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Lipid

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11 views7 pages

Lipid

Uploaded by

sahaaishwarya5
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Programme Name and Semester- BCCTC103,1st Semester

Course Name (Course Code) Biochemistry (BCCTC103)


Class -B.Sc CCT
Academic Session 2023-2024

Study Material
LIPIDS
(Biochemistry -BCCTC103)

_____________________________________________________________________________________

CONTENTS:
ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS
MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACID
POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS

Name of the Faculty Dr. Madhurima Basak


Designation and Department Assistant Professor,AHS
Brainware University, Kolkata
Programme Name and Semester- BCCTC103,1st Semester
Course Name (Course Code) Biochemistry (BCCTC103)
Class -B.Sc CCT
Academic Session 2023-2024

LIPIDS
ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS(EFA)
The fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and, therefore, should be
supplied in the diet are known as essential fatty acids (EFA). Chemically, they are
polyunsaturated fatty acids, namely linoleic acid (18: 2; 9, 12) and linolenic acid (18:
3; 9, 12, 15). Arachidonic acid (20: 4; 5, 8, 11, 14) becomes essential, if its precursor
linoleic acid is not provided in the diet in sufficient amounts. The structures of EFA
are given in the Table-

Name of the Faculty Dr. Madhurima Basak


Designation and Department Assistant Professor,AHS
Brainware University, Kolkata
Programme Name and Semester- BCCTC103,1st Semester
Course Name (Course Code) Biochemistry (BCCTC103)
Class -B.Sc CCT
Academic Session 2023-2024

Biochemical basis for essentiality:

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are essential since humans lack the enzymes that can
introduce double bonds beyond carbons 9 to 10.

Functions of EFA:

Essential fatty acids are required for the membrane structure and function, transport
of cholesterol, formation of lipoproteins, prevention of fatty liver etc. They are also
needed for the synthesis of another important group of compounds, namely
eicosanoids.

Deficiency of EFA:

Name of the Faculty Dr. Madhurima Basak


Designation and Department Assistant Professor,AHS
Brainware University, Kolkata
Programme Name and Semester- BCCTC103,1st Semester
Course Name (Course Code) Biochemistry (BCCTC103)
Class -B.Sc CCT
Academic Session 2023-2024

The deficiency of EFA results in phrynoderma or toad skin, characterized by the


presence of horny eruptions on the posterior and lateral parts of limbs, on the back
and buttocks, loss of hair and poor wound healing.

ISOMERISM IN UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

Unsaturated fatty acids exhibit geometric isomerism depending on the orientation of


the groups around the double bond axis. If the atoms or acyl groups are present on
the same side of the double bond, it is a cis configuration. On the other hand, if the
groups occur on the opposite side, it is a trans configuration. Thus, oleic acid is a cis
isomer while elaidic acid is a trans isomer, as depicted in Figure below-

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS

➢ The saturated fatty acids are derived from both animal fats and plant oils. Rich
sources of dietary saturated fatty acids include butter fat, meat fat, and tropical
oils (palm oil, coconut oil, and palm kernel oil).
➢ Saturated fatty acids are straight-chain organic acids with an even number of
carbon atoms.
➢ All saturated fatty acids that have from eight to 16 carbon atoms increase the
serum LDL cholesterol concentration when they are consumed in the diet. In
the USA and much of Europe, saturated fatty acids make up 12–15% of the
total nutrient energy intake.
➢

Name of the Faculty Dr. Madhurima Basak


Designation and Department Assistant Professor,AHS
Brainware University, Kolkata
Programme Name and Semester- BCCTC103,1st Semester
Course Name (Course Code) Biochemistry (BCCTC103)
Class -B.Sc CCT
Academic Session 2023-2024

UN-SATURATED FATTY ACIDS

➢ A fatty acid is a long chain of hydrocarbon with a carboxylic acid at the


beginning (alpha) and a methyl end (omega).
➢ If there is at least one double carbon-carbon bond that fatty acid is classified
as an unsaturated.
➢ In contrast, a long chain of hydrocarbon linked together by a single bond is a
saturated type of fatty acid.
➢ Unsaturated fatty acids are those containing one or more double bonds
indicating that they can absorb additional hydrogen atoms.
➢ Unsaturated fatty acids may occur in cis or trans configuration. They may
also be categorized into monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated
fatty acids.

Examples of unsaturated fats are myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, sapienic acid,
oleic acid, elaidic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, linoelaidic acid, alpha-linolenic
acid, arachidonic acid, erucic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic
acid.

CLASSIFICATION

Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA):


➢ Although more than 100 MUFAs have been identified in nature, most of these
are very rare.
➢ Oleic acid, a long chain monounsaturated fatty acid, is widely distributed and
abundant in nature (few fats are known to contain less than 10%). The highest
content is found in extra-virgin olive oil, about 70 g/100 g edible portion.

➢ In human diet, unsaturated fatty acids are almost exclusively oleic acid.
However, if fish and/or rapeseed oil consumption play a large role in one’s
diet, there are present moderate amounts of 20 and 22 C monounsaturated
fatty acids.

Name of the Faculty Dr. Madhurima Basak


Designation and Department Assistant Professor,AHS
Brainware University, Kolkata
Programme Name and Semester- BCCTC103,1st Semester
Course Name (Course Code) Biochemistry (BCCTC103)
Class -B.Sc CCT
Academic Session 2023-2024

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA):


Depending on the relative positions of the double bonds, PUFAs can be divided in
three categories:

➢ conjugated, if double-bonds alternate with single bonds (–C=C–C=C–);

➢ unconjugated, if the double bonds are separated by carbon atoms bonded


with single bonds, usually in a methylene-interrupted arrangement (–C=C–C–
C=C–);

➢ the third group, in which double bonds are not entirely in a methylene-
interrupted arrangement (present in certain microorganisms, marine lipids and
some seed oils). Also, if conjugated dienes exist, they don’t occur extensively.
Examples are sorbic acid (2,4-hexadienoic acid) and trans-2-cis-4-
decadienoic acid, a known flavor component present in Williams pears,
(Bartlett pears in the U.S. and Canada).

➢ Among conjugated PUFAs, the most common ones are trienes, but they are
present in small amount in animal fats and are abundant in only a few seed
oils.

The omega or n designation system


➢ The most important PUFAs in terms of extent of occurrence are the
unconjugated and methylene-interrupted ones.

➢ They are subdivided into families, depending on the position of the double
bond closest to the methyl side, numbered 1, of the fatty acid molecule and
are categorized in 12 omega families (letter n may be used in place of letter
ω).

➢ This classification system applies also to monounsaturated fatty acids; for


example, oleic acid is an omega-9 fatty acid.

Name of the Faculty Dr. Madhurima Basak


Designation and Department Assistant Professor,AHS
Brainware University, Kolkata
Programme Name and Semester- BCCTC103,1st Semester
Course Name (Course Code) Biochemistry (BCCTC103)
Class -B.Sc CCT
Academic Session 2023-2024

PARAMETER SATURATED FATTY ACID UNSATURATED FATTY


ACID

Name of the Faculty Dr. Madhurima Basak


Designation and Department Assistant Professor,AHS
Brainware University, Kolkata

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