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20 views42 pagesCyber Security Technical Seminar Report
In 32 pages about abstarct and in detail about cyber security
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
20 views42 pagesCyber Security Technical Seminar Report
In 32 pages about abstarct and in detail about cyber security
Uploaded by
akshayyadavbusariCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 42
Scanned with CamScanner Compfler Ve. Interpreter
* fn faterpeeter % another way of finplemedfiug a Pecqpram mig
fonguoge
* An Inte dnetey works Stinfloe to 2 Compiles fn most af-the phases
(Phe Lerfeal, symlot ,and Seman. analyts Fe perfoimed fos
eer op Gyr
[ Ceps) ;
[mom ,
OP [=e] 1
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aN Ps vert
Usfg hia grammar; the otat-of the gfven-afalemed Fv fie
dertuiag she slalemed -frem grammar.
Z YIN
Glpr>
ASS
~ * C fepn )
° JIN
9
We
f
m7 La
& t
i
Fa! parce ree tw bx (0-44)
¥ S0 dhe ‘output of the prcer fe a parse tee crepiesesteton of.
the pRogram.
# Me parser & gqemrally aepreseted as puch-daon _auitomaile.,
many ouitomated -fools are availobls. fos dexignig parsers,
A ed trols: are vied tor ~
ynec and Bisen ore widely used tools: Preto nadie parser. Genevadtorss—
LUMO DO
win tne help of. CPG.) these generat pioduce
Sqatar analyzers (parse aiee).’ out of all phases ofa compfhs,
+he mos compet & paxshag - Me Hteolt avaslable -frs porttog
are acc an Gon.
3) “Scammer Generdlors >—
eres ena
“These genres auucto med fealty qunerdle lexfead-
ancl yers( the Gheam af tokens), for example , Let ; Plet-
3 Syater — Dreited “translation Ege =
cence ele,
“mese tres take the parte tee a fopat
ond produce priermedsle code with us nee address -formad|
°
4) Automatic Code Genererint S's —
De eco of Aules tual dofne a2
translation Of cash cperctton Of tus Folermedtite language for
Scanned with CamScanner
" ry
she tovget emeLdne - \
TD peeoim good cole opttnt 09 | ce eed
4o undvitond had tnpymaton floos aco dHoed Pat
of © propia medal flo engives” gaits tes tafosnaiod
about hao Valuet are transmitted from one past do ol
Parks “of the paogyain-
9) Global optinfjens 3
manne”
Global epltinger Pa Language and compfler Podependost}
Gt can be tetargeted and # supports 0 mumber of art Flecurd
GU & vsefad Pf you teed a back end for tue compiler tua
londles cede optintyscton -
Retargettag $— Creatfug mere and mote tompflers fot tne game
fovrce Longuage bt for differed machines -f called retargeting.
+ Retorgetable Compre , alto called. cqess compfler Gt P52. Compfles
wot con be modified eastly 40 geneile tode oy depecot
ard Secure. But dhe code pe & lec -epared-
for ecample:— Gf thee % & C’ Comgfler baat phoduces code
for poor markfne Teo ; RebA protest, MeN we usact a
‘comprler dof a bedler mah fae ptuat % P60 ,6¢-b prcceccor.
¥ 70 destin a ‘C? compre’ -dor PeG0 , 22 det Lowe to Shoat tos
design rom lexfea) analyst. As fiort end F Fidepended af
forget mack.foe and completely dependect ‘en source hamguage
toke re frontend of T800 and design the back end for P60
machine» Combine the fort end and backend wad oo
w comptler dot fibor vofin +uin advatlage we can credle
~ at mony a8 compliers for depend aatitedes. ‘
Scanned with CamScanner slao= Sage Model of Compt talfon
[eee
Ufinalysts ste analysis pat of compte analyses brcoks up the
fovice program fro Consttued pieces and crodlos an falermedicle.
nepreseatetion of Soxcetet.
8. Sunines’s ¢— Syathest’s part of Compiler conshod’ “the: desfied
Aovgh machine code from dhe -fnlermediale crepresedation
¥ Most cemptlers "1 destgned as hoo-stage Sytem’ me feet stage
fouses on anabypiag ane cove pogo and stransfowmtag § Pato
Fatermediale reprosedatfon + “THis fe called the front end ef the system
*#™e Secend stage outes on the sy thests pat wohere the
Intermed?dle code ¥ cenlerted ‘to -he torgt cade
The front end % derianed wfih a fous 9 the gouxe language 0
check foi evvers = sdle a Common enteimediale rrepresed atten
ttucd fs error ee -f0 the back ent
Te backend can be weed desty ned 4o take the Malermedtale code
bet my be fom any source, language and qenerale the ‘logal
code tect fe effiied and coveil
BOM font ent at back em! con vse Whe Comm? opttmnter » wht
tooth en Patexmedtale aepiesetation-
gs Of the gousce 408),
Finalists deals woth pair dhe Sooce proyion ‘and Prepartig
tbe fhtewmediale fom: .
4 Leticed Analyste
is
% Syntot
* — Semanife, is.
Synthesis '
syathents Concerns Pesues fading qenstieg code fn the
org Longuege a csualty contttS of the -Follacheg phaser!
* Intermed?sle cede gore °
% Code aptinnggation
* Final code generation.
Scanned with CamScanner code oats.
od optimtzer pr syithes °
3
et 4. fade
ot Gene rats:
— Tegal pcg
FAY comptes prod end ant Back end.
en comps Pat so
Astermedrate code.
taf fs
faleto4redtil Cole optintyadfog
ecde Gens attoo
L Mout 42,71
FG sretult Of coc phase. moe Fda,7) add ¥fdarvt movf fal
Scanned with CamScanner Ke Fl per.
= =wohem
line hestaders ced Ie Svinte. HAAG! bebies qi)
Scanned with CamScanner
vthan ateal- |
| |
* Converts Sequence of Charadlert flo Sequence of tokens ond |
| alto keep tack of [tee mombers- |
| Lexical trabyits cao alto be dfittled Into choo prnser-
| oO Scanatng a) Letttal Arolyets.
)&anntng 57 The Scanner f -respensPble ‘by dofg ver
_ and doesn't rrequsie tbkenlzatfoo of the ops
| 2 deletion of Comments comb?afug consequitie wise spices
| to one eshte gpace.
Louie Arnalycts3— Mote compl. coe. cperoilfon we performed
Scanner produce Sequence of fokent at apt. LA Preludes
Foformactfon akout qdedtfiers toto the Symbol table. |
Lettres fiolyts Vs panstog, |
| Tene i-pmme
Leueal tralyes and faring can be Combined fn one
prase ba tree ae Some core for dotug A Sepwately. |
1 ® Both of them do -staflar tufags. Bil tye 1A deals wht
Simple non—vecurcte conshuds of tne fouguoge and parser
deal eth recurthie consind of to long unge.
Efpiveny of the Compfler t% fiapAated » dnpi) cloroilee
con be ead by gpetliged bofert-g tehatques ahFch Speed
up the compter.
© postabiltty of the comptley fe enhanced a
Kans a
® ta necognipes the Smallest aenpiel orf ae
2
porter corks on hese tokens to recq™BE OSS “4
Struchuyes #0 propammiiug Lougrege
ofapls toss
Tokens, Patterns and letemest—
when talkeg abatl lexi analuis , most offer we
Me +he Aollaotug -terms + Letemes, tokent and patterns |
Scanned with CamScanner Cloken!— Hf tea qaoup of ckaraiks oth Logica Meantiag \
Token TS a hagfeol buildfiag block of re fonguage-
Evomple; Fas keyeoord 5 Num éle-
Pallevns— gi th a awe tual desusbet the chorailers tua (09
PRodute a “token,
TH etpresced a4 “teqular (pression \
| Lop shicom of caiailert are maiched with Patlerss ond tokens
ore Redittied
Evompe:— potteral-role for PdemlPfier f uc) 9 Should -slovt wih a
leller Rltaced by ony momo of letters ov d%g@t. tie f given bt |
the regular etpresston + [a-za-gJCa-2-go-7]" |
| Ushiag the pattern, -the given fnpit srfege "tug", abede 1OFb 82 |
| ae recognijed as +okentd. .
atlers fo the soxce
Leteme?— A lereme f a Seqpente af chor
J
a Destyn 4 compleety of toural acalyser motaly degraded on
language conve-Sions,
|
| ‘ doksn
Pangea tac) mtchad Pe mY FO TY son
ext fat te Pdentttied af ther 8 |
| repoord be Hoku |
| wepoor
| Eto
| ear
| Float Key = 18;
| leteme token pattern.
| ane eee ae |
loot keqword Float |
| key sy 9 letter follesed boy number of ccaeeel|
aegis |
| cs
oe aielop girf
Fd, potter to cyotel table for 8>
Zadd -op>
AB, potter -to yt! table enh D>
:
Xnumbes 1 Paleges value 3>
foveal anolfs bed
Ree De)
Enror srecovey 9 letfeal ancl,
ose oe
Generally perrors affen detetled fo feutal anotyt
ore at fylaot-
D nlomerte. [Pferals tuch are too long
8) long Rectifiers
3) Gopil chorailert Hud! are mat Partie govce language
Hoo to recover -fom exert
Hoe to rrecouty sem OW.
: tere are por approahst. 40 qecover fom Kutal
eriars - : 4
peltet— tht et the moit Staplest ant most Tnpor
ea Ap tere FS aa Onknowe Chovatlor ,opmpy tke He |
petstfon af chorailer & abso coled pankt. - mode |
Scanned with CamScanner
eremet, addetonal formation sme €& Used by many Compt S.-tloweuer A teat Cextain
dftadvantages.
5 Te mea] Of -Ine progan moy gel chang
Me cohol Fopil may gel deleted Fo vine paccest.
Etambr— oy
SOMES: Chay” can be Coneled a4 Unar' by doletug .
Lasest3— Fase an etta oF mtesraug chorailey to group fio a
Meanfugf oken+ .
42 Cha! con be Genened as char! by Sasodog of
~ ‘ v e.
els' noo sw olter "
Re ee ee Bosed on certain qules » we can econ
noo daavaclors. Lthe tahfel’ can be Coreiied -to-whfle’” by
che chanspose metiod.
Replace S— dn Some cases , A may veqpfie “ieploctug one thorailer|
by another
ee ‘chat! con be -Couctted at har’? by Fh
~ ey Pi by. veplaveg woh 1.
Pt’ con be!
_Geslegies to enlenedg 9 ete elise,
feutod trolipen can be dexigaed to Svomp. .
etlete eo.
@ vse 2 Seamer genta tool (fhe tetlptet to produc
fc er.
ee sped : Pon Can oe UsPug tro csegular erprenitn]
ame fe ery to Gnplenet ttl least signtfitedt
high level pacqromatig
oa [euttol anolyger 9
P ae 2, Ite ‘ce’ aa use the fogs ard boffentiig-teubnein)
Lo
peaked tyme lounge ;
aint & qaiermadsatte En -lerms of ettietong.
aig a biital analyzer fo astembly banguag .
a | meted “ag can explotty menage Papal bsftevug
aT: Be very complet ogproad -lo Finplemest
2 RS the,
Scanned with CamScanner Desig akg a levitel analy ges Ry by baal cr auttonald Jods
masaly Pavolue hed Sept He
® Decethe sales for, tokens Oleg oy
© vergn a aecogalger for sve
Nave yoo
hs pitied Aon lohan
Destyniag a mevegnier canrespoolt to conver oy
o reaulay expressivns fo ptalle judomtle
4 Paecestinta Can be speeded ap ene
neprsediced ta Defevitufelte, (a
> Conver} regular coupon
wlow erprenion fe
+ ado.
woo to na ern e
> comet ipa cht @ cto nen Real e
> -comiest nten to DFA
Tnpd Bofereg -
has “to look
Gnorder 40 aetaythe a token: ° geannes
ahead geueral charaders hom he caries chavailer mond
tfnes-
G2 'cha' fa Keyroord
frag be a Vantable ame + dheo the chovatler ‘0! FS
encannpered «the Sranner comet decide whether A Fo
Vayfable + keqoord ov Rinetfon ame
move ckavaders:
A Gk cokes -o- “lst of “Hine “lo read ghoroiler by ‘uavailey
Aroma. Ale , 60 cpeiabfred stedmiter o€ developed
cece bufferPng tehaRes , frakies tho tend?
and alto «
paccess~
fo *C’ eohile the steven ‘chap’
vaifl Pf teads three
paccess cosy
educet the ab amoad af overhead required to
took head softy ow bototig +
eae usted daitled Fri two No chovacled
halues {te buffer pac)
Scanned with CamScanner Ke nN bytes —*K— a bytes =
L EEPLISETEE
Typreally gl Te the number of charaders on ome disk Hock.
7% we ead N frp M choratlers trto eau) half of the ber
whth one gyslem qyoad Commad y-rethertuan Enlokfug a vend
Comma for cash Fopai charatley’
% af Exe -teag A Chearaile remain tn-the Papal bofter thon speatl
choraiers Coe * Yead filo the better afer the fopd chorale,
¥ Cog ts end of od of finpd charailers,
# Teco potaters. “beteme’ and “Yfead” to tre fry bottele 1
tmeSatained + fend the levee , Arist tattnte both -tne pomnlers
we the fst chorader of tre Tpit keep tocremed 9 tas
-fod pointer onttl ao bieme %& Aoond -
F once charotter not matelPug te oom , Hop Pacemeding tr
potrler and ethat the oiag behow he Ubteme' and
“Sfeod! porichers «
¥ ome lereme fe fond , leteme and Lod potaters prcecs fox
ett letemet+
Sentfnels7—
aoe,
“me Semfnel fs a speito) choroiler tub canash be part
ee and’ a nell dofte * the
ehowaster eof.
e e Te
ll felefe alt= lets |
lerome fod
on
Fig sentinels cl the me end of cash buffer.
Scanned with CamScanner
\un | Speeeton of hens
Token ype and Hs athibde unfguely fdeabfy a letene
Regular elpressfons ate widely used to specffy palleras-
follootug describes Totatfons of Regular exprecefon.
ch) cfg and Lanquege 6—
paw
an ALPHABET te 0 ffatte non-empty set of symtas dended
é s'.
eromples 2 = {orl} gepresedt bfnady alphobet-
PA STRING f 4 -fafle sequme of symbole on on alphabet.
e %& an empty Stef
exompls— fp z= {Lo
Ol) 10; Wy E00, ---
[wo] denotes the lergir of -jhe shfeag. wo tea shfug.
Df w= Compiler thea lw [=8-
>A Language fs a ct of stfugs oler come abhabel-
if 4= comprter and Ye design ale 00 S1flugs thes
fo Kuen at once natin
00,
1} thea possfble ohhugs fron & % NF
tq Compiler Desi?
Li operations en Lementes
dn Letiea) Analysts » Ympotort operations on longuoges
ave: Unton Coydlendhion, ond closure.
Unfon? Gf Lt and Le ale banguages chen Hui cfotsalrer
ace
Livia. = { $| sebret SE i}
Concelenation? Lily = Liebe = §stss[siett and Saclay.
i
Kleene clotore, ¢ L7 = OF
L® es the lanquoqe consistiiug Of
concalenatfons Of O OF more words Po
Concluding adi sifeg €)*
Postiie bosuye By = *-fet
all words quct ae
— oviginel loaguege
Scanned with CamScanner Etample¢
WS =f a,b} by 4
¢* = fe, ashy aarab bbe nee h
i) 2 =x}
Ph afag ase J.
iil) Lr = $ smart, ugly f Las fbey gil}
Livl2 = £ Smet ogy boy girl }
LiLe = { gmadt bof 1 sinask-gtel 1 Of beg aif pd.
A tequlext grammes CG) % defined 05 ¢
G= wee
Ua set Of Vortables Cot sapn te1ntaals)
T = set of test
P= set of: produstomt
Ses Start Syintol
Etany °
er Azoe
0 — ble
«men the Goma & fs defined 5+
v= Lares
T= Lab}
p= {nano ele
gs Lat.
ste ty called 08 pegalas longueg ant if canbe nepeteilt
f
game OFA 4 Regular Gremmman IE 0 grammer eohth can
nepieseded % osteg rile ovtemel
Scanned with CamScanner AG) Regular Expresstons (RE)I—
Regular expressfont % used 4o descifbe toket of %
Paogiamnteg danguoge RE &% built of confers Of caller RE
ysug defi
: ean ke pe o bangueg®
pe fe deftred 757
Ld & @ RE denaltg ont eT ”
2. &(epsflon) & > denoiiug 0 banque?
empty athe
3. ta! ts o RE denolteg o longuog® contahuteg only La}
q- UPR ond § are RE , then Lgard bs denote. language
dot RE R&S) ent
uy R+S fs RE foi Language Lguls.
a Res 7S RE foi Langurg? Lets.
Gil) Re Re RE for Language Lm
fh Wor af
Ge Uf S=foly mn
-(o0[) Colt) denctes L=forl,ool, Worf
_ o denotes t=j& ty, MS,
bonguage defened by RE % Regular sel Algebaatc Laws fo4 RE
ase *
[+ Commotadive lao * gis = Slr (| ts commutstive'J
a. pcsortectic. laud ¢ alCsi) = Calsylu
3+ conslenation f astadette + R (su) =(Rs)0
4- Concalendion dest fbtes oer |:
aisle) = &8[Re 5 (S[UIR = SK] UR
S ER =RE=R a
6 R* =(ale*
qe pet = R* (8 sdempoted).
‘Scanned with CamScanner D Regul ntti 3 4
A REGuLAR pErINTTIoN Fs a sequené Of the deftaftions
Of he fos
di
d2 > Re
dn —> Ro.
cohere di = déstad nome.
¢ = RE oer Sponvols t E Ufdiida, day
Pye poets aoe
10
Etample —
letler > Alel---|zlal[---[3
digtt > of--(4
£4 Letten| dagitletter digit
yeas be Simplified aa
letter 5 CA-2[a-5]
Ht > o-9)
fd letter ( letter\dtytt)*
Raqular Exprecsfons problems co
aan ten 2.
i). Desufbe the language dented by olloctieg ke:-
a(al[by*a.
Sobtions- | = faa, aba ,abbaa, ~-.%
cms RE denotes Ghfugs Of als 2b'S Sxh tuct Longuoff
Starts eofth ‘a’ and bide followed boy any mumber of-'3- and 'b
and ends cofth ‘ey.
ta) (afb)* afalb) Calb)
Golidfons- sL= faaa, abb, abbaba, ---3
nts RE denotes Shings of OF KIS Sach tach tts
anted letter fiom vigist Ts ta! and mentum lagth of. Shiag ferred
Scanned with CamScanner
CF (3) wrfte aequler defintions for * al shifags of Lovet cose letlers fo
whith she letters ale fo descantfug order.
luton s—
hough she use of 104
armeretoie 1 a leifcol analyser can be dei
oS a DFA .
+ nfion of -tokent emplfes fmplened tag a regular exprestion
mrezog agers mrs eabfle finplenedstto» af 2 DFA
J
“™
Examples concfder the foltast.g grammar
g > tets| fetses le
dere terminals ae 3
. letter > alyld-~ [bla
y
letter 3 -).
Recaro ofA
oifted nalysis can be pert pattern meebo
Letfcal sf can be performed ufth
ular expressions.
ned and crepreseded
7
E35 T elo T|T ip, eorenenehe
T > Fd | mom.
2.12 rrelop ) fd inom -
ghings @len by tne Foltostng cequban defentifeay
querse sf of
Rai
4 — theo
es else
crelop > =\<\>l pal
4 letter (letter Legit
cron 9 digit (. digit) CE Lt] digitt).
where , letter Ca- Za-2J
digft- 2 (0-93
For ants, Lang! jane. letfeal anodyge
Rexword? 4h chen ond eke , as well 8
match the patterns for crelop , Fd and wm,
1 otll aeog afte the
fedemes tush
Scanned with CamScanner KK af
ermal 304 ane fob of}.
Sho addtiion, we assiqa the k
‘ sa wad dedtoed
Shipping col while gpwe by apecagntgtog the \ owen wat deffned
by we Chrrok tab rgealtne),
Letemes | token mime
any ws
tf
then
else
fry fl fotater do stable ed
el oe potuier so -lobl erly
iS ur
? qr
<= Le
ae
Table: shies [evemes,tokes and nety aththde ¥.
TannistTGon PANARAMS:
RAS,
An tatermedtile step fh the conshudfon af a. levieal
analyzer» we fist conted: patterns fhto Mlaodors called
“trangPHbo diagrams’,
Transition afagram have 0 edllectioo Of modes ov cfelot
called Steet. Cath State repreteds a condition tual could ctuh.
dusfug the Process of Stanativg ne tapas.
t
GO pO RO
cate age \ a agg
SUN eet ia ene eg te
ant eho We
se ston mye 2 -
Sif ont B ore difeved statete Stask stato = 4 $4 4 indreatted by
| > dlthe Stats final shite = LOLs tadFecled by oO
Scanned with CamScanner Trenton diagram Of on, Csr
De ) letter | dighk
— sO
TERNS Elfen diagram fev_astyeed| aymbers
Onsioned number %¢ [the gob of digits of Get of dights Folle-x)
by decfinal port folloued bp sot of digit -
Ets 34t ave
341.09 lla gateetear
341. oaetty, poowtble ung
341-02 €7 a0 enor
34let lo
| ethan dogo do reletona perce
velational operators care (,52,=,¢3)
g S
O © x ) tetera Crelop , Ley
tetuio (velop , Ge)
vetura (velop, er)
“retury (relop 1EQ)
Scanned with CamScanner Anglenedtieg, fofle aulmah t- wae con hnod cole Den
O4 eath Gale comesponds tp a labeled code Frog met and ze
KansPirons eprcseied 28 Comino! -Hontfert 29 -follans,
crefurd “ope!
aeturn ‘op!
aefuin ‘op-le!
etary ‘op le!
Fg: Dea hed recog nfyes Tokens Fd , Faleger constoid ) selitional
Operator Fr >= 1K, <= de. ,
Finfle Stste Maubine.
eee
cuem A fine -stste System eg Mather cctfeal -medel Of.a.
tem vofth cevtatn Taput and qhes ceitaon Onpat finally
¥™e fopd procacced GeO 40 an Pom % processed Bs ostoos
States smese stetles are called frlermedzale sales,
aA geod evample of FSm PS a control meckantsn of eleudor,
Pir aei remembers, only’ curved -floot nomber prested
ond & dees not remember all) the previoosly prected mymlors,
* Me #Pnfle stele Systems are vtegl fp datigo of teitedHors,
leuto) onalyjert and natal language Processitg .
a
Scanned with CamScanner Deeittions— A fintte. asctomedton % formerly defined 04 &
5- tuple (QE, 8, 901 F) where
Q - Ps a featte sf af sales eahith ts nat emply.
Z - fs fapdl alpina
9p - PS entles stole
Fo - Pa tel Of final shales and FOR.
S = 1 a Aransetfon function (0) moppling fundion
Eut- Letteol fnalyer con be shoo as fa. consider the
Letical Finalyze tthett matches words Uke “Hhe", “Hi") Yat",
and “to!
Systems ave Called pratte puometion, as the nomber of poowtble.
Halee and: the —number, of letles fo the alphabet are both Fate.
GP oudomelfon becaute the change of date fs totally governed
by the Fapd.
£4: DFA Tecogntyes Srtags to, -the, thiS; thal ,
Propertios of re -vanchtron funetfon "6"
U Slag) = 4, the Sales of (A ave changes only byon Pnput
Syintol-
a for all ghPugs 10 ond Pip symbol a, $(a%to)- § (8(4,9),10),
fin FA’ can be vepreseded by
O) tangttien diagram
6) chansttion -table
Scanned with CamScanner {© “Transtifon Diagtom
A -Kansfiion aS
cheles- stark gle GU, wth arma DY) .
; Rol dale by double dre.
> A Hae cet Of -hansttfons Cedges| Lobel)
Some se to other:
vapb conjatns 0 Se Of St
sud shoo + gofon
Transition jable;—
EG Med {tot}, fabh, § toad
§ (90,9) =41 “8(1014)= Io
S(%Uia=ar $C b)=Io0
S(aiaen. $(W-a,
Lecqenge fetes
A Ghieg Ot aceepted by Fife Automatfon
U gens U= $A,£)8 toiF) fF S (2or)=P
fov Some P fn F. ‘
THe Mmcbdet duct the sifug t accepted cohen FE eders fto,
the Hqad stale on the Lait. fap clams
Exomplei—
\ fo} \ 0.
4g bg 3 8
RW)
eae ee emp siteg tolo t accepted oF not
§ (40 :to10) = $(%2 solo) = §(2a,to) = §(1110) = Lo
dence qo fs the Hfaal Shite. dence the ghikg Ts atee sted.
. e
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“% [|e check tty
Sort ") = 5(a5 uty =Soei) = 8% ie § (or Dh
UGE+ Hence , the chiieg e edad.
Example? :- ‘a
Gfuve the Languege deffned by he follaofeg
'
& adoration
we lst diftere shiogs atcepted by Ai
in
we 3 {iol 000! \10ll 6O ve
Ef we obsewe , all Shas tush ae ge
E(t) =Lualo ets oth 1 é a —e
Language accepted by machine (1 £6 Lo) 1
Shfuas
, oltaatug markine
ae
jos all Ghfugs tdt start and end wf
- Faiins
Lm) = { wo con - coo sya.
Flitte Audomelton ts of ston yes, ;
a) Determtntsie Featte Audomation ;
&) Non determtntsite Ane frdomation
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In DPA shere will be atau tanstifon fo any gale on
| 99 tapat gyatol, whereas fo Ale -there con be more: non oe
% faster thao NFAY
Ranstien on ao_fopit Symtol- thence, DFA % faster
oO
oO
Q 0 gy.
oO
ak eas Fp: NFA
Figl denotes eranple of DFA ond fia denctes exemple of nif.
KD Determfatse Ffatte Adomton (DFA
Deterministic. inte axctomstion can be defined as
qwintuple 5
M= (Qz,8,40,F)
where Q — ston empty ftafle St of sales.
S — top alphabet
Lo tnttial start stote.
F — cet of toad states: :
§ — -torsttfen function tach takes choo oxgoned
a state and tnpd sysibol and returns ode
as stale Per §&4QxFyQ
46. le (212) = 4 DFA can be used os -fiatte acceptor
i fis Waa is do atept certain fnpit shiugs ond efet
other stings
at # called longuoge seco er become merely
recognizes whether -tne Input shfugs are fo the Lacquage of mot.
Example 5!~ Destgn a DFA auch accepts only fapst ror over
he set Jo th. “16 o '
9
Heve Tap % tailed -hop chile of dummy stste hove
Unnecessary ArangPtons ave ee away.
{ha
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J Crome: Desh a OFA stad ace
‘and even number af 4's. Y-
Non determinfetfe inthe Acdomalfea (nA) 3—
Rial ee
For a qfuen Popa symbol there con be mofe -than
a state. Sud automaton '* called Nondetera-
mathematfoalty decerfbed of
cutomatfon eco be defened a8
one “hanstfon from
enfattc. Ftatte Aratomation « nen ts
qutotuple + Non determintstic fentte
quintuple: . :
Me= (a,4,6120
here Q= nen empty fate sek of stiles,
<= fapat alphabet
p< fafifol sinik ese: ‘
F - set of Ffral gtates- t
§ — tanet¥on functfoo qucl takes 102 angunesd$
a state and Popul Symbol and achat opt
at stale hey 8: Q XA Qk.
Scanned with CamScanner “feseplame of et
aie defined oS aeotbiteg to the
Acceptance of 9 snag ts ahr
Ao!) steles 09 processig athe Pop
oe O
check o1oo * accepted 7 not
Io Ke Ha, ae | 2-4,
Ko
Stace q, FS. An the final otate y there FS Yo
atleast one palh yom -the fetta! stale te One the Fadl state
Hence the qlen sifag & accepted:
Note? G) % cary to conshuk AFA lho DEA , bd atte Procecthog
deme of -ine Shfug 2 more suo0 DFA
* Biery Longuege swat con be deartbed oI NPA can be deserbed
‘Some DFA
4 DEA Po procttoc has Somme more cites quan NEA
+ Equied OFF can lave at most 2” Sates coheierd NFA hat
only ‘in? States:
Eronples — Destgo NEA, accepted all a ending woth ol overZ= foil
“oe can hale any shag on ‘ol ot" bil not wath) o
follooed ‘by I- cy"
° '
QO 6) ©
Cor. £
pending Den fs
|
| 4 Drowkeg NeA tS Sfmple thao DFA-
Scanned with CamScanner ) comest she ‘ollooteg NEA to OFA
arb
a b.
Cu) , |
Solution — ©
pesreees
Q = @ = gatates = all subsels of 40rd
= $b) foot, $23, fod [a0 tih torah 1 ah ioral,
3 = folt
Jo= L404.
ore ated}
F = f fant, L90i424, Landed , 1%
& = fs gion by fo (440259) 2) = So( 4119) 280
L404 | Lath | Lak
fay | ¢ Laat
frat | @ g
aot | Leored | $4012}
["frorta} | L044 | Lead
Tl tah
Hao ita}] Lao} [440,40
to qt hic simples DFA Constud the ctalles of DPR as folloas:
Gat wofth the Potted stele . Do aot add all subsets of states
be Umiececsary alles
cints. fof4@) stele , fool: only
mew state Ps added
a
as there ase may
Gi After fiadtug ane -hanshion 60
te esultont ates frto the Het unttl no
do -the [Pet
For evonple + F $0401) = £90191}, tren add “hes a8 new stele to
bea. men 40d chansPiion tom nfs stele 09 np sqm.
in)pedate “he States oF imal ff % Gos at leat one find) stile
of NEA |
|
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a 6
$904 | Laoait 140}
Lott} L404 £9043
*
19014! {40,41 L4ok
Me States {PI}, L914, 1924 jAmtet and” 140/411 t25 are
not reachable fiom stat stated an hente cannot define
Ony SirPags . So they con be fgnoted. tence ~he Dra can be
Cempltfied as
lo
Exanpln: ;
convert the follacta NFA to DFA-
é | © (
7 I0 L%1%3| 1%}
Hh |iaoak | ¢
Tt | ay [faoant
Dew
Scanned with CamScanner Dea fs
a ee
D{903 pate} Loh
“faias} | Laos 140.44
{9041} [a0 F105 4404
Yao] [fgor12s3 | tao%t.
Tran tious 5 —
Dee!
NEA wiih Epsteo CE)
CT chek wie ,
4 we can etterd niPA bY fino duefup.” a. C-moes
uot altoos Os to make ctonitifon ef tus omphf aug.
Tere Word be 29 edge lea beled © behoeer 20 states,
whieh alloos the ransitfon fom one st5teFo ancier eves
thas Pia aeceivhg a0 tops symbal.
x TR Ps another mec.anPso tect alloos NPA to &
mAttpe stdes at one:
F Loon Gtaucthng cor AeA &% easter hit not tust paoerful
ame NEA wh €- mores Ps qr y
Me (08,2184) whe § defined at
Q x2 0fey 9 at
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€— tran sittens tot qperations of regulars exprentons ate
me akole constudton of ¢_nen % deffned tom
“Thompson conttudken meduod « poy aug kind of Regular esprenien
auis metuod ean-be appltable and ‘con be obkafned E-NFA.
enample ; 2, regular orprenton (atby*a Enon Pe,
E
«4: C-NPA for (athe,
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| NEA wth E-Transftions moves “to witha €-“ranctiton
Pe 7
Ni
fot eash stale , compile €-closxe (4) on ash Yn |
| Symbol ez. Sf the E-dlosve af a stale contaias 0 and stale
| -then make the stale a3 fionl, |
| Example :— .
SOLOS |
1
Soludfon® — trancthon