TUPLES

 A tuple is an ordered sequence of elements of different data types, such as integer, float, string, list or even a tuple.
 Elements of a tuple are enclosed in parenthesis (round brackets) and are separated by commas.
 Like list and string, elements of a tuple can be accessed using index values, starting from 0.

Examples:
#tuple1 is the tuple of integers
>>> tuple1 = (1,2,3,4,5)
>>> tuple1
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

#tuple2 is the tuple of mixed data types

>>> tuple2 =('Economics',87,'Accountancy',89.6)
>>> tuple2
('Economics', 87, 'Accountancy', 89.6)

#tuple3 is the tuple with list as an element

>>> tuple3 = (10,20,30,[40,50])
>>> tuple3
(10, 20, 30, [40, 50])

#tuple4 is the tuple with tuple as an element

>>> tuple4 = (1,2,3,4,5,(10,20))
>>> tuple4
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, (10, 20))

If there is only a single element in a tuple then the element should be followed by a comma.
#incorrect way of assigning single element to tuple
#tuple5 is assigned a single element
>>> tuple5 = (20)
>>> tuple5
20

>>>type(tuple5)
#tuple5 is not of type tuple
#it is treated as integer
#Correct Way of assigning single element to tuple
#tuple5 is assigned a single element
>>> tuple5 = (20,)
#element followed by comma
>>> tuple5
(20,)
>>>type(tuple5) #tuple5 is of type tuple

#a sequence without parentheses is treated as #tuple by default

>>> seq = 1,2,3 #comma separated elements
>>> type(seq) #treated as tuple
>>> print(seq) #seq is a tuple
(1, 2, 3)

ACCESSING ELEMENTS IN A TUPLE

Elements of a tuple can be accessed in the same way as a list or string using indexing and slicing.
>>> tuple1 = (2,4,6,8,10,12)
#initializes a tuple tuple1
#returns the first element of tuple1
>>> tuple1[0]
2
#returns fourth element of tuple1
>>> tuple1[3]
 8
#returns error as index is out of range
>>> tuple1[15]
IndexError: tuple index out of range
#an expression resulting in an integer index
>>> tuple1[1+4]
12
#returns first element from right
>>> tuple1[-1]
12

TUPLE IS IMMUTABLE
Tuple is an immutable data type.
It means that the elements of a tuple cannot be changed after it has been created.
An attempt to do this would lead to an error.

>>> tuple1 = (1,2,3,4,5)

>>> tuple1[4] = 10
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
However an element of a tuple may be of mutable type, e.g., a list.
#4th element of the tuple2 is a list
>>> tuple2 = (1,2,3,[8,9])
#modify the list element of the tuple tuple2
>>> tuple2[3][1] = 10
#modification is reflected in tuple2
>>> tuple2
(1, 2, 3, [8, 10])

TUPLE OPERATIONS
1. Concatenation
>>> tuple1 = (1,3,5,7,9)
>>> tuple2 = (2,4,6,8,10)
>>> tuple1 + tuple2 #concatenates two tuples
(1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10)
>>> tuple3 = ('Red','Green','Blue')
>>> tuple4 = ('Cyan', 'Magenta', 'Yellow' ,'Black')
#tuple5 stores elements of tuple3 and tuple4
>>> tuple5 = tuple3 + tuple4
>>> tuple5
('Red','Green','Blue','Cyan','Magenta', 'Yellow','Black')

Concatenation operator can also be used for extending an existing tuple. When we extend a tuple using concatenation a new tuple
is created.
>>> tuple6 = (1,2,3,4,5)
#single element is appended to tuple6
>>> tuple6 = tuple6 + (6,)
>>> tuple6
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
#more than one elements are appended
>>> tuple6 = tuple6 + (7,8,9)
>>> tuple6
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)

2. Repetition
Repetition operation is depicted by the symbol *. It is used to repeat elements of a tuple. We can repeat the tuple elements. The
repetition operator requires the first operand to be a tuple and the second operand to be an integer only.
>>> tuple1 = ('Hello','World')
>>> tuple1 * 3
('Hello', 'World', 'Hello', 'World', 'Hello', 'World')
#tuple with single element
>>> tuple2 = ("Hello",)
>>> tuple2 * 4
('Hello', 'Hello', 'Hello', 'Hello')

3. Membership
The in operator checks if the element is present in the tuple and returns True, else it returns False.
>>> tuple1 = ('Red','Green','Blue')
>>> 'Green' in tuple1
True
The not in operator returns True if the element is not present in the tuple, else it returns False.
>>> tuple1 = ('Red','Green','Blue')
>>> 'Green' not in tuple1
False

4.Slicing
Like string and list, slicing can be applied to tuples also.
#tuple1 is a tuple
>>> tuple1 = (10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80)

#elements from index 2 to index 6

>>> tuple1[2:7]
(30, 40, 50, 60, 70)

#all elements of tuple are printed

>>> tuple1[0:len(tuple1)]
(10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80)

#slice starts from zero index

>>> tuple1[:5]
(10, 20, 30, 40, 50)

#slice is till end of the tuple

>>> tuple1[2:]
(30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80)
#step size 2
>>> tuple1[0:len(tuple1):2]
(10, 30, 50, 70)
#negative indexing
>>> tuple1[-6:-4]
(30, 40)
#tuple is traversed in reverse order
>>> tuple1[::-1]
(80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10)

TUPLE METHODS AND BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS

METHOD DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
len() Returns the length or the number of elements of the tuple >>> tuple1 = (10,20,30,40,50)
passed as the argument >>> len(tuple1)
5
tuple() Creates an empty tuple if no argument is passed Creates >>> tuple1 = tuple()
a tuple if a sequence is passed as argument >>> tuple1 ()
>>> tuple1 = tuple('aeiou')
#string
>>> tuple1
('a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u')
>>> tuple2 = tuple([1,2,3])
#list
>>> tuple2
(1, 2, 3)
>>> tuple3 = tuple(range(5))
>>> tuple3
(0, 1, 2, 3, 4)
count() Returns the number of times the given element appears >>> tuple1 = (10,20,30,10,40,10,50) >>>
in the tuple tuple1.count(10)
 3
>>> tuple1.count(90)
0
index() Returns the index of the first occurrence of the element >>> tuple1 = (10,20,30,40,50)
in the given tuple >>> tuple1.index(30)
2
>>> tuple1.index(90)
ValueError: tuple.index(x): x not in tuple
sorted() Takes elements in the tuple and returns a new sorted list. >>> tuple1 = ("Rama","Heena","Raj",
It should be noted that, sorted() does not make any "Mohsin","Aditya")
change to the original tuple >>> sorted(tuple1)
['Aditya', 'Heena', 'Mohsin', 'Raj', 'Rama']
min() Returns minimum or smallest element of the tuple >>> tuple1 = (19,12,56,18,9,87,34)
max() Returns maximum or largest element of the tuple >>> min(tuple1)
sum() Returns sum of the elements of the tuple 9
>>> max(tuple1)
87
>>> sum(tuple1)
235

TUPLE ASSIGNMENT
Assignment of tuple is a useful feature in Python. It allows a tuple of variables on the left side of the assignment operator to be
assigned respective values from a tuple on the right side. The number of variables on the left should be same as the number of
elements in the tuple.

Example :
#The first element 10 is assigned to num1 and #the second element 20 is assigned to num2.
>>> (num1,num2) = (10,20)
>>> print(num1)
10
>>> print(num2)
20
>>> record = ( "Pooja",40,"CS")
>>> (name,rollNo,subject) = record
>>> name
'Pooja'
>>> rollNo
40
>>> subject
'CS'
>>> (a,b,c,d) = (5,6,8)
ValueError: not enough values to unpack (expected 4, got 3)

If there is an expression on the right side then first that expression is evaluated and finally the result is assigned to the tuple.
Example:
#15 is assigned to num3
#25 is assigned to num4
>>> (num3,num4) = (10+5,20+5)
>>> print(num3)
15
>>> print(num4)
25