Unit

COMPLEX NUMBERS
- 1
Module 1 – Complex Number
“Philosophy is written in this grand book - I
mean the universe – which stands
continually open to our gaze, but it cannot
be understood unless one first learns to
comprehend the language and interpret the
characters in which it is written. It is written
in the language of mathematics, and its
characters are triangles, circles, and other
geometrical figures, without which it is
impossible to understand a single word of it:
without these, one is wandering about in a
At 11 million light-years away, IC 342 is a close galaxy. It’s also a member
dark labyrinth.”
of a loose group along with several others. IC 342 has a low surface
brightness and lies in Camelopardalis, near the plane of the Milky Way in our Gallileo, Galilei
sky. So it’s a little difficult for amateur astronomers to spot, despite its Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations
elegant form. (Credit: Tony Hallas) John Bartlett, Justin Kaplan
16th Ed, p. 61

Learning After finishing this module, you are expected to:

Objectives 1. Classify real and imaginary numbers.
2. Transform complex numbers into other forms.
3. Solve complex numbers

Topics a. Evaluation of complex numbers.

b. Forms of Complex numbers.
c. Transformation of complex numbers into other forms
d. Solving complex equations.
e. De Moivre’s Theorem
HIGHER ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS, 6TH ED. John Bird, Elsevier Ltd. Copyright 2010

Motivational Activity
Solve the following quadratic equations:
Answer:
2
1. 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 12 = 0 ______________________
2. 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 = 0 ______________________
3. 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 2 = 0 ______________________
4. 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4 = 0 ______________________
5. 𝑥2 + 9 = 0 ______________________

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1.0 Introduction

Math is used to explain the universe. Its discovery shows how power and complex
the human mind is. It becomes an indispensable tool for engineers, physicists, chemists,
economists; regarded as the language of science, mathematics help man to explore everything
in the universe.
When a recurring phenomenon is seen and can’t be explained by our present
mathematics, new systems of mathematics are derived.
In the real number system, we can’t take the square root of negatives, therefore the
complex number system was developed.
Complex numbers simplify mathematical analysis of many physical problem to a great
extent. Had we not had this powerful tool, calculations of many problem would definitely
have been a lot more difficult. Recently, it revolutionized computer graphics.
For quite a long time, square root of a negative number (called imaginary number)
has no real solution. But many physical phenomena yield to it. Imaginary numbers can appear
as many as real numbers when working with quadratic equations.
1.1 Imaginary Number

From the motivational activity, an equation or so result to square root of negative

number. In the set of real numbers, negative numbers do not have square roots. Imaginary
numbers were developed so that negative numbers would have square roots thus certain
equations would have solutions. These numbers were devised using an imaginary unit named
𝑖.

Definition: The imaginary numbers consist of all numbers jb, where b is a real number
and j is the imaginary unit, with the property that j² = -1.

The first four powers of i establish an important pattern and should be memorized.

Powers of j

𝑗1 = 𝑗 𝑗 2 = −1 𝑗 3 = −𝑗 𝑗4 = 1

Pattern which is very helpful to memorize.

Divide the exponent by 4
No remainder: answer is 1.
remainder of 1: answer is j.
remainder of 2: answer is –1.
remainder of 3: answer is - j

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Example 1: Determine the value of the following powers of j :

1. Find 𝑗 452 = 1
2. Find 𝑗 25 = 𝑗
3. Find 𝑗 2006 = −1
4. Find 𝑗 151 = −𝑗

Example 2: Express the following numbers in terms of j:

1. √−6 = √−1√6 = 𝑗√6

2. −√−5 = −√−1√5 = −𝑗√5
3. √−99 = √−1√99 = 𝑗√9√11 = 3𝑗√11
4. √−16 = √−1√16 = 4𝑗
5. −√−36 = −√−1√36 = −6𝑗
6. √−160 = √−1√16√10 = 4𝑗√10
−4 −4 −4 −𝑗 4𝑗
7. 9 = = . = = 4𝑗
𝑗 𝑗 𝑗 −𝑗 −(−1)
4 2 2 −𝑗 −2𝑗
8. 13
= = . = = −2𝑗
2𝑗 𝑗 𝑗 −𝑗 −(−1)

1.2 Complex Number System

As shown in Figure 1, complex number is consists of real and imaginary parts. The
real part can be classified as rationals and irrationals.

Figure 1. Complex Number System

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Definition: Complex Number is any number of the form a + jb, where a and b are real
and 𝑗 = √−1 .

Any member of a set of complex numbers may be denoted by the complex variable
and i =
𝑧 = 𝑥 ± 𝑗𝑦 (1.1)

where: x - the real part

y - the imaginary part

1.3 Graphical Representation of a Complex Number

A complex number has a representation in a plane. Simply take the x-axis as the real
numbers and an y-axis as the imaginary numbers. Thus, giving the complex number a + jb the
representation as point P with coordinates (a,b). Such a diagram is called Argand diagram.

Example 3: Plot the given complex numbers in Argand diagram.

A = 3 + 𝑗2, B = −2 + 𝑗4 , C = −3 − 𝑗5 , and D = 1 − 𝑗3

Figure 2 Complex Numbers as plotted in Argand diagram

Since a complex number can be represented in a cartesian coordinates, complex

number (1.1) is in rectangular form.

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1.4 Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers

Two or more complex numbers are added/subtracted by adding/subtracting separately

all the real parts and all the imaginary parts.

Example 4: If 𝑧1 = 3 − 𝑗6, and 𝑧2 = −4 − 𝑗7, determine

a) 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 b) 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 c) 𝑧2 − 𝑧1

Solutions:
a) 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = [3 + (−4)] + 𝑗[(−6) + (−7)] = −1 + 𝑗(−13) = −1 − 𝑗13
b) 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = [3 − (−4)] + 𝑗[(−6) − (−7)] = 7 + 𝑗(1) = 7 + 𝑗1
c) 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = [(−4) − 3] + 𝑗[(−7) − (−6)] = −7 + 𝑗(−1) = −7 − 𝑗1

Example 5: If 𝑧1 = 2 + 𝑗3 and 𝑧2 = 3 − 𝑗4 , evaluate a) 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 b) 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 and

show the results in the Argand diagram.

Solutions: a) 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = (2 + 3) + 𝑗(3 − 𝑗4) = 5 − 𝑗1

b) 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = (2 + 3) − 𝑗(3 − 𝑗4) = −1 + 𝑗4

Definition: Conjugate of Complex Number The conjugate of complex number z,

denoted by 𝑧 ∗ , of the complex number
a + jb = a - jb .

and i =

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Example 5: Determine the conjugate of the following complex numbers:

a) 𝑧 = 3 − 𝑗6 , 𝑧 ∗ = 3 + 𝑗6
b) 𝑧 = −4 + 𝑗5, 𝑧 ∗ = −4 − 𝑗5
c) 𝑧 = −2 − 𝑗2, 𝑧 ∗ = −2 + 𝑗2
d) 𝑧 = 8 + 𝑗10, 𝑧 ∗ = 8 − 𝑗10

1.5 Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers

Multiplication of complex numbers is achieved by assuming all quantities involved are
real and then using j2 = -1 to simplify.

Hence (𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏)(𝑐 + 𝑗𝑑) = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎(𝑗𝑑) + (𝑗𝑏)𝑐 + (𝑗𝑏)(𝑗𝑑)

= 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑗𝑎𝑑 + 𝑗𝑏𝑐 + 𝑗 2 𝑏𝑑
= 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑗𝑎𝑑 + 𝑗𝑏𝑐 + (√−1)2 𝑏𝑑
= 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑗𝑎𝑑 + 𝑗𝑏𝑐 + −𝑏𝑑
= (𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑) + 𝑗(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)

Example 6: Multiply the given two complex numbers:

Solution: Let 𝑧1 = 2 + 𝑗6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 = 4 − 𝑗3

(2 + 𝑗6)(4 − 𝑗3) = (2)(4) + 2(−𝑗3) + (𝑗6)4 + (𝑗6)(−𝑗3)
= 8 − 𝑗6 + 𝑗24 − (√−1)2 18
= 26 + 𝑗18

Division of complex numbers is achieved by multiplying both numerator and

denominator by the complex conjugate of the denominator.

Example 7: Using the two complex numbers of example 5, perform 𝑧1 /𝑧2

Solution: Let 𝑧1 = 2 + 𝑗6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 = 4 − 𝑗3

𝑧1 2 + 𝑗6 4 + 𝑗3 8 + 𝑗24 + 𝑗6 + 𝑗 2 18
= x =
𝑧2 4 − 𝑗3 4 + 𝑗3 16 − 𝑗 2 9
(8 − 18) + 𝑗(24 + 6)
= 2
16 − (√−1) 9
−10 + 𝑗30
=
16 + 9
−10 + 𝑗30 −10 30
= = +𝑗
25 25 25
or -0.4 + j 1.2

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1.6 Polar Form of Complex Numbers

When representing 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 in the complex plane by a point P with coordinates

(x, y), a natural alternative to the cartesian representation is to give the polar coordinates
(𝑟, 𝜃) of P. Polar form of complex numbers are more convenient to use when performing
multiplication and division than in rectangular form as seen from the previous examples. The
polar representation of z is shown in figure 3 where
1
𝑦
𝑂𝑃 = 𝑟 = |𝑧| = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 tan 𝜃 = .
𝑥

Definition: Modulus of Complex Number The radial distance OP is the modulus of z,

so 𝑟 = |𝑧|.
Argument of Complex Number The angle 𝜃 measured counterclockwise
from the positive real axis is called the argument of z.

and i =

Figure 3 The complex plane and the (𝑟, 𝜃) representation of z

From trigonometry, 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃

Hence 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃

= 𝑟 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃)

𝑟 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃) is usually abbreviated as 𝑟 𝜃 of complex number. Hence,

𝑟 𝜃 = 𝑟 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃) 1.2

Example 7: Determine the modulus and argument of the complex number 𝑧 = 3 + 𝑗2, and
express z in polar form.

Solution : Modulus, |𝑧| = √32 + 22 = √13 or 3.606

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2
Argument, arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = tan−1 3 = 33.690

In polar form, 𝑧 = 3 + 𝑗2 is written as 3.606 33.690

𝑧 = 3 + 𝑗2 lies in the first quadrant as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 : The complex number 𝑧 = 3 + 𝑗2

in cartesian coordinate system

Example 8: Convert a) 5 650 b) 10 − 350 into rectangular form, correct to four
significant figures..

Solution : a) 𝑥 = 5 cos 650 = 2.113 , 𝑦 = 5 sin 650 = 4.532. Hence

5 650 = 2.113 + 𝑗4.532

b) 𝑥 = 10 cos(−350 ) = 8.192 , 𝑦 = 10 sin(−350 ) = −5.736. Hence

10 −350 = 8.192 − 𝑗5.736

The conjugate of 𝑧 = 𝑟 𝜃 is 𝑧 ∗ = 𝑟 − 𝜃

Example 9 : Find the conjugate of a) 15 250 b) −3 650 c) −4 − 450

Answers: a) 15 − 250 b) −3 − 650 c) −4 450

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Do It
DDDDD Yourself

Page 1

Worksheet No. 1
COMPLEX NUMBERS
(Rectangular and Polar Forms)

Name: ___________________________________Yr. & Course: ________ Rating:_______

Date: ______________
=====================================================
Directions: Write your solution and answer on the space provided for.
I - Evaluate the following complex numbers in rectangular form and show in the Angrand Diagram
a) (3 + 𝑗5) + (−4 + 𝑗2)

a) ____________
b) (-4 – j3) - (3 – j3)

b) ____________

2. If 𝑧 = 3 + 𝑗4 and 𝑤 = 2 − 𝑗5 evaluate a to e and express the results in rectangular form

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b) 𝑤 − 𝑧 c) 3𝑧 + 2𝑤 d) 5𝑧 − 3𝑤 e) 𝑗(2𝑧 − 3𝑤)
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Page 2

Name: ___________________________________Yr. & Course: ________ Rating:_______

Date: ______________
=====================================================
Directions: Write your solution and answer on the space provided for.
II. If 𝑧 = 3 + 𝑗4 and 𝑤 = 2 − 𝑗5 evaluate a to e and express the results in rectangular form
a) 𝑧 + 𝑤 b) 𝑤 − 𝑧

Ans. _________________________ Ans. _________________________

c) 3𝑧 + 2𝑤 d) 5𝑧 − 3𝑤

Ans. _________________________ Ans. _________________________

e) 𝑗(2𝑧 − 3𝑤)

Ans. _________________________

I - Convert the given complex numbers to the required equivalent form:

1. 62 + j25 to polar form __________ 1.
2. 22 - j56 to triangular form __________ 2.
3. 2.5 50o to rectangular form __________ 3. 10
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__________ 4.
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Page 3

Name: ___________________________________Yr. & Course: ________ Rating:_______

Date: ______________
=====================================================
Directions: Write your solution and answer on the space provided for.
III - Convert the given complex numbers to the required equivalent form:
1. 25 + 𝑗15 to polar form

Ans. ______________________
2. −20 + 𝑗40 to polar form

Ans. ______________________
3. 5 − 150 to rectangular form

Ans. ______________________
4. −9 300 to rectangular form

Ans. ______________________

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Page 4

Name: ___________________________________Yr. & Course: ________ Rating:_______

Date: ______________
=====================================================
Directions: Write your solution and answer on the space provided for.
IV - Perform the indicated operations. Express your answers in polar form.

Let 𝑧1 = 4 + 𝑗5 and 𝑧2 = 8 − 300

a) 𝑧1 + 𝑧2

Ans. _________________

b) 𝑧1 𝑧2∗

Ans. _________________

c) 𝑧1∗ / 𝑧2

Ans. _________________
𝑧1∗
𝑑) ∗
𝑧2 + 𝑧1

Ans. _________________

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1.8 De Moivre’s Theorem

From multiplication of complex numbers in polar form,

(𝑟𝜃)𝑥 (𝑟𝜃) = 𝑟 2 2𝜃

Similarly, (𝑟𝜃)𝑥 (𝑟𝜃) 𝑥 (𝑟𝜃) = 𝑟 3 3𝜃, and so on.

Definition: De Moivre’s Theorem. In general, De Moivre’s Theorem states that

[𝑟𝜃]𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑛𝜃

Example 10: Determine in polar form [5300 ]3

Solution : [5300 ]3 = 53 3(300 ) = 125900

Example 11: Determine in polar form (−3 + 𝑗5)4

Solution : (3 − 𝑗5)4 = [5.83−59.040 ]4 = 5.834 4(−59.040 )

= 1,155.24−236.160

Example 12: Determine in polar form (−7 + 𝑗3)3 in rectangular form.

Solution : (−7 + 𝑗3)3 = [7.62203.20 ]3 = 7.623 3(203.20 )

= 442.45609.60

1.9 Roots of Complex Numbers

1
The square root of a complex number is determined by letting 𝑛 = in De Moivre’s
2
theorem,
1 1
1 𝜃
√[𝑟𝜃] = [𝑟𝜃]2 = 𝑟 2  𝜃 = √𝑟 
2 2

There are two square roots of a real number, equal in size but opposite in sign.

In general, there are n solutions for nth root of a complex number. For example, there
are three solutions to a cube root, five solutions to a fifth root, and so on. In the solutions to the
roots of a complex number, the modulus r, is always the same but the argument  is different
and symmetrically spaced on an Argand diagram and are (360/n)0 apart, where n is the number
of the roots required.

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Example 13: Determine the two square roots of 6 + 𝑗10 in polar and rectangular form.
1 1
10
Solution : (6 + 𝑗10)2 = √62 + 102 tan−1 ( 6 ) = (11.6659.04)2

59.04
= √11.66
2
𝑟1 = 3.415 29.520 = 2.972 + 𝑗1.683

360 0
𝑟2 = 3.415  [29.52 + ( )] = 3.415 209.520 = −2.972 − 𝑗1.683
2

A shown in Figure 5, the two square roots are the same in magnitude but 180 apart

Figure 5: The two square roots of 6 + 𝑗10

1
Example 14 : Determine (1251200 )3 .

Solution :

3 1200
𝑟1 = √125 = 5600
3

360 0
𝑟2 = 5 (60 + ) = 51800
3

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360 0
𝑟3 = 5 (180 + ) = 53000
3

The three roots of 1251200 are shown in Figure 6. Take note that the modulus are
equal but equally spanned by 1200 (3600 /3).

Figure 6: The three roots of 1251200

1
Example 15 : Determine (2431250 )5 in polar form.

Solution : The roots have equal modulus but spanned equally by 3600/5 = 720. Thus, the 5
fifth roots of 2431250 are:

𝑟1 = √243(125/5)0 = 3250
5

𝑟2 = 3(25 + 72)0 = 3970

𝑟3 = 3(97 + 72)0 = 31690

𝑟4 = 3(169 + 72)0 = 32410

𝑟5 = 3(241 + 72)0 = 33130

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It is interesting to note that if you add 720 to 3130, the modulus of r5, it is equal
to 3850 or 250 (3850 – 3600).
−2
Example 16 : Express the roots of (−14 + 𝑗3) 5 in polar form.

Solution : There are five roots to this complex number. The roots are symmetrically
displaced from one another by 3600/5 = 720

−14 + 𝑗3 = √205 167.9050

−2
−2 2
(−14 + 𝑗3) 5 = (√205) 5  [(− ) 𝑥 167.9050 ]
5

𝑟1 = 0.3449  − 67.1620

𝑟2 = 0.3449  4.8380

𝑟3 = 0.3449  76.8380

𝑟4 = 0.3449  148.8380

𝑟5 = 0.3449  220.8380

1.10 Other Forms of Complex Numbers

Trigonometric Form

From Figure 3, 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, and 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃. Hence from (1.2), the

trigonometric form of complex number in polar form is

𝑧 = 𝑟𝜃 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑗𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃) 1.3

The conjugate of 𝑧 in trigonometric form is

𝑧 ∗ = 𝑟 − 𝜃 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 − 𝑗 sin 𝜃)

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Exponential Form

From Euler’s identity 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃 , equation (1.3) can be expressed in

terms of exponential function

𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃) = 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝜃 1.4

on which the conjugate is

𝑧 ∗ = 𝑟𝑒−𝑗𝜃

(Note that in 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝜃 , 𝜃 must be in radian.)

Example 17 : Convert 4600 to a) trigonometric, b) exponential forms.

Solution :
a) 4600 = 4 cos 600 + 𝑗4 sin 600

= 2 + 𝑗3.464

b) 4600 = 4 cos 600 + 𝑗4 sin 600

𝜋
= 4𝑒 𝑗 3 ,
Since
1800
600 = , 1800 = 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
3

Example 18 : Convert 𝑧 = 6.5𝑒 𝑗1.5 into rectangular form.

Solution :

1800
1.5 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑥 = 85.94 0
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
Therefore,
𝑧 = 6.5𝑒 𝑗1.5 = 6.5 cos(85.94 0 ) + 𝑗 6.5 sin(85.94 0 )

= 0.46 + 𝑗6.484

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𝜋
Example 19 : Express 𝑧 = 4𝑒 1+𝑗 4 in polar form, then in rectangular form.

Solution :
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 = 4𝑒 1+𝑗 4 = (4𝑒 1 )(𝑒 𝑗 4 ) by the laws of indices

In polar form
𝜋
= (4𝑒) 4 = 4𝑒450
In rectangular form

= (4𝑒) [cos(45 0 ) + 𝑗 sin(45 0 )]

= 7.688 + 𝑗7.688
since 𝑒 = 2.71828.

Example 20 : If 𝑧 = 5𝑒 𝑗1.5 , determine ln 𝑧 (a) in rectangular form, and (b) in polar form.

Solution : a) If 𝑧 = 5𝑒 𝑗1.5 then ln 𝑧 = ln(5𝑒 𝑗1.5 )

= ln 5 + ln 𝑒 𝑗1.5

= 1.609 +𝑗1.5

b) 1.609 +𝑗1.5 = √1.6092 + 1.52  tan−1 1.5

= 2.2430

Example 21 : Determine, in polar form, ln[4 + 𝑗3]

Solution :

ln[4 + 𝑗3] = ln[536.870 ]

𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
= ln [5𝑒 𝑗0.6283 ] (36.870 𝑥 = 0.6283 )
180 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠

= ln 5 + ln(𝑒 𝑗0.6283 )

= 1.609 + 𝑗0.6283

= 1.72721.330

18
Engr. Virginia V. Pontillas | Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
 Unit
COMPLEX NUMBERS
1

DDDDD
Do It Yourself

Page 1

Worksheet No. 2
COMPLEX NUMBERS
(Conversion of Complex Numbers to Other Forms)

Name: ___________________________________Yr. & Course: ________ Rating:_______

Date: ______________
=====================================================
Directions: Write your solution and answer on the space provided for.
I - - Convert the given complex numbers to the required equivalent form:
1. 62 + 𝑗25 into polar form

Ans. _________________
2. 22 − 𝑗56 into trigonometric form

Ans. _________________
3. 2.5 50o into rectangular form

Ans. _________________
4. 65 -45o into exponential form

Ans. _________________
5. 28 62o to trigonometric form __________

19
Engr. Virginia V. Pontillas | Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
 Unit
COMPLEX NUMBERS
1

Page 2

Worksheet No. 2
COMPLEX NUMBERS
(Conversion of Complex Numbers to Other Forms)

Name: ___________________________________Yr. & Course: ________ Rating:_______

Date: ______________
=====================================================
𝜋
5. 4𝑒 𝑗 6 into polar form

Ans. _________________
6. 5 + j3 into exponential form

Ans. _________________
7. 3.5𝑒 𝑗2 into rectangular form

Ans. _________________
8. 2𝑒 3+𝑗5 into trigonometric form

Ans. _________________

20
Engr. Virginia V. Pontillas | Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
 Unit
COMPLEX NUMBERS
1

Page 3

Worksheet No. 2
COMPLEX NUMBERS
(Conversion of Complex Numbers to Other Forms)

Name: ___________________________________Yr. & Course: ________ Rating:_______

Date: ______________
=====================================================

9. 1.7𝑒 1.2−𝑗2.5 into polar form

Ans. _________________
10. ln(2.5 + 𝑗3) into polar form

Ans. _________________
II - If 𝑧 = 7𝑒 𝑗2.5 , determine ln 𝑧 in
a) rectangular form

Ans. _________________
b) polar form

Ans. _________________

21
Engr. Virginia V. Pontillas | Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges