84 PRACTICE EXERCISES FOR STRUCTURE

EXERCISE 41: Sentences-Verbs

rn some sentences in the Structure Section on the Paper-Based TOEFL, you will be asked to iden-
tify the correct verb. rn fact, most of the sentences in the Structure Section are verb problems. A verb
is a word or phrase that expresses action or condition. A verb can be classified as transitive or intran-
sitive according to whether it requires a complement; it can be classified further according to the kind
of complement it requires, including not only nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs, but also -ing
forms or infinitives. Choose the correct answer in the incomplete sentences. Choose the incorrect word
or phrase in the underlined choices.

l. Almost everyone fails _ _ the driver's 6. William Torrey Harris was one of the first
test on the first try. educators interested a logical
© passing progression of topics in the school
<D to have passed curriculum.
<D to pass © in establishing
CID in passing <D for establishing
<D establishing
2. When the silkworm gets through to lay its ® to establish
© <D <D
eggs, it dies. 7. North American Indian tribes used sign
~ language ___ with tribes that spoke a
different language or dialect.
3. If endangered species ___ saved, rain © to communicating
forests must be protected. <D for communicate
© are to be <D to communicate
<D be CID for communicated
<D can be
CID will be 8. Art tends to be ___ more after the death
of the artist, but most literary works tend to
4. The average spoken sentence in decrease in value when the writer dies.
conversational English takes 2.5 seconds © price
<D worthy
© for to complete <D worth
<D completing CID value
<D to complete
CID by completing 9. Adult eagles let their offspring _ _
nests near their original nesting area.
5. Only twenty years ago, most doctors © build
agreed truthful with their terminally <D builds
ill patients, a trend that has reversed itself <D building
in modem medical practice. ® to build
© don't to be
<D not to be 10. A barometer is a device with a sealed metal
<D we shouldn't been @ (j)
CID not to been chamber designed to reading the changes
<D
in the pressure of air in the atmosphere.
CID
 STRUCTURE SECTION: EXERCISE 41 85

11 . If a person does not have an attorney, the 16. The Girl Scouts, which was found by
court _ _ one. ~
© will appoint Juliette Gordon Low in 1912, has grown to
® appointed ® ©
© would appoint a current membership of more than three
CID appointing <])

million girls.
12. Since lightning was probably significant in
17. To relieve pain caused by severe bums,
the formation of life, understanding it prevent infection, and treat for shock,
© ___ immediate steps.
might help us to understanding life itself. © taking
® © <]) <E> to take
© taken
13. Iowa _ _ of flat-topped hills e rected by @ take
the ancient Mound Builder people as
temples and burial sites. 18. If gasoline vapor with air,
© with a larger number combustion will occur.
® has a large number © mixed
© having a large number <E> had mixed
CID a large number © mixes
<]) mixture
14. If the oxygen supply in the atmosphere was
© ® 19. Vermont, commonly known as the Green
not replenished by plants, it would soon be Mountain State, refused until 179 1.
© © to join the Union
exhausted. <E> joining the Union
<]) © the joining of the Union
<]) join the Union
15. the eight Ivy League schools are
among the most prestigious colleges in the 20. Air constricted between the vocal chords
United States. makes them , producing sounds.
© It is gene rally accepted that © to vibrate
® That it is accepted <E> vibrating
© Accepting that it is © vibrate
CID That is accepted <]) the vibration

Refer to pages 415-416 for the Explanatory Answers.

86 PRACTICE EXERCISES FOR STRUCTURE

EXERCISE 42: Sentences-Auxiliary Verbs

In some sentences in the Structure Section on the Paper-Based TOEFL, you will be asked to select
the correct auxiliary verb. An auxiliary verb is a verb that accompanies the main verb and makes dis-
tinctions in the meaning of the mai n verb. Some examples of auxiliary verbs are BE, HAVE, or a modal.
Choose the correct answer in the incomplete sentences. Choose the incorrect word or phrase in the
underlined choices.

l . On the average, a healthy heart to 6. Bones composed chiefly of calcium,

pump five tablespoons of blood with every © ® ©
beat. phosphorous, and a fi brous substance
©must
® ought known as collagen.
©can ®
® should
7. A cure for juvenile diabetes until
2. It is generally believed that Thomas more funds are allocated to basic research.
© © won' t develop
Jefferson was the one who had researched ® aren' t developing
© don' t develop
and wrote the Declaration of Independence ® won't be developed
~
during the months prior to its sig ning 8. During the past decade, twenty million
© ©
in July 1776. college graduates spended more then fifty
® <]) ©
billion dollars in ten-year student loans.
3. In general, by the second year of ®
production, the price of a new piece of
technology sig nificantly. 9. Civil e ngineers had better steel
© will decreased supports in concrete structures built on
® has decreased unstable geophysical sites.
© will have decreased © include
® will has decreased ® including
© inclusion
4. Although some higher structures ® included
©
have been build in New York City, none I 0. There is no limit to the diversity to be
<]) ©
characterizes the skyline better than the finding in the c ultures of~
© ® ® © @
E mpire State Building. throughout the world.

5. Research in genetics and DNA having had a 11. The cones of pine trees ___ two or three
© years to reach maturity.
profound influence on the direction of © to take
<]) © ® taking
treatment fo r a large number of diseases. © may take
® ® takes
 STRUCTURE SECTION: EXERCISE 42 87

12. The government requires that a census taken 17. The gold used in jewelry is not
© ©
every ten years so that accurate statistics strong enough unless !! be alloyed.
<E> <D <E> ©<])
may be compiled.
<]) 18. Even without strong wings, the ostrich has
survived because it at high speeds
13. It is important that cancer ~ diagnosed and to escape predators.
© <E> © to run
treated as early as possible in order <E> can run
<D <D running
to assure a successful cure. <ID run
<])
19. General damage that been caused
14. Although the scientific community had @

hoped that the field of transplantation by aphids or pollution is sometimes

___, the shortage of organ donors has <E> <D
curtailed research. known as blight.
© progress <])
<E> had progressed
<D would progress 20. Fred Astaire is said to had been
<ID progressing -a:> <E>
the most popular dancer of his time, but he
15. Before railroad lines were extended from <D
© <E> was also a talented actor, singer, and
Missouri to New Mexico, millions of <])
choreographer.
dollars in trade was used to be carried over
<D
the Santa Fe Trail by wheeled wagons.
<])

16. Based on a decline in vehicular deaths

during the past decade, seat belts, air bags,

baby seats, and other safety features in

©
newer automobiles must be save lives.
~ <D <])

Refer to page 416 for the Explanatory Answers.

88 PRACTICE EXERCISES FOR STRUCTURE

E XERCISE 43: Sentences-Nouns

In some sentences in the Structure Section on the Paper-Based TOEFL, you will be asked to iden-
tify the correct noun. A noun is a word that names persons, objects, and ideas. There are two basic clas-
sifications of nouns in English: count nouns and noncount nouns. Count nouns are those that can be
made plural by -s, -es, or an irregular form. They are used in agreement with either singular or plural
verbs. Noncount nouns are those that cannot be made plural in these ways. They are used in agreement
with singular verbs. It is necessary to know whether a noun is count or noncount to maintain verb agree-
ment and to choose correct adjective modifiers. Choose the correct answer in the incomplete sentences.
Choose the incorrect word or phrase in the underlined choices.

1. The understanding electricity depends on a 7. ln the fall, most trees lose whlch
© <ID © have, by then, turned from green to gold
knowledge of atoms and the subatomic and orange.
© their leaf
particles of whlch they are composed. <ID their leaves
<ID © the leaf
<ID the leafs
2. The U.S. Postal Service delivers more mails
© <E> 8. Doctors have concluded that in addition to
in one day than Federal Express does in one regular exercise, a diet rich in is
© <]) good for the heart.
year. © fruits and vegetable
<ID a fruit and vegetable
3. The two main are permanent © the fruits and vegetables
magnets and electromagnets. ® fruit and vegetables
© kinds of magnets
<ID kind of magnets 9. A thunder usually follows lightning by five
© kind magnets © <E>
CID kinds magnets seconds for every mile between the flash
© <ID
4. When water is frozen, it becomes _ __ and the observer.
©ice
<ID ices 10. Canada stretches from the Atlantic Ocean
© the ice to the Pacific Ocean, and covers of
<ID an ice almost four million square miles.
© a area
5. can live to be more than fifteen <ID an area
years old. © the area
© That it is dogs ®area
<ID That dogs
© Dogs that 11. During the early nineteenth century, _ _
®Dogs were hunted for their pelts.
© a beaver
6. One of the most distinctive plant found in <E> beavers
© <ID© © the beaver
the desert is the Saguaro cactus. <ID that beavers
<ID
 STRUCTURE SECTION : EXERCISE 43 89

12. The stories of Dr. Seuss have been enjoyed 17. have made communication faster
© CE> and easier through the use of e-mail and
by millions of childrens. the Internet is widely recognized.
© CID © It is that computers
® That it is computers
13. CoUections of the simple and functional © Computers that
@ <ID That computers
Shaker furniture can be seen in museum
CE> © <ID 18. Provide pensions for retired persons~
throughout the United States. © @ ©
the primary function of the social security
14. The decathlon is a two-day <ID
@ system.
athletic competition which consists of
@ © 19. New equipments for medical diagnosis
ten types track and field events. @

<ID have made many formerly unpleasant

@ ©
15. designs on a wall, also called procedures quite painless.
graffiti, has become associated with gang ®
activity in many neighborhoods.
© Spraying of 20. Termites can do to the wood in
® The spraying of homes before they are detected.
© Spray the © an extensive damage
CID Sprays © extensive damages
© the extensive damage
16. by the author John Grisham are CID extensive damage
frequently on the best selJer list.
© The novel
CE> Novels
© A novel
<ID Some novel

Refer to pages 416-417 for the Explanatory Answers.

90 PRACTICE EXERCISES FOR STRUCTURE

EXERCISE 44: Sentences-Pronouns

In some sentences in the Structure Section on the Paper-Based TOEFL, you will be asked to iden-
tify the correct pronoun. A pronoun is a word that can be used instead of a noun, usually to avoid repeat-
ing the noun. A pronoun may be singular or plural; masculine, feminine, or neuter; and fust, second, or
third person to agree with the noun to which it refers. A pronoun may be used as the subject of a sen-
tence or a clause or as the object of a sentence, a clause, or a preposition. In English, pronouns are also
used to express possessives and reflexives. Choose the correct answer in the incomplete sentences.
Choose the incorrect word or phrase in the underlined choices.

1. The crime rate has begun to decline in 6. There are not many people which adapt
New York City due to efforts on the part of @ ® ~
both government and private citizens to to a new culture without feeling some
curb _ __ CID
©them disorientation at fust.
© him
CD its 7. In order for people who speak different
CID it languages to engage in trade they
often develop a simplified language called
2. Sloths spend most of its time hanging upside pidgin.
@ © © with each the other
down from trees and feeding on leaves and ® with each to the other
CD CD with each another
fruit. ® with each other
®
8. Those of us who have a family history of
3. When the European settlers came @
heart disease should make yearly
in the seventeenth century, the newcomers © ©
@ appointments with their doctors.
began a systematic effort to push the Native ®
©
Americans into the wilderness and to take 9. Domestic cats often show loyalty to their
owners by leaving freshly killed prey such
their land from their. as birds for to find.
CD CID © they
©he
4. Seals can because they have a thick © them
layer of blubber under their fur. CID their
@ keep them warm
© keep themselves warm 10. The United States and Canada have many
© they keep warm trade agreements that benefit ___,
® keep their warm © one the other
® other
5. After Dr. Werner Arber discovered © other one
@ ® each other
restriction enzymes, Ors. Daniel Nathan,

Hamilton Smith, and him were awarded the

© CD
Nobel Prize for their research in that field.
(])
 STRUCTURE SECTION: EXERCISE 44 91

11. George Herman Ruth, which was better 16. Hyperactivity in children may result from
----cf) ~ ___ some food additives.
known as Babe Ruth, began his baseball © their eating
<D <ID ® they eat
career in 1914 with the Baltimore Orioles. <D to eat
<ID them eating
12. The constellation Orion is easily
recognized by three vertical stars. 17. In advanced stages of anorexia, the patient is
©your @ ®
®its unable to feed themself.
<D their <D (])
<ID her
18. It is documented that Custer led his troops
13. The first full-length animated movie, Snow @ (])
@ into a ravine near the Little Big Horn, where
White, was produced by Walt Disney whom
(]) <D a huge army of Sioux Indians was waiting
creative genius also inspired such animated <D
(]) for they
classics as Bambi and Cinderella. (])

14. Wolves, which are known to travel in 19. The sea horse is unique among fish because
packs, both provide for and defend _ __ @ (])

through group cooperation. the female deposits their eggs in a pouch

© himself <D
® themselves that the male carries until the small sea
<D itself
<ID theirselves horses are hatched.
(])
15. Although orchids give the appearance of
being very fragile, they are actually very 20. Hawkeye was a character James
hardy plants indoors during the Fenimore Cooper created for The Last of
winter months. the Mahicans.
© which may be grown ©who
® what may grow ®whom
© who may be grow <D which
<ID where may be growing <ID whose

Refer to pages 41 7~18/or the Explanatory Answers.

92 PRACTICE EXERCISES FOR STRUCTURE

EXERCISE 45: Sentences-Modifiers

In some sentences in the Structure Section on the Paper-Based TOEFL, you will be asked to iden-
tify the correct modifier. A modifier can be an adjective or an adjectival phrase that describes a noun
or an -ing form. A modifier can also be an adverb or an adverbial phrase that adds information about
the verb, adjective, or another verb. Adjectives do not change form to agree with the nouns or -ing forms
that they describe, but some adjectives are used only with count nouns and others are used only with
noncount nouns. C hoose the correct answer in the incomplete sentences. Choose the incorrect word or
phrase in the underlined choices.

I . The data on the winter migration patterns 7. At the core of a star, temperatures and
of the monarch butterfly is very ___. ©
© interested pressures are so great as particles collide and
<E> interest ®
© interesting connect in a process called fusion.
CID of interest © (])

2. There are more potatoes cultivated than any 8. The Cartwheel Galaxy is 500 million
@ ® @

the other vegetable crop worldwide. light year away from Earth.
© (]) (]) © (])

3. Marian Anderson, recognized both in the 9. According to a recent survey, _ __

doctors do not have a personal physician.
U.S. and in Europe as a real great © a large amount of
@ ® <ID large amount of
vocalist, was the first black singer to appear © a large number of
© (]) CID large number of
with the Metropolitan Opera Company.
10. Because none of food is as nutritious for a
4. The New England states have had _ _ © (])
serious earthquakes since the Ice Age. baby as its mother's milk, many women are
©none © (])
<E> not any returning to the practice of breast feeding.
©not
CID no 11 . John F. Kennedy was the youngest
president of the United States, and _ __
5. orangutans live alone. to be assassinated.
© Near all © the fourth
<E> Almost aJI ® fourth
© The all ©four
CID The most aJI CID the four

6. Some hybrid flowers retain the fragrant 12. Euthanasia, the practice of assisting the
scent of the nonhybrid, and _ _ are bred
without fragrance. death of a person suffering from an
© anothers @
<E> the other incurable disease, is such a controversial
© some other
CID others issue as it is illegal in most countries.
® © (])
 STRUCTURE SECTION: EXERCISE 45 93

13. in the world export diamonds. 18. Thirty-six years after his first flight, at the
© Only little nations age of 77, John Glenn proved that he was
® Only few nations not to return to his role as an
© Only a little nations astronaut.
® Only a few nations © so old
<ID too old
14. Uranus is just to be seen on a clear © oldest
night with the naked eye. <ID very older
© bright enough
® enough brightly 19. that is known as Art Deco
© as enough bright culminated in the exhibits and expositions
CID bright as enough at the World's Fair in 1939.
© The art
15. The conversations on the TOEFL ®Arts
© An art
will be spoken just one time; therefore, you ® Artist
©
must listen very careful in order 20. The brightest body in the constellation
® Hydra, Alphard is only _ _
to understand what the speakers have said. © a second-magnitude star
© (]) <ID a magnitude second star
© a star of the magnitude second
16. Gold, silver, and copper coins are often ® a second magnitudes star

alloyed with harder metals to make

~ ®
them hard as enough to withstand wear.
© (])

17. like McDonald's and Kentucky

Fried Chicken have used franchising to
extend their sales internationally.
© Chain's restaurants
® Chains restaurants
© Chain restaurant
<ID Chain restaurants

Refer to pages 418-419 for the Explanatory Answers.

94 PRACTICE EXERCISES FOR STRUCTURE

EXERCISE 46: Sentences-Comparatives

In some sentences in the Structure Section on the Paper-Based TOEFL, you will be asked to iden-
tify the correct comparative. A comparative can be a word or phrase that expresses similarity or differ-
ence. A comparative can also be a word ending like -er or -est that expresses a degree of comparison
with adjectives and adverbs. Choose the correct answer in the incomplete sentences. Choose the incor-
rect word or phrase in the underlined choices.

1. Tuition at an American university runs 7. The seed heads of teasel plants raise the
___ twenty thousand dollars a semester. nap on coarse tweed cloth than do
© so high as the machine tools invented to replace them.
CD as high to © more efficiently
<D as high as CD efficiently
CID as high than <D more efficient
CID most efficient
2. Alligators are about the same color than
---ct) CD 8. Benjamin Franklin was the editor of
crocodiles, although the adults may be ©
<D the larger newspaper in the colonies, a
slightly darker with broader heads and CD
diplomatic representative to France and later
blunter noses.
® to England, and the inventor of many useful
© (])
3. Laser discs provide images of best quality devices.
© CD
than those of either television signals or 9. The standard for cleanliness in the area
<D ~
video tapes. where a microchip is manufactured is
© CD <D
4. The cost of a thirty-second commercial on same that of an operating room in a hospital.
a network television station is for ®
most businesses.
© so much 10. The North American robi n is only _ _
CD much the European and African robins.
<D very much © half big
CID much too much CD as big half
<D half as big as
5. The New York City subway system is CID big by half
©
the most longest underground railroad 11. Mountain bikes differ ordinary bicycles in
CD <D ©
operating in the world. that they have ten or more gears, a
CID CD
more rugged frame, and wider treads on
6. School children in the same grade in <D (])
© the tires.
American schools are usually the same old
® <D (]) 12. As a rule, the more rapid the heart rate,
as their classmates. © CD <D
faster the pulse.
<ID