Apostolic Vicariate of Bontoc-Lagawe Educational System

CATHOLIC SCHOOLS IN MOUNTAIN PROVINCE

HEALTH 9
QUARTER III
INJURY PREVENTION, SAFETY, AND
FIRST AID (UNINTENTIONAL)
ENHANCED CONTENT STANDARD:
The learner demonstrates an understanding of first-aid principles and
procedures to develop care for others.

ENHANCED PERFORMANCE STANDARD:

The learner performs first-aid procedures accurately and with compassion,
ensuring both the
on, characteristics, physical
organ and
systems; of emotional
evolution and thewell-being of those
ecosystem.arners receiving
integrate care. of living
their understanding
things; their historical development, origin, reproduction, characteristics, organ systems; of evolution and the
ecosystem.
The learner performs first aid procedures with accuracy.
ENHANCED LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
The learner
1. Break down concepts and principles of first aid and apply them in a given
situation.
2. Assesses unintentional injuries in a school setting and suggests appropriate
dressing and bandaging.
3. Performs proper first aid procedure for transporting the victim.
4. Performs proper first aid procedure for common unintentional injuries.

LESSON 1: First Aid Basics

LESSON 2: Dressing and Bandaging

LESSON 3: Transporting the Victim

LESSON 4: Common Unintentional Injuries

Submitted by: Norryn P. Cawed

San Alfonso High School, Incorporated

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 LESSON 1: BASICS OF FIRST AID

“Prevention is better than cure.” Practicing this principle advocates safety awareness which is essential
in achieving quality of life. But our immediate environment poses a danger to everyone. No place is considered
safe not even in the comfort of our homes. Accidents may happen to anybody at any place, at any time. Thus,
taking the right safety measures greatly helps prevent accidents and injuries. Nevertheless, when accidents
happen, it is important to have the knowledge and skills to deal with them. Having knowledge and skills in safety
education and injury prevention could help you, your loved ones, and other people in your community during
emergencies.
This learner’s material offers you a wide array of information that can start you on the road to injury
prevention. It focuses on the common unintentional injuries that may happen at home, in your school, at work,
and even in recreational areas, and analyzes why such injuries occur. To prevent or reduce the risks of these
serious injuries, you will learn the concepts and principles of safety education, practice the habits of observing
appropriate personal safety measures; and take responsibility for your safety and that of others by performing
appropriate skills and knowledge in first aid procedure.

Let us check your knowledge about First aid. Here are some situations that could happen to anyone. Try
asking yourself, what will be your immediate response for the following situations?

1. Your younger sister cuts her finger with a knife.

2. Your friend falls down the stairs from the 2nd floor and can hardly stand.
3. A man in the street is bumped by a car, he is unconscious and has bleeding on his head.
4. You accidentally slipped and threw a pot of boiling water to your little sister’s back.
5. Your classmate has drunk poison.
6. One summer while outdoor cleaning, one of your neighbors suddenly fainted.
7. During a basketball game, you fell and twisted your ankle.
8. Your grandfather slips into the comfort room and thinks he broke his right arm.
9. Your cousin who does not know how to swim falls into a deep river.
10. While eating, you notice your brother is holding his throat and can’t even speak.

What are UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES?

Unintentional injuries are sometimes called accidental injuries. An accident is a sequence of unexpected
events that could result in injury, property damage, and even death. Examples of these accidents are vehicular
accidents, poisoning, drowning, and household fires.

What is safety education?

Safety education includes knowledge, skills, and attitudes that could help minimize or avoid risks or
dangers at home, school, community, and in any situation.
When one is equipped with safety education knowledge, skills, and attitude, one is in a better position to
avoid danger and, maximize the quality of his or her daily activities.

What is First Aid?

First Aid is an immediate and temporary care given to a person who suddenly gets ill or injured. It
includes self-help and home care if medical assistance is not available or delayed. It can mean the
difference between life and death in extreme cases. However, we must know the limits of the first
aid we can give because improper first aid can do more harm than good in some instances. Anyone
who gives first aid is a first aider.

Objectives of First Aid Characteristics of a Good First Aider

1. To save lives 1. Gentle-does not cause pain and panic
2. To prolong life 2. Observant-notices all signs
3. To alleviate suffering 3. Resourceful-makes the best use of things at
4. To prevent further injury hand
4. Tactful- does not frighten the victim (careful with
their words in dealing with their patient)
5. Sympathetic- comforts and reassures the victim

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 In performing first aid, there must be a guideline and procedure to follow. It is important that a first-aider
must follow the procedures when providing treatment. This is to avoid further injury or problems arising from the
first aid treatment done.

Here are the Guidelines and Procedures:

1. Obtain the consent of the victim if possible.
Before helping a patient, ask the patient if he/she allows you to perform primary care, this is possible if the
patient is conscious. You can ask the patient “Can I help you?”, “Can I apply basic First-aid?
2. Gain the confidence of the Victim. Check if the victim is conscious or not.
3. Assess the victim’s problems and which of them requires immediate first aid.
Check on the victim’s possible injuries. For example, he had bruises on his arms and bleeding on his head,
which of these two do you think requires immediate first aid or response?
4. Seek medical care if necessary. As a first aider, it is your responsibility to call for medical help if necessary,
remember that not all unintentional injuries need to be taken to the hospital.
5. Get useful information about the victim for use in attending medical personnel.
These will be helpful to the medical personnel when they arrive, in case your patient loses consciousness,
at least there is information acquired from the patient.

Principles of First Aid

(Dos in Giving First Aid) (Don’ts in Giving First Aid)
1. DO stay calm. 1. DON’T give food and drink to an
2. DO reassure and comfort the victim. unconscious person.
3. DO check for a medical bracelet 2. DON’T move an injured person unless you
indicating a condition, such as epilepsy or need to place him/her in the recovery position.
diabetes.
4. DO loosen any tight clothing.
5. DO keep the victim covered to reduce
shock

Roles and responsibility of First Aider

1. It is a bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physician.
2. It is not intended to compete with or to take the place of the services of the physician.
3. It ends when the services of the physician begin.
He or she does not take the place of the services of the physician or a doctor. It means his/her role stops or
ends when the physician begins.
4. It is also the role of the First aider to gain access to the victim, it means as a first aider he/she has access to
the victim just like calling the family member of the victim in times of emergency.
5. Determines any threats to the patient’s life.
6. Calls for medical care as needed.
7. Provides needed care for the patient.
8. Records all findings and care given to the patient. As a first aider, it is your task to take note of all the findings
of the patient. Remember the signs and symptoms of the patient until the physician arrives, so that it will be
easier for the physician to check on the patient.

Now that you are informed of the basics of First Aid. Let us now look into the different procedures for
assessing a victim.
There are two procedures for assessing a victim in an emergency. It is a primary and secondary survey.

What is the difference between the two surveys?

Primary survey Secondary survey

This is a quick and systematic survey of the person A secondary survey is used when the victim is
to find out if there are conditions or injuries sustained conscious or has revived. It aims to detect
as life-threatening. everything about the patient’s condition.

1. Is anyone in danger?
• If yes, can the danger be easily managed?

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• If not, call for emergency help and protect the scene
2. Move to the quietest victim
• Gently shake the shoulder and ask questions, "Kasano kabsat, and apay di mo?"
• if the victim responds, treat any life-threatening conditions
• If there is no response, check the airway
3. open the airway
• do the "head-tilt-chin lift method.
• Lift the chin, remove any obstructions present, and then tilt back the head.
4. Check for breathing.
• If breathing, check for and treat any life-threatening conditions and place in a recovery position.
• If not breathing, give two rescue breaths; pinch the nose, seal your mouth over the victim's mouth, and
breathe into the person.
5. look for signs of circulation
Start cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
• Combine rescue breathing with chest compressions
• Continue rescue breathing, checking for signs of circulation every minute
If the victim is a child or an adult who has suffered from drowning or accident, proceed directly to the CPR
Otherwise, look for signs of life such as
movement and normal skin color for a few
seconds

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SIGNS AND

SYMPTOMS
Signs are details discovered by applying your Symptoms are sensations that the victim feels or
senses – sight, touch, hearing, and smell during experiences and may be able to describe.
the examination. Example: Bleeding, Swelling, Example: Nausea, Vomiting, Heat, Impaired
Deformities, sensation

There are two ways to conduct a physical examination when giving first aid:
1. PRIMARY SURVEY
A primary survey of the victim is used when the victim is unconscious to find out and immediately treat life-
threatening conditions.
A. Check for Consciousness
• Ask the victim: “Hey, hey, are you okay?” while carefully shaking the victim’s shoulder.
• When there is no response, not even mumbles or groans, the victim is unconscious and in need of
immediate medical help.
B. Open the Airway
• The victim’s unconsciousness may be due to an obstruction in his/her airway. It may also be caused by
a narrowed airway making breathing impossible.
• Find out if there is a loss of muscular control in the throat area, allowing the tongue to slip back and block
the throat.
• Lift the chin and tilt the head of the victim (if the victim is an adult). This way you can lift the tongue from
the back of the throat, leaving the airway clear.
C. Check for Breathing
• Put your face near the victim’s mouth and look, listen, and feel for breathing. It would be best if you
observed Chest movement, the sound of breathing, or the feel of breath on your cheek.
D. Check for Circulation
• Locate the pulse using your middle and index finger. Pulse indicates blood circulation, which is essential
for the heart and brain to function.
• Poor blood circulation may be reflected in the pale color of the skin. This is fatal.
• To revive circulation, perform CPR immediately.

2. SECONDARY SURVEY
A secondary survey is used when the victim is conscious or has revived. It aims to detect everything about
the patient’s condition.

A. History Taking - SAMPLE PAIN is the mnemonic to perform the steps more easily.

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• S- Symptoms (the chief complaint of the patient)
• A- Allergy (find out if the victim is allergic to anything)
• M- Medication (what are the medicines s/he is currently taking)
• P- Previous illness (that may be related to the problem)
• L- Last meal (only for those subject to
operation) NO-NO in Getting Pulse Rate
• E-Events before what happened • Never use your thumb; it has its own pulse.
• P-Period of pain (How long? What started • Do not palpate both the carotid arteries at the same
it?) time.
• A-Area (Where is the pain coming from?) • Do not take the pulse when the victim is in sitting
• I-Intensity position.
• N-Nullify (What stopped it?) • Pulsations disappear as the victim is elevated to a
sitting position.
B. Checking for Vital Signs • Never put too much pressure or massage the carotid.
• You may disturb the heart’s electrical conduction
I. Pulse rate system.
Steps in checking the pulse:
Use your fingertips to get the pulse.

Follow the following procedure:

1. Place the fingertip over an artery where it either crosses a bone or lies close to the skin.
2. Feel the pulsations as the pressure wave of blood causes the vessel wall to expand – that is the
pulse.

USE THE TABLE BELOW AS YOUR BASIS FOR CHECKING THE PATIENT’S PULSE RATE.
Normal Pulse Rate
60-70 beats per minute men
70-80 beats per minute Women
80-90 beats per minute Children over 7 years
80-120 beats per minute Children over 1-7 years old
110-130 beats per minute Infants

ii. Check for the Temperature

Guidelines for checking temperature:
It is important to monitor the temperature in the case of stroke and high fever.
Body temperature is measured by using a thermometer within the:
1. Rectum (rectal)
2. Oral (mouth)
3. Axillary (armpit)
iii. Respiration -respiration refers to the breaths per minute.
Guidelines for checking respiration:
✓ Count the number of breaths per minute. (1 inhale and 1 exhale is equal to 1 respiration)
✓ A whistling sound or wheeze and difficulty in breathing may mean an asthma attack.
✓ A gurgling or snoring noise and difficulty in breathing may mean that the tongue, mucous, or something
else is stuck in the throat and does not let enough air get through.
• Between12-20 breaths per minute are normal for adults and older children;
• 40 breaths per minute is normal for babies
iv. Skin color
Guidelines for checking skin color:
✓ Skin color reflects the circulation of blood and the saturation of oxygen in the blood.
✓ The presence of mucous around the mouth, inner eyelids, and nail beds is a sign of poor blood
circulation.
✓ Healthy skin is warm and pink because blood flows normally in the blood vessels.
C. Head to Toe Examination
I. Head and neck
✓ Are there any lacerations or contusions in the area?
✓ Is there a presence of blood in the victim’s hair? If yes, immediately find out where it is coming from.
✓ Is there any fluid in the victim’s nose, and ears? If so, the victim has a skull fracture.
ii. Eyes - Pay close attention to the pupils.

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 Pupil Appearance Assessment
Dilated pupil State of shock
Very small pupils Poison or use of prohibited drugs
Different size Head injury that requires immediate attention
Small and bright Pupils reactive
No reaction DEATH

iii. Chest
✓ Check for cuts, bruises, penetrations, and other impairments.
✓ If the victim feels pain while you apply pressure onto his/ her chest, there could be a rib fracture.
iv. Abdomen
✓ Does the victim’s abdomen hurt? Where is the pain coming from?
✓ Is his/ her abdomen tender?
✓ Did you feel any lumps? If yes, get immediate medical assistance.
v. Back
✓ Is there movement in the victim’s lower extremities?
✓ Is there a sensation in these parts? If the answer is yes, do not move the victim. Immobilize him/ her.

REMEMBER THIS! Top Ten Things to do in case of emergency

1. Shout for HELP!
2. Survey the scene and assess the situation.
3. Determine if the accident warrants a visit to the nearest hospital or if simple cleansing and Band-Aid will
do.
4. If you are certified in CPR and a victim needs it, begin CPR right away.
5. Stop the bleeding, if there is any.
6. Treat any symptoms of shock.
7. Look for the medical alert tag on every victim.
8. Seek trained medical assistance.
9. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious victim.
10. Wait for medical professionals to arrive.

*ALWAYS LOOK FOR A MEDICAL ALERT TAG ON EVERY VICTIM.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 1

In a 1 whole sheet of paper let the students make their own concept map that summarizes the
basics of first aid (principles, roles, responsibilities and characteristics of a good first aider).

________________________________________________________________________________________

LESSON 2: DRESSING AND BANDAGING

Welcome to your next safety adventure. This will be another and new exciting trip where you will learn about
dressing and bandaging on wounds and burns and basic first-aid for common unintentional injuries.
What are dressings and bandages?
A dressing is a piece of sterile cloth that covers a
wound to prevent infection and/or to stop bleeding.
Sterile means clean cloth, if you are the first aider,
you can make use of a clean handkerchief as your
dressing.
Bandages are used to apply pressure to bleeding;
cover wounds and burns; and provide support for the
immobilization of broken bones, sprains, and strains.

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There are three main types of bandages namely:

Triangular, ace, and tubular. A triangular bandage is made

from cloth and can be used as a cold compress, padding,
pressure support, or support sling. Ace bandage secures
dressings in place. The tubular bandage is used to support
joints or hold dressings in place. The smaller tubular
bandage is used for finger injuries.

A. TRIANGULAR BANDAGE B. CRAVAT BANDAGE

It is commonly used to support fractures It is a folded triangular bandage.
and dislocations.
This can be used to form slings and cravats.

❖ In using bandages and dressing, keep in mind the following:

a. Always use a square knot.
b. Keep the cloth sterile to avoid infection.
c. Always keep the ends.

2. The bandaging technique depends upon the size and location of the wound, your first aid skills, and the materials at
hand.
3. Bandage firmly over bleeding and securely over the broken bone, not so tight so as not to cut off blood circulation.
4. When wrapping bandages around the body, such as knees, ankles, neck, and small back, use its natural hollows to
slide the bandage gently into place.
5. Since most injuries swell, check regularly to ensure that the bandage is still comfortable and that it remains firmly
secured.
6. Secure the bandage with tape, clips, or a bow or square knot. Ensure that the bandages, especially the knots, do not
touch the skin.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 2
Hands on
Divide the class into 10 groups (depending on the availability of bandage). The students will
perform the following.
1. Demonstrates appropriate bandaging techniques for unintentional injuries.
2.Assesses unintentional injuries in a school setting.

LESSON 3: TRANSPORTING THE VICTIM

Transporting an injured person to a safer place requires great care. A first aider must undergo proper training.
When doing this, a first aider must consider the following factors:

a. weight and height of the victim

b. Status of the victim (conscious or unconscious)
c. Environment (safe, the floor is smooth, narrow or wide)
d. Special need considerations (injuries of the victims)

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 I. ONE-MAN TRANSPORT or ONE-MAN CARRY
A. ANKLE PULL – This is the quickest way to move a victim in a short distance as long as the ground is
flat and even.
Steps:
• Hold the victim in the ankles or pants.
• Pull with your legs and back as straight as possible
• Keep pulling on a straight line as possible.
• Watch over the head for possible bounce on uneven surfaces.
B. SHOULDER PULL- This method supports the head of the victim. It is
preferred over the ankle pull. The rescuer should bend over at the waist while
pulling.
Steps:
• Hold the victim by the clothing under the shoulders.
• Support the head by keeping your arms on both sides of the head.

C. ONE-PERSON LIFT- This method is suitable for

children or very light people
Steps:
Put your arms under the victim’s knees and around their back.

D. FIREFIGHTER CARRY- This is used to carry a victim over longer distances. Positioning the victim
demands the presence of an experienced rescuer or another person’s assistance.
Steps:
The victim is placed over one shoulder
Wrap one arm across the victim’s legs and grip the victim’s opposite arm.

E. BLANKET PULL is an ideal way of pulling a victim as the victim is relatively safe
with a blanket.
Steps:
• Position the victim on the blanket
• Make sure the victim’s head is 2 feet from one corner of the blanket.
• See to it that the blanket is safely wrapped around the victim
• Pull with your legs, with your back as straight as
possible

F. PACK STRAP CARRY- this is usually done to carry

victims in longer distances
Steps:
Place both victim’s arms over your shoulders
Cross the victim’s arms, holding the wrists with arms, close to your chest.
Balance the load with your hips and support the victim with your legs.

ii. TWO-PERSON CARRY

A. HUMAN CRUTCH/ B. FOUR-HAND SEAT C. TWO-HAND D. CHAIR CARRY –
TWO-PERSON DRAG - - This is useful SEAT- Usually used this is used for carrying
for conscious victims, when there is a need for transporting the victim up and down
rescuers can serve as for a conscious victim unconscious victims the stairs or through
crutches in swinging their to be moved to over long distances. narrow uneven areas
legs. For unconscious moderate distances. using a sturdy chair
victims, rescuers can Likewise, victims with no wheels.
simply move the victim out should be able to stand
immediately, quickly, and unsupported and be
easily.

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 capable of holding
themselves upright

iii. THREE-MAN CARRY

A. HAMMOCK CARRY – B. THREE-PERSON
three or more rescuers CARRY OR
alternately position STRETCHER LIFT is
themselves on both used to lift victims on a
sides of the victim, with bed or stretcher, and for
the strongest rescuer on transporting them in short
the side with fewer distances.
rescuers.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 3
Hands on
Divide the class into 10 groups (at least four members per group). The students will perform the
following.
➢ Performs proper first aid procedure for transporting the victim.
1. One man carries
2. Two men carry
3. Three men carry

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LESSON 4: COMMON UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES

A wound is a break in the continuity of tissue in the body. It may be closed so that
1. WOUND there is no break or damage to the skin. It is also called hematoma or contusions
(pasa). A wound may also be an open wound in which there is a break in the skin.
Kinds of Open Wounds
1. Puncture is a 2. Abrasion is 3. Incision is a cut 4. Laceration is a blunt 5. Avulsion is a
piercing wound caused by rubbing caused by a breaking or tearing of forcible tearing or
caused by nails, or scraping the knife, broken soft tissues usually partial tearing
needles, and other skin against a glass, or any resulting from away of tissues
pointed objects rough surface. sharp object. mishandling tools and
other accidents.

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A. For the management of hematoma,
we use the mnemonic RICE:
• Resting the injured part
• Ice application How to Manage
• Compression Wounds:
• Elevation

B. First Aid for Open Wounds with Severe Bleeding

1. Wear gloves and remove or cut clothing as necessary to expose the wound.
2. Control bleeding by applying direct pressure. (Apply direct pressure can be performed using hands or
bandages over the wound, press the wound)
3. Elevate the injured part above the heart except for eye injury and wounds with the
embedded object.
4. Cover the wound with sterile dressing and bandage.

Is a break or crack in a bone, an open fracture pierces the

FRACTURE skin surface while in a closed fracture, the skin above is
intact.

• Check for vital signs.

• Do not move the injured part.
• Stop bleeding if there are any.
• If you have to move the person,
immobilize the broken part by splinting,
• (A splint is a piece of wood or plastic
used to support the injury, it is secured in
the body to prevent the injured area from
moving)
• Seek medical help immediately

DISLOCATION Is a partial or complete displacement of the bones.

• Call for help immediately.

• Splint the affected part.
• Do not try to move a dislocated part or force it back into place.
• Apply ice on the injured part to reduce swelling.

Is an injury caused by the twisting or

STRAIN pulling of a muscle or tendon beyond
normal activity? It is a result of improper
use of muscles. This is common to those who love hiking or
runners who do not perform stretching before the activity.

• Put the victim in a comfortable

position taking off pressure from a strained
muscle.
FIRST AID • Apply an ice pack or cold pads for 10-25 min. Every hour for the first day.
• And 3-4 hours after which. Do this for 3 days.
• Rest the injured area for at least a day. Do not use the muscles while it is still
painful.

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 - An injury to the ligaments around a joint that can be stretched or torn. Ankle and
SPRAIN knee sprains are the most common sprains.

• Rest the injured part.

• Ice –apply ice packs
• Compress the injured part (bandage the
area)
• Elevate the injured part.

Heat exhaustion is caused by the loss of salt and water due to excessively high
HEAT EXHAUSTION temperatures. This may lead to heat stroke and even death.
• Transport a victim to a cool place
• Give him/her plenty of water.
• Check for vital signs.
• Seek medical help

Is consuming food or drink that is contaminated with bacteria or viruses.

FOOD POISONING
• Help the person to lie down and rest.
• Give him plenty of flavorless fluid to drink and a bowl to use If he/she vomits.
• Call for medical help if this condition worsens.

CHOKING Choking results when a foreign object blocks the throat

• Ask the person if he or she is choking

• Encourage her or him to cough
• When the person cannot speak or stops coughing, give him five back
blows. Stand behind him and help him lean forward. Support his chest
with one hand and give him sharp blows with the heel of your hand.
• If back blows fail, try abdominal thrusts. Stand behind the person and
put your arms around the upper part of his abdomen. Clench your fit
with thumbs inward. Place it between the navel and the bottom of the
breastbone. Grasp your fist with your other hand. Pull sharply, inwards,
and upwards up to five times.
• Check his mouth if an obstruction is not cleared, repeat the back blows
and abdominal thrust.
• If obstruction still has not cleared. Call for an ambulance, and continue until help arrives.

Happens when air cannot get into the lungs because of water. It can cause immediate
DROWNING death when taken for granted.
• Lay the person down on his/her back
• Check to breathe and open the airways
• Give rescue breaths and chest compression if necessary.
• If the person is breathing, place him /her in the recovery positions
• Treat for hypothermia by removing wet clothing and covering him/her with a dry blanket.
Is caused by a sudden obstruction of blood supply to the part of the heart muscles.
HEART ATTACK • Help the person sit or lie down with the head elevated
▪ Call for medical help
▪ If the person is conscious, give him or her a full dose of aspirin and advise him/her to
chew it slowly.
▪ Constantly monitor the vital signs.
▪ Be prepared to give rescue breaths and chest compression.
Burns are often due to domestic incidents such as touching a hot iron.
BURNS Friction (rope burn) or spilling boiling water on the skin
• For minor burns, flood the injured area with cold water for at least 10 minutes to stop
burning and relieve pain.
• Put on gloves and cover the area with sterile non-adhesive dressing or bandage

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 • For severe burns, help the person to lie down and prevent the burnt areas from coming into contact
with the ground.
• Seek medical assistance, do not delay medical help
• Wear disposable gloves and gently remove any rings, watches, belts, shoes, or smoldering, clothing
before the tissues begin to swell.
• Carefully remove any burnt clothing unless it is sticking to the skin, and cover the burnt area with a non-
adhesive dressing or bandage.
• Continue to monitor vital signs.
• Reassure casualty and treat for shocks.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 4

In a one whole sheet of paper the students will create a concept map of common unintentional
injuries.

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