GAS LAWS

Week 2
TOPIC: GAS LAWS

CONTENT:
1. Explain using the idea of kinetic
theory of gases
2. Measurement of Gas pressure,
Pressure law
3. Boyle’s law and its application
4. Charle’s law and its application,
5. General gas law.
 Kinetic Molecular Theory
• Particles in an ideal gas…
– have no volume.
– have elastic collisions.
– are in constant, random, straight-line motion.
– don’t attract or repel each other.
– have an average KE directly related to Kelvin
temperature.
 Real Gases
• Particles in a REAL gas…
– have their own volume
– attract and repel each other
• Gas behavior is most ideal…
– at low pressures
– at high temperatures

***Most real gases act like ideal gases

except under high pressure and low
temperature.
 Characteristics of Gases
• Gases expand to fill any container.
– Take the shape and volume of their
container.
• Gases are fluids (like liquids).
– Little to no attraction between the particles
• Gases have very low densities.
= lots of empty space between the particles
 Characteristics of Gases
• Gases can be compressed.
– lots of empty space between the particles
– Indefinite density
• Gases undergo diffusion.
– random motion
– scatter in all directions
 Pressure

force
pressure 
area

Which shoes create the most pressure?

 Pressure- how much a gas is pushing
on a container.

• Atmospheric pressure- atmospheric gases

push on everything on Earth

• UNITS AT SEA LEVEL

1 atm =101.3 kPa (kilopascal)= 760 mmHg =760 torr
 Pressure
• Barometer
– measures atmospheric pressure

Aneroid Barometer

Mercury Barometer
 Pressure
• Manometer
– measures contained gas pressure

C. Johannesson
U-tube Manometer Bourdon-tube gauge
 Temperature= how fast the molecules
are moving
• Always use absolute temperature (Kelvin)
when working with gases.
ºF
-459 32 212
ºC
-273 0 100
K
0 273 373
K = ºC + 273
C. Johannesson
 STP
Standard Temperature & Pressure

0°C -OR- 273 K

1 atm -OR- 101.3 kPa

760 mm Hg
Volume = how much space a gas occupies
Units
– L, mL, cm3
• 1000 mL = 1 L
• 1 mL = 1 cm3
BASIC GAS LAWS
 CharlesLaw.exe Charles’ Law
• T  V (temperature is directly proportional to
volume)
• T ↑ V↑ & T↓ V↓
V
• V1 = V2
T1 T2 T is always in K
– K = °C + 273 T
– P and n = constant
Charles’ Law
 Volume of a gas varies
directly with the absolute
temperature at constant
pressure.
 V = KT
 V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
Jacques-Alexandre Charles
Mathematician, Physicist, Inventor
Beaugency, France
November 12, 1746 – April 7, 1823
• Volume and temperature have a direct
relationship, if pressure is held constant.

• If temperature (K) is increased, volume is

increased by the same factor.
Charles’ Law: V1/T1 = V2/T2
Charles’ Law: V1/T1 = V2/T2
• Pressure and temperature have a direct
relationship, if volume remains constant.

• If temperature (K) is increased, pressure

will be increased by the same factor.
• Example 1
• Dry hydrogen is trapped by a pellet of mercury in a uniform
capillary tube closed at one end. If the lenght of the column
of hydrogen at 2700C is 1.0m, at what temperature will the
lenght be
• 1.20m.

• Example 2
• A 25 L balloon is released into the air on a warm
afternoon (42º C). The next morning the balloon is
recovered on the ground. It is a very cold morning and
the balloon has shrunk to 22 L. What is the temperature
in º C?
 Charles’ Law

V1 V2
=
T1 T2
(Pressure is held constant)
Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 259
Charles’ Law Problem
• Mrs. Rodriguez inflates a balloon for a party. She is in an air-
conditioned room at 27.0oC, and the balloon has a volume of
4.0 L. Because she is a curious and intrepid chemistry teacher,
she heats the balloon to a temperature of 57.0oC. What is the
new volume of the balloon if the pressure remains constant?

Given Unkown Equation

T1 = 27.0oC +273= 300 K V2 = ? L P1V1 = P2V2
V1 = 4.0 L T1 V1T2
T2 = 57.0oC +273= 330 K
 Substitute and Solve
 4.0 L = V2 = 4.4 L
300 K 330K
Charles’ Law Learning Check
• A 25 L balloon is released into the air on a warm afternoon
(42º C). The next morning the balloon is recovered on the
ground. It is a very cold morning and the balloon has
shrunk to 22 L. What is the temperature in º C?

Given Unkown Equation

V1 = 25 L T2 = ? ºC P1V1 = P2V2
T1 = 42 oC +273= 315 K T1 V1T2
V2 = 22 L
 Substitute and Solve
 25 L = 22 L = 277.2 K -273 = 4.2 ºC
315 K T2
 Boyle’s Law
 Pressure and volume
are inversely related at
constant temperature.
 PV = K
 As one goes up, the other
goes down.
 P1V1 = P2V2
“Father of Modern Chemistry”
Robert Boyle
Chemist & Natural Philosopher
Listmore, Ireland
January 25, 1627 – December 30, 1690
 Boyle'sLaw.exe
Boyle’s Law
• P↓ V ↑ & P↑ V ↓
• P  1/V (pressure is inversely proportional to volume)

• P1V1 = P2V2
– T and n = constant
P

V
Boyle’s Law
P1V1 = P2V2
(Temperature is held constant)
 Boyle’s Law
Mechanics of
Breathing

Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 254

• Pressure and volume have an inverse
relationship, if temperature remains
constant.

• If volume is increased, pressure is

decreased by the same factor.
Mathematically, the product of PV is constant or PV = k

(where k is some constant).

Boyle’ Law

P1 V1 = P2 V2 = P3 V3…
Boyle’s Law: P1V1 = P2V2
Boyle’s Law: P1V1 = P2V2
 Boyle’s Law Problem
A balloon is filled with 30.L of helium gas at 1.00 atm.
What is the volume when the balloon rises to an
altitude where the pressure is only 0.25 atm?
Given Unkown Equation
V1 = 30 L V2 = ? L P1V1 = P2V2
P1 = 1 atm T1 T2
P2 = .25atm

• Substitute and Solve

 V2 0.25 atm = 30 L x 1.0 atm = 120 L
Boyle’s Law Learning Check
A gas occupies 100. mL at 150. kPa. Find its volume
at 200. kPa.
Given Unkown Equation
V1 = 100. mL V2 = ? L P1V1 = P2V2
= 0.100 L T1 T2
P1 = 150. kPa
P2 = 200. kPa

• Substitute and Solve

 V2 x 200. kPa = 0.100 L x 150. kPa= 75.0 mL
 0.0750 L
Example 1:
A sample of helium gas occupies 12.4 L at 23°C and 0.956
atm. What volume will it occupy at 1.20 atm assuming
that the temperature stays constant?
Example 2:
An air bubble of volume 2cm3 isformed 20cm
under water. What will be its volume when it
rises to just below the surface of the water if
the atmospheric pressure is equivalent to a
height of 10cm of water?
Example 3
A balloon is filled with 30.L of helium gas at
1.00 atm. What is the volume when the
balloon rises to an altitude where the pressure
is only 0.25 atm?
 COMBINED IDEAL GAS LAW
• P1V1 = P2V2
n1T1 n2T2

• If P, V, n, or T are constant then they cancel

out of the equation.
• n usually constant (unless you add or
remove gas), so
• P1V1 = P2V2
T1 T2
 Combined Gas Law Problem
Ms. Evans travels to work in a hot air balloon from the Rocky
Mountains. At her launch site, the temperature is 5.00 °C, the
atmospheric pressure is 0.801 atm, and the volume of the air in
the balloon is 120.0 L. When she lands in Plano, the temperature
is 28.0 °C and the atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa. What is
the new volume of the air in the balloon?
Given Unkown Equation
T1 = 5.0oC +273= 278 K
V2 = ? L V1 x P1 = V 2 x P2
P1 = 0.801 atm
T1 T2
V1 = 120.0 L
T2 = 28.0oC +273= 301 K
P2 = 101.3 kPa = 1 atm
 Substitute and Solve
 V2 x 1 atm = 120.0 L x 0.801 atm = 104 L
 301K 278 K
 Combined Gas Law Learning Check
Nitrogen gas is in a 7.51 L container at 5.C and 0.58 atm.
What is the new volume of the gas at STP?

Given Unkown Equation

T1 = 5.0oC +273= 278 K
V2 = ? L V1 x P1 = V 2 x P2
P1 = 0.58 atm
T1 T2
V1 = 7.51 L
T2 = 273 K
P2 = 1 atm
 Substitute and Solve
 V2 x 1.0 atm = 7.51L x 0.58 atm = 4.3 L
 273 K 278 K
 Ideal Gas Law (“Pivnert”)
PV=nRT
R = The Ideal Gas Constant
R = 0.0821 (L*atm) R = 62.4 (L*mm Hg)
(mol*K) (mol*K)
R = 8.31 (L*kPa)
(mol*K)
• V has to be in Liters, n in Moles, T in Kelvin,
• P can be in atm, kPa or mmHg
• * Choose which R to used based on the units of your pressure.

P V = n R T
(atm) (L) = (moles) (L*atm/mol*K) (K)
(kPa) (L) = (moles) (L*kPa/mol*K) (K)
mm Hg (L) = (moles) (L*mmHg/mol*K) (K)
 Ideal Gas Law Problem
A rigid steel cylinder with a volume of 20.0 L is filled with nitrogen
gas to a final pressure of 200.0 atm at 27.0 oC. How many moles
of gas does the cylinder hold?
Given Unkown Equation
V = 20.0 L moles of PV=nRT
P = 200.0 atm nitrogen? R= .0821 atm L/K Mole
T =27.0oC +273= 300 K

 Substitute and Solve

n 0821 atm L/K Mole x 300 K = 200.0 atm x 20.0L= 162 moles
 Ideal Gas Law
• A balloon contains 2.00 mol of nitrogen at a pressure of 0.980
atm and a temperature of 37C. What is the volume of the
balloon?

Given Unkown Equation

n = 2.00 mol V in L? PV=nRT
P = 0.980 atm R= .0821 atm L/K Mole
T =37.0oC +273= 310 K

 Substitute and Solve

0.980 atm x V= 2.00 mol x .0821 atm L/K Mole x 310 K = 51.9 L
 Class work
1. As a bicycle tyre was being pumped up, it was noticed that
contrary to Boyle’s law the volume
• increased as the pressure increased. The best explanation of
this is that Boyle’s law is only true
• for
• (A) ideal gases
• (B) a fixed mass of gases
• (C) a mixture of gases
• (D) a gas at variable temperature.
• 2 The pressure P, volume V and absolute temperature T of a
given mass of an ideal gas, change simultaneously, which of the
following equation is correct about the gas?
• (A) PV = constant/T
• (B) PV/T = constant
• (C) PT= constant/V
• (D) PV = T
Assignment
1. A gas occupies 7.84 cm3 at 71.8 kPa &
25°C. Find its volume at STP.
2. A gas occupies 473 cm3 at 36°C. Find its
volume at 94°C
3. A birthday balloon is filled to a volume of
1.5L of helium gas in an air-conditioned
room at 293K. The balloon is taken
outdoors on a warm day where the volume
expands to 1.55L. Assuming the pressure
and the amount of gas remain constant,
what is the air temperature outside in
Celsius?
Welcome to Mole Island
1 mol =
6.02 x 1023
particles