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Content Beyond Syllabus For DSD

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22 views4 pages

Content Beyond Syllabus For DSD

Uploaded by

saranya
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Digital System Design Using Verilog

Introduction to Verilog

Verilog is a hardware description language (HDL) used extensively in digital circuit design and
verification. It enables designers to model and simulate complex digital systems, making it an
essential tool in modern electronic design automation (EDA). Verilog allows for both behavioral and
structural modeling, enabling designers to create reusable and scalable designs.

Key Concepts in Verilog

1. Modules: The basic building blocks of a Verilog design. A module encapsulates a specific
functionality and can include inputs, outputs, and internal signals.

2. Data Types: Verilog supports various data types, including:

o wire: Used for connecting different components.

o reg: Used to store values in procedural blocks.

o integer: For arithmetic operations.

3. Procedural Blocks: always and initial blocks define behavior. always blocks are triggered by
events, while initial blocks execute once at the start of simulation.

Example Designs

1. D Flip-Flop

A D flip-flop captures the value of the input (D) on the rising edge of the clock (clk). It is fundamental
in synchronous circuits.

verilog

Copy code

module d_flip_flop (

input clk,

input reset,

input d,

output reg q

);

always @(posedge clk or posedge reset) begin

if (reset)

q <= 0;

else

q <= d;

end
endmodule

This module demonstrates basic concepts such as edge-triggering and synchronous reset.

2. 4-bit Ripple Carry Adder

A ripple carry adder adds two 4-bit numbers with a carry-in, producing a sum and a carry-out.

verilog

Copy code

module ripple_carry_adder (

input [3:0] a,

input [3:0] b,

input carry_in,

output [3:0] sum,

output carry_out

);

wire c1, c2, c3;

full_adder fa0 (.a(a[0]), .b(b[0]), .cin(carry_in), .sum(sum[0]), .cout(c1));

full_adder fa1 (.a(a[1]), .b(b[1]), .cin(c1), .sum(sum[1]), .cout(c2));

full_adder fa2 (.a(a[2]), .b(b[2]), .cin(c2), .sum(sum[2]), .cout(c3));

full_adder fa3 (.a(a[3]), .b(b[3]), .cin(c3), .sum(sum[3]), .cout(carry_out));

endmodule

module full_adder (

input a,

input b,

input cin,

output sum,

output cout

);

assign sum = a ^ b ^ cin;

assign cout = (a & b) | (cin & (a ^ b));

endmodule
This example highlights how modular design simplifies complex systems.

3. 3-to-8 Decoder

A 3-to-8 decoder converts a 3-bit binary input into one of eight outputs.

verilog

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module decoder_3to8 (

input [2:0] in,

output reg [7:0] out

);

always @(*) begin

out = 8'b00000000; // Default case

out[in] = 1'b1; // Activate the corresponding output

end

endmodule

Decoders are crucial in memory addressing and data routing.

4. Traffic Light Controller

This state machine example controls a traffic light system based on clock cycles.

verilog

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module traffic_light_controller (

input clk,

input reset,

output reg [1:0] lights // 00=Red, 01=Green, 10=Yellow

);

reg [2:0] state;

parameter S_RED = 3'b000, S_GREEN = 3'b001, S_YELLOW = 3'b010;

always @(posedge clk or posedge reset) begin

if (reset)

state <= S_RED;

else
case (state)

S_RED: state <= S_GREEN;

S_GREEN: state <= S_YELLOW;

S_YELLOW: state <= S_RED;

endcase

end

always @(*) begin

case (state)

S_RED: lights = 2'b00;

S_GREEN: lights = 2'b01;

S_YELLOW: lights = 2'b10;

endcase

end

endmodule

State machines are prevalent in control systems and sequential logic designs.

Conclusion

Verilog provides a powerful and flexible framework for designing digital systems. Its ability to model
complex behaviors and structures makes it indispensable for engineers. From simple flip-flops to
intricate traffic controllers, Verilog helps create robust digital circuits that power modern technology.
As designs grow in complexity, understanding and utilizing Verilog effectively becomes increasingly
important for successful digital system implementation

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