Aerodynamics

of
Compressors and Turbines
(AE 651)
Autumn Semester 2009

Instructor :
Bhaskar Roy
Professor,
Aerospace Engineering Department
I.I.T., Bombay
e-mail : aeroyia@aero.iitb.ac.in
 AE 651

Elective Course : Ph.D / M.Tech / D.D / B.Tech

The coverage in this course will be with

reference to their application in Aerospace
engineering and specifically with reference to
Compressors and Turbines as used in Aircraft
Gas Turbine engines. They are also relevant to
Compressors and Turbines used in land based
thermal power generation power plants .

AE 651- Prof Bhaskar Roy, IITB Lect - 1

 Coverage
1. Axial Flow Compressors
2. Centrifugal Flow Compressors
3. Axial Flow Turbines
4. Radial Flow Turbines
5. Matching of Compressors & Turbines
6. Mathematical models for 3-D flow in
turbomachinery
7. CFD methods for flow analysis in
compressors and turbines
1
AE 651- Prof Bhaskar Roy, IITB Lect-1
 References
1. Hill Philip, Peterson Carl, Mechanics and
Thermodynamics of Propulsion, 2nd Edn.,
Addison Wesly, 1992.
2. El-Sayeed G Ahmed, Aircraft Propulsion
and gas Turbine Engines, CRC press, 2008.
3. Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., Rogers G.F.C.,
Cohen H. Gas Turbine Theory, 5th Edition,
Pearson, 2001.
4. Bhaskar Roy, Aircraft Propulsion, Elsevier,
2008

2
AE 651- Prof Bhaskar Roy, IITB Lect-1
 CDEEP
Date-wise schedule : Course Details
AE 651
Aerodynamics of Compressors
and Turbines

Prof. Bhaskar Roy

3
AE 651- Prof Bhaskar Roy, IITB Lect - 1
 Course Details – AE 651
No. Date Lecture /. Topic
Tutorial No
1. 23.07.09 Lect-1 Course Coverage, Introduction to Aerodynamic
Machines
2. 27.07.09 Lect-2 Ch-1, Introduction to Axial Flow Compressors
3. 30.07.09 Lect-3 Ch-1, Thermodynamics of Axial Flow
Compressor
4. 03.08.09 Lect- 4 Ch-1, 2-D cascade flow theory of Axial Flow
Compressor
5. 06.08.09 Tute-1 Quiz and Assignment - Aerothermodynamics of
Axial Flow Compressor
6. 10.08.09 Lect-5 Ch-1, 3-D flows in AFC –Vortex theories
7. 13.08.09 Lect-6 Ch-1, Losses and Efficiencies of AFC
8. 17.08.09 Tute-2 Quiz and Assignment - 3-D flows and efficiencies
9. 20.08.09 Lect-7 Ch-1, Characteristics of Single and Multi-stage
Compressors
10. 24.08.09 Lect-8 Ch-1, Aerodynamic design of Axial Flow
Compressor
4
 Course Details – AE 651
No. Date Lecture /. Topic
Tutorial No

11. 27.08.09 Lect-9 Ch-2, Aerodynamics of Centrifugal Compressors

12. 31.08.09 Lect-10 Ch-2, Characteristics of Centrifugal Compressors
14. 03.09.09 Tute-3 Quiz and assignment on Centrifugal Compressor.

15. 17.09.09 Lect-11 Ch-3, Introduction and 2-D theories of Axial Flow
Turbine
16. 24.09.09 Lect-12 Ch-3, Thermodynamics, Losses & Efficiencies of
AFT
17. 01.10.09 Lect-13 Ch-3, Characteristics of Single & Multi-stage AFT
18. 05.10.09 Tute-4 Quiz and Assignments on Axial Flow Turbines
19. 08.10.09 Lect-14 Ch3, Cooling Techniques used in AFT
20. 12.08.09 Lect-15 Ch3, Aerodynamics Design of AFT

5
 Course Details – AE 651

No. Date Lecture /. Topic

Tutorial No

21. 15.10.09 Lect-16 Ch 4, Aerodynamics of Radial Flow Turbines

22. 22.10.09 Tute- 5 Quiz and Assignment on RFT
23. 26.10.09 Lect-17 Ch-5, Matching of Compressors and Turbines
24. 29.10.09 Lect-18 Ch-6, Aerodynamic Analysis of Compressors
& Turbines – 3-D flow theories
25. 05.11.09 Lect-19 Ch-6,Aerodynamic Analysis of Compressors &
Turbines – Radial Equilibrium Equation and
Streamline Curvature Theories.
26. 09.11.09 Lect-20 Ch-7,Computational Techniques and CFD tools
27. 12.11.09 Lect-21 Ch-7, Examples of CFD analysis of Compressor
and Turbine flows
6
 Gas Turbine Engine
LP LP
Fan
Compressor
LP
HP Turbine
Compressor Turbine
HP Hot
Compressor Jet

Outer shaft Inner Shaft

carrying carrying LPT,
HPT and HPC LPC and Fan

7
AE 651- Prof Bhaskar Roy, IITB Lect-1
 Aerodynamic Machines
• All the above machines work on
various Aerodynamic principles and
laws
• They also have to conform to various
Laws of Motion (e.g. Newton’s laws)
• All these machines also need to
conform to laws of thermodynamics,
especially when they are part of a
heat engine e.g. Gas Turbine Engine
for aircraft propulsion
8
AE 651- Prof Bhaskar Roy, IITB Lect-1
 Laws of Motion
• 1st Law of Motion – Concept of
applying energy or force on fluid flow
• 2nd Law of Motion – Concept of
acceleration (or deceleration) of fluid
• 3rd Law of motion – Concept of
Reaction force due to application of a
force, due to acceleration

9
AE 651- Prof Bhaskar Roy, IITB Lect-1
 Laws of Thermodynamics
• 1st Law of Thermodynamics – Equality of
supplied energy and work done – brings in
the concept of Cycle - in flowing fluid
• 2nd Law of Thermodynamics – Concept of
Entropy, and change of entropy, ∆s
• 3rd Law of Thermodynamics – Concept of
absolute zero temperature (Temp in K)
• Concept of Static and Stagnation (Total)
Pressure (p , p0) and Temperature (T, T0)
• Equation of state p = ρRT assumed
valid
10
AE 651- Prof Bhaskar Roy, IITB Lect-1
 Aerodynamic Laws
• Newtonian fluid – continuum theory is valid
• Conservation of mass in a fluid flow –
Continuity equation
• Conservation of momentum in a fluid flow –
Euler’s equation
• Conservation of energy in a fluid flow –
Bernoulli’s equation – incompressible flow
and ideal fluid p0 = p + 1/2.ρ. V2
Navier-Stoke’s equation – real fluid for both
incompressible and compressible flows

11
AE 651- Prof Bhaskar Roy, IITB Lect-1
 Aerodynamic Principles
• Perfect gas/air, Ideal fluid – Isentropic – adiabatic,
irreversible fluid flow process
• Effects of Mach number, Reynolds number etc.
shall be made liberally
• More parameters for dynamical similarity shall be
developed for compressors / turbines
• Incompressible and Compressible fluid flow
• Subsonic and Supersonic flows – shock theories –
2-D planar shocks and property changes across
the shocks

AE 651- Prof Bhaskar Roy, IIT B 12 Lect-1

 Pre-requisites

Some prior knowledge of all the above

subjects is a pre-requisite for this course

AE 651- Prof Bhaskar Roy, IIT B 13 Lect-1

 Working of Compressors and Turbines
Lift

• Compressors perform
Drag
work on the passing
air. Work is done on
the air often with the
help of airfoil shapes
• Turbine extract work
from the passing air Highly Cambered
often with the help of Blade section for
airfoil shapes Turbines

AE 651- Prof Bhaskar Roy, IITB 14 Lect-1

 Employing Airfoils
Compressor Airfoils Turbine Airfoil

T- 6 blade section

15
AE 651- Prof Bhaskar Roy, IIT, B Lect-1
 Employing Airfoils

a) Normal b) Excessive turning c) Excessive Stagger

Diffusing Flow in Axial Compressor Passages

16
AE 651- Prof Bhaskar Roy, IITB Lect-1
 Employing Airfoils

Accelerating Flow in a Turbine Passage

17
AE 651- Prof Bhaskar Roy, IITB
Lect-1