V rms

For an inverting op-amp, the voltage gain AvA_vAv is given by: Av=−Rf /Ri=−137.5 kΩ/25 kΩ=−5.5

Since Vin is 1.5 V rms, the output voltage Vo will be: Vo=Av⋅Vin=−5.5×1.5 V=−8.25 V rms

Part (b) - RMS Current in the 25-kΩ Resistor

The current through the input resistor RiR_iRi is: Ii=VinRi=1.5 V25 kΩ=0.06 mA rmsI_i =
\frac{V_{in}}{R_i} = \frac{1.5 \, V}{25 \, k\Omega} = 0.06 \, mA \, \text{rms}Ii=RiVin=25kΩ1.5V
=0.06mArms

Part (c) - Output Voltage when VinV_{in}Vin is -0.6 V dc

For a dc input: Vo=Av⋅Vin=−5.5×(−0.6 V)=3.3 VV_o = A_v \cdot V_{in} = -5.5 \times (-0.6 \, V) = 3.3 \,
VVo=Av⋅Vin=−5.5×(−0.6V)=3.3V

MCQs Based on the Calculations

MCQ 1: What is the rms value of the output voltage when the input voltage is 1.5 V rms?

a) -8.25 V
b) 8.25 V
c) 3.3 V
d) -3.3 V

Correct Answer: a) -8.25 V

MCQ 2: What is the rms current through the 25 kΩ resistor when the input voltage is 1.5 V rms?

a) 0.06 mA
b) 60 mA
c) 0.6 mA
d) 6 mA

Correct Answer: a) 0.06 mA

MCQ 3: What is the output voltage when the input voltage is -0.6 V dc?

a) 3.3 V
b) -3.3 V
c) -8.25 V
d) 8.25 V

Correct Answer: a) 3.3 V

These questions and solutions reflect the typical performance of an inverting op-amp configuration
and help assess understanding of operational amplifier basics, including gain calculations and
current through circuit components.

You said:

Based on the circuit diagram provided, which is configured as a non-inverting amplifier, here are the
detailed solutions for the values requested:

Given:

 R1=10 kΩR_1 = 10 \, k\OmegaR1=10kΩ

 Rf=30 kΩR_f = 30 \, k\OmegaRf=30kΩ

 VinV_{in}Vin (rms for part a and b, dc for part c) = 3 V rms and 0.6 V dc

Calculations:

a) RMS value of VoV_oVo when VinV_{in}Vin is 3 V rms

The voltage gain AvA_vAv for a non-inverting op-amp is given by: Av=1+RfR1=1+30 kΩ10 kΩ=4A_v =
1 + \frac{R_f}{R_1} = 1 + \frac{30 \, k\Omega}{10 \, k\Omega} = 4Av=1+R1Rf=1+10kΩ30kΩ=4

So, the output voltage VoV_oVo in rms will be: Vo=Av×Vin=4×3 V=12 V rmsV_o = A_v \times V_{in} =
4 \times 3 \, V = 12 \, V \, \text{rms}Vo=Av×Vin=4×3V=12Vrms

b) RMS value of the current in the 10 kΩ10 \, k\Omega10kΩ resistor

The current I1I_1I1 through R1R_1R1 (which can also be referred to as the input resistor in some
texts) with VinV_{in}Vin applied directly to it in a non-inverting configuration (i.e., no voltage drop
across it since it's between the non-inverting input and ground) is given by:
I1=VinR1=3 V10 kΩ=0.3 mA rmsI_1 = \frac{V_{in}}{R_1} = \frac{3 \, V}{10 \, k\Omega} = 0.3 \, mA \,
\text{rms}I1=R1Vin=10kΩ3V=0.3mArms

c) Output voltage when VinV_{in}Vin is -0.6 V dc

Vo=Av×Vin=4×(−0.6 V)=−2.4 VV_o = A_v \times V_{in} = 4 \times (-0.6 \, V) = -2.4 \, VVo=Av×Vin
=4×(−0.6V)=−2.4V

MCQs Based on the Solutions:

MCQ 1: What is the rms value of the output voltage when the input voltage is 3 V rms?

a) 3 V
b) 6 V
c) 12 V
d) 24 V

Correct Answer: c) 12 V

MCQ 2: What is the rms current through the 10 kΩ resistor when the input voltage is 3 V rms?

a) 0.03 mA
b) 0.3 mA
c) 3 mA
d) 30 mA

Correct Answer: b) 0.3 mA

MCQ 3: What is the output voltage when the input voltage is -0.6 V dc?

a) 2.4 V
b) -2.4 V
c) 0.6 V
d) -0.6 V

Correct Answer: b) -2.4 V

These questions and solutions effectively test the understanding of a non-inverting operational
amplifier's behavior, focusing on both AC and DC inputs. If you need further explanations or
additional questions, feel free to ask!
Here are additional multiple-choice questions (MCQs) based on the two operational amplifier
configurations we discussed: inverting and non-inverting. Each example will feature questions
designed to delve deeper into understanding and analyzing these common op-amp setups.

Additional MCQs for the Inverting Amplifier Configuration

Example 1: (Based on the initial inverting amplifier setup with Ri=25 kΩR_i = 25 \, k\OmegaRi=25kΩ
and Rf=137.5 kΩR_f = 137.5 \, k\OmegaRf=137.5kΩ)

MCQ 4: What is the gain of the inverting amplifier?

a) 5.5
b) -5.5
c) 137.5
d) -137.5

Correct Answer: b) -5.5

Explanation: The gain of an inverting amplifier is calculated as −Rf/Ri , which results in
−137.5 kΩ/25 kΩ=−5.5

MCQ 5: If the input voltage is doubled to 1.2 V, what is the resulting output voltage?

a) -6.6 V
b) 6.6 V
c) -13.2 V
d) 13.2 V

Correct Answer: c) -13.2 V

Explanation: Doubling the input voltage from 0.6 V to 1.2 V in an inverting amplifier with a gain of -
5.5 results in −5.5×1.2 V=−6.6 V.

Additional MCQs for the Non-Inverting Amplifier Configuration

Example 2: (Based on the non-inverting setup with R1=10 kΩ and Rf=30 kΩ

MCQ 6: If the feedback resistor Rf is halved, what is the new gain of the amplifier?

a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 2.5

Correct Answer: d) 2.5

MCQ 7: What is the impact on the output voltage if the input voltage becomes zero?

a) Output voltage is zero.

b) Output voltage is -0.6 V.
c) Output voltage remains at the last non-zero voltage level.
d) Output voltage becomes 3 V.

Correct Answer: a) Output voltage is zero.

Explanation: In a non-inverting amplifier, the output voltage directly follows the input when
multiplied by the gain. With an input of zero, the output is also zero regardless of the gain.
The diagram you've provided shows an operational amplifier (op-amp) set up as a comparator. In
this configuration, the output voltage VoV_oVo depends on whether the input voltage VinV_{in}Vin
is higher or lower than the reference voltage VrefV_{ref}Vref.

Circuit Configuration

 Vin=12sin⁡(31.4t)V_{in} = 12 \sin(31.4t)Vin=12sin(31.4t) V (sinusoidal input)

 Vref=−4V_{ref} = -4Vref=−4 V (DC reference voltage)

  Op-Amp Supply Voltage Vcc=±15V_{cc} = \pm 15Vcc=±15 V

Comparator Logic

 When Vin>VrefV_{in} > V_{ref}Vin>Vref, the output of the op-amp will switch to its positive
supply voltage (+15+15+15 V).

 When Vin<VrefV_{in} < V_{ref}Vin<Vref, the output of the op-amp will switch to its
negative supply voltage (−15-15−15 V).

Calculations for Output Voltage VoV_oVo

1. Calculate the maximum and minimum voltages of VinV_{in}Vin:

o Maximum Vin=+12V_{in} = +12Vin=+12 V

o Minimum Vin=−12V_{in} = -12Vin=−12 V

2. Compare VinV_{in}Vin with VrefV_{ref}Vref:

o The sinusoidal input will oscillate between +12 V and -12 V.

o Since Vref=−4V_{ref} = -4Vref=−4 V, VinV_{in}Vin will be greater than VrefV_{ref}Vref

whenever it exceeds -4 V.

Output Voltage VoV_oVo

 VinV_{in}Vin exceeds −4-4−4 V for more than half of each cycle. This means the output will
be at +15+15+15 V during these times.

 VinV_{in}Vin is below −4-4−4 V for the remaining part of the cycle. During these times, the
output will be at −15-15−15 V.

Graphical Representation

To draw the output voltage Vo, you would see a waveform that shifts sharply between +15 V and
−15-15−15 V as the input crosses the −4-4−4 V threshold. This results in a square wave output where
the high level corresponds to +15+15+15 V and the low level to −15 V.

Suggested MCQ Based on the Analysis:

What is the output voltage Vo of the comparator when Vin=0? a) +15V

b) −15 V
c) 0 V
d) −4 V

Correct Answer: a) +15 V

Explanation: Since 000 V is greater than −4 V, the output will be at the positive supply voltage, which
is +15 V.

The diagram illustrating the output voltage of the comparator circuit is shown above. It graphically
represents how the sinusoidal input voltage, peaking at 12 volts, crosses the -4 volt reference
threshold, resulting in a square wave output that alternates between +15 volts and -15 volts. This
visualization helps in understanding the behavior of the comparator in response to changes in the
input voltage relative to the reference voltage.
Based on the fundamental operation of a comparator, here are some multiple-choice questions
(MCQs) that test understanding and application in various scenarios:

MCQs on Comparator Operation

MCQ 1: What is the output of the comparator if Vin=0.5×Vref =0.5×Vref and Vref=2V?

a) +Vcc
b) –Vcc
c) 0 V
d) 1 V

Correct Answer: b) –Vcc

MCQ 2: If Vin oscillates between 3 V and -1 V, and Vref=1V, what is the maximum output voltage
of the comparator?

a) +Vcc

b) –Vcc
c) 1 V
d) -1 V

Correct Answer: a) +Vcc

MCQ 3: What happens to the output voltage when Vin is exactly equal to Vref ?

a) The output voltage will be 0 V.

b) The output voltage will be +Vcc

c) The output voltage will be –Vcc

d) The output state is undefined.

Correct Answer: d) The output state is undefined.

MCQ 4: In a temperature control system, if the comparator's Vref is set at 25°C and the sensor's
Vin is 30°C, what will be the comparator's output?

a) Turns on a cooling mechanism

b) Turns on a heating mechanism
c) No change in the mechanism
d) Both heating and cooling mechanisms turn on

Correct Answer: a) Turns on a cooling mechanism

MCQ 5: Which application is most suitable for a comparator?

a) Amplifying weak signals

b) Voltage regulation
c) Switching between two states based on an input threshold
d) Converting digital signals to analog signals

Correct Answer: c) Switching between two states based on an input threshold

Additional MCQs on Comparator Circuits

MCQ 6: When using a comparator in a battery voltage monitoring system, what is the
comparator's role?

a) To charge the battery when the voltage is low.

b) To provide a visual indication when the battery voltage falls below a set threshold.
c) To increase the battery voltage.
d) To stabilize the battery voltage.

Correct Answer: b) To provide a visual indication when the battery voltage falls below a set
threshold.
Explanation: Comparators are commonly used in voltage monitoring systems to provide alerts or
indications when the battery voltage falls below or exceeds certain thresholds.

MCQ 7: In a comparator circuit, what is the effect of adding hysteresis?

a) Increases the switching speed of the comparator.

b) Prevents the output from toggling rapidly due to noise near the threshold voltage.
c) Decreases the output voltage range of the comparator.
d) Allows the comparator to amplify signals.

Correct Answer: b) Prevents the output from toggling rapidly due to noise near the threshold
voltage.
MCQ 8: If the non-inverting input of a comparator is connected to a fixed reference voltage and
the inverting input receives a varying signal, what is the likely application?

a) Audio amplification
b) Light intensity detection
c) Pulse width modulation
d) Overvoltage protection

Correct Answer: d) Overvoltage protection

MCQ 9: What is the typical output state of a comparator when the inputs are unconnected?

a) High impedance state

b) +Vcc
c) –Vcc

d) Randomly switches between +Vcc and –Vcc

Correct Answer: d) Randomly switches between +Vcc and –Vcc

Explanation: Floating inputs lead to undefined and unstable comparator outputs, which can
randomly switch due to environmental noise.

MCQ 10: In a digital line following robot, how does a comparator assist in path detection?

a) It controls the speed of the motors.

b) It detects the contrast between the line and the surrounding surface.
c) It powers the sensors on the robot.
d) It communicates with a central computer for navigation instructions.

Correct Answer: b) It detects the contrast between the line and the surrounding surface.