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EVOLUTION… process
biological population
inheritable
Mechanisms of characteristics
successive generations
Evolution
Change in Populations
of the population
develops in a long
period of time
adapt to the changes in
their environment

How does evolution work?

Individual organisms cannot
Evolution - What
evolve. Populations of a particular happens?
species evolve. Natural selection Evolution occurs when
acts on the range of phenotypes in there is a change in allele
a population. Microevolution frequency which produces a
new species.
occurs as the frequency of alleles
in a population changes.

Gene Pool
Definition of Terms
Gene Pool Allelic Frequency Genetic Equilibrium Allelic Frequency Genetic Equilibrium

This exists when

% of a specific the frequency of
All alleles of the
allele in the gene alleles remains
population’s genes.
pool.
the same over
generations. The
population is not
evolving.

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Population Genetics Genetic Evolution

●the study of evolution among a change in gene

groups of the same species frequency over time

from a genetic point of view Gene frequency: What
●Evolution at the genetic level is percent of an allele is
sometimes called microevolution. present in a population

Mechanisms of Evolution
01 Natural Selection Natural Selection
Individuals with the best adapted
02 Genetic Drift
phenotypes will survive and pass on
their genes to the next generation.
03 Mutation

04 Gene Flow

05 Non-Random Mating

Charles Darwin
●More famously to have created the Natural
Selection Theory of Evolution
●Bought the HMS Beagle setting sail around
the 5 continents
●Published a book called The Origin of
Species
●Inspired by Thomas Robert Malthus’s essay
on demography
●Sent a joint letter with Alfred Russel Wallace

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01 Natural 02 Artificial
Selection Selection Genetic Drift
Occurs due to environmental Occurs due to direct human Genetic drift occurs when the allele
changes for the purpose of intervention for the purpose of
frequency of a population changes by
surviving fulfilling specific roles
chance.

Types of Genetic Drift

01 Founder Effect 02 Bottleneck Effect

Mutation
A mutation in a parent’s DNA could
result in offspring with different
alleles, changing the allele frequency of
the population

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Gene Flow
Gene flow is any movement of genes
from one population to another.
– Wind, habitat change, moving, etc. can
all cause organisms to migrate, causing
gene flow

Non-Random Mating Hardy-Weinberg

• If organisms can choose their
equilibrium
mating partners, then the more principle
desirable alleles will have a higher ●says that allele frequencies in a
frequency in future populations population will remain constant
– This is called sexual selection. Sexual in the absence of the five factors
selection can result in some bizarre that could change them.
traits.