DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

CCS375-WEB TECHNOLOGIES

III YR /V SEMESTER (CSE/AIML)

ANSWER KEY

1.Illustrate the applications of Servlet.

Servlets are server-side Java programs that handle requests and responses in a web application.
They play a critical role in web technologies, particularly in Java-based environments. Here are
some key applications of servlets:

1. Dynamic Web Content Generation:

2. Form Handling:
3. Session Management:
4. Database Connectivity:
5. Web Services:
6. Middleware Functionality:
7. File Upload/Download:
8. Custom Authentication and Authorization:
9. Integration with Frameworks:
10. Error Handling:

2. Write about Servlets Technology.

Servlets are Java programs that run on a web server, enabling dynamic content generation and
enhancing the capabilities of web applications. They handle client requests, process data, and send
responses, typically in the form of HTML or JSON. By following the Java EE specification, Servlets provide
a robust and scalable framework for building server-side applications.

3. llustrate the need of Session handling in web programming.

Session handling is crucial in web programming as it enables the maintenance of user state and data
across multiple requests, allowing for a personalized experience. Without session management, web
applications would treat each request as independent, losing track of user interactions. This
functionality is essential for features like user authentication, shopping carts, and personalized content
delivery.

4. Construct the rules for creating variables in PHP.

In PHP, variable names must start with a dollar sign ($), followed by a letter or underscore, and
can include letters, numbers, and underscores. Variable names are case-sensitive, meaning $var
and $Var are considered different. Additionally, they cannot start with a number or contain
special characters (except for underscores).
5. Write about XSL.

XSL (Extensible Stylesheet Language) is a language used for transforming and rendering XML
documents. It comprises several components, including XSLT (XSL Transformations), which
defines how to convert XML data into other formats like HTML or plain text. XSL enhances the
presentation and accessibility of XML data, making it easier to work with across different
platforms.

6.a)Illustrate the concept of Get and Post methods of servlet with appropriate examples.

In servlets, the GET and POST methods are used to send data from the client to
the server, each serving different purposes.

GET Method

 Purpose: Primarily used to retrieve data from the server. Data is sent as query parameters
in the URL.
 Example: When a user searches for a product, the URL might look like this:
http://example.com/search?query=shoes
 Servlet Code:

java
Copy code
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
response) throws ServletException, IOException {
String query = request.getParameter("query");
// Process the search query and return results
response.getWriter().println("You searched for: " + query);
}

POST Method

 Purpose: Used to submit data to be processed by the server. Data is sent in the request
body, making it more suitable for sensitive information.
 Example: When a user submits a login form, the data is sent in the request body:

html
Copy code
<form action="login" method="post">
<input type="text" name="username">
<input type="password" name="password">
<input type="submit" value="Login">
</form>

 Servlet Code:

java
Copy code
 protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
response) throws ServletException, IOException {
String username = request.getParameter("username");
String password = request.getParameter("password");
// Validate the user credentials
response.getWriter().println("Username: " + username);
}

Key Differences

 Visibility: GET appends data to the URL, while POST includes it in the body.
 Data Length: GET has limitations on data length due to URL constraints, while POST
can handle larger amounts of data.
 Security: GET is less secure for sensitive data, as it can be cached and logged, while
POST is more secure as the data isn't visible in the URL.

6.b) Demonstrate the details about JDBC connectivity with example program.

JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) is a Java API that enables Java applications to interact with
databases. It provides methods for querying and updating data in a database using SQL.

Steps for JDBC Connectivity

1. Load the JDBC Driver: This step is necessary to establish a connection to the database.
2. Establish a Connection: Use the DriverManager to connect to the database.
3. Create a Statement: This is used to send SQL queries to the database.
4. Execute Queries: You can execute SQL queries using the created statement.
5. Process the Results: Handle the results returned from the query.
6. Close the Connection: Always close the connection to release database resources.

Example Program

Here’s a simple example that demonstrates JDBC connectivity to a MySQL database.

Prerequisites

 Ensure you have the MySQL JDBC Driver (e.g., mysql-connector-java-x.x.x.jar) in your
classpath.
 A MySQL database running with a table to interact with.

Sample Code
java
Copy code
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.Statement;
public class JDBCExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Database URL, username, and password
String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydatabase";
String user = "root";
String password = "password";

// Connection and statement initialization

Connection connection = null;
Statement statement = null;

try {
// Load the JDBC driver
Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");

// Establish the connection

connection = DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, password);
System.out.println("Connection established!");

// Create a statement
statement = connection.createStatement();

// Execute a query
String sql = "SELECT * FROM users"; // Assuming a table 'users'
exists
ResultSet resultSet = statement.executeQuery(sql);

// Process the results

while (resultSet.next()) {
int id = resultSet.getInt("id");
String name = resultSet.getString("name");
String email = resultSet.getString("email");
System.out.println("ID: " + id + ", Name: " + name + ", Email:
" + email);
}

// Close the ResultSet

resultSet.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
// Close the statement and connection
try {
if (statement != null) statement.close();
if (connection != null) connection.close();
System.out.println("Connection closed!");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}

Explanation of the Code

 1. Load the JDBC Driver: Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver") loads the MySQL
JDBC driver.
2. Establish the Connection: DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, password)
connects to the specified database.
3. Create a Statement: connection.createStatement() creates a Statement object for
sending SQL commands.
4. Execute a Query: statement.executeQuery(sql) executes the SQL query and returns a
ResultSet.
5. Process Results: The ResultSet is iterated to retrieve data from the users table.
6. Close Resources: Finally, the program ensures that all resources are closed to prevent memory
leaks.

7.a)Write about servlet and outline the lifecycle of Servlet with example.

A servlet is a Java programming language class that extends the capabilities of servers that host
applications accessed via a request-response programming model. Servlets run on a server and
handle client requests, typically in the context of web applications. They are part of the Java EE
(Enterprise Edition) platform and can be used to create dynamic web content, process data
submitted by users, and manage sessions.

Lifecycle of a Servlet

The lifecycle of a servlet is managed by the servlet container (like Apache Tomcat), which is
responsible for loading the servlet, instantiating it, and managing its execution. The servlet
lifecycle consists of several key stages:

1. Loading and Instantiation: The servlet container loads the servlet class and creates an
instance of the servlet. This happens when the servlet is requested for the first time or
during server startup, depending on the configuration.
2. Initialization: After instantiation, the servlet container initializes the servlet by calling its
init() method. This method is where you can perform any startup tasks, such as loading
configuration data or initializing resources.
3. Request Handling: The servlet handles client requests by executing the service()
method. This method is called by the servlet container for each request, and it typically
dispatches the request to either the doGet() or doPost() method, depending on the
HTTP request type.
4. Destruction: When the servlet is no longer needed (e.g., when the server shuts down or
the servlet is unloaded), the servlet container calls the destroy() method. This is where
you can release resources and perform cleanup tasks.

Servlet Lifecycle Example

Here’s a simple example demonstrating the lifecycle of a servlet:

java
Copy code
import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

public class MyServlet extends HttpServlet {

// Initialization method
@Override
public void init() throws ServletException {
super.init();
// Code to initialize resources (e.g., database connection)
System.out.println("Servlet initialized.");
}

// Service method to handle requests

@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
response.setContentType("text/html");
response.getWriter().println("<h1>Hello, World!</h1>");
System.out.println("Processing GET request.");
}

@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
// Handle POST requests here
response.setContentType("text/html");
response.getWriter().println("<h1>Data Submitted Successfully!</h1>");
System.out.println("Processing POST request.");
}

// Cleanup method
@Override
public void destroy() {
// Code to release resources
System.out.println("Servlet destroyed.");
super.destroy();
}
}

Explanation of the Code

1. init() Method: This method is overridden to perform initialization tasks. It is called

once when the servlet is loaded. Here, you can load configuration settings or establish
database connections.
2. doGet() Method: This method handles GET requests. When a client sends a GET
request, the servlet's doGet() method is called, and it generates a simple HTML
response.
3. doPost() Method: This method handles POST requests. It can be used to process data
submitted through forms.
 4. destroy() Method: This method is overridden to perform cleanup tasks, such as closing
database connections or releasing other resources. It is called when the servlet is being
destroyed.

7.b) illustrate the following

i. Cookies.

Cookies are small pieces of data that are stored on the client’s browser by a web server. They are
commonly used to remember information about the user between requests, allowing for a more
personalized and efficient web experience.

Key Features of Cookies

1. Data Storage: Cookies can store user-specific information such as preferences, session
identifiers, and shopping cart contents.
2. Expiration: Cookies can have expiration dates, after which they are automatically
deleted. They can be set to expire at the end of a session or after a specified period.
3. Path and Domain: Cookies can be restricted to specific paths or domains, controlling
where they are sent. This helps improve security and privacy.
4. HttpOnly and Secure Flags: Cookies can be marked as HttpOnly, which prevents
client-side scripts from accessing them, and Secure, ensuring they are only sent over
HTTPS.

Setting and Retrieving Cookies in a Servlet

Here’s an example of how to set and retrieve cookies in a Java servlet:

Setting a Cookie
java
Copy code
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.Cookie;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

public class SetCookieServlet extends HttpServlet {

protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
response) throws ServletException, IOException {
// Create a cookie
Cookie cookie = new Cookie("username", "JohnDoe");
cookie.setMaxAge(60 * 60); // Expires in 1 hour
response.addCookie(cookie); // Add cookie to the response

response.getWriter().println("Cookie set: " + cookie.getName() + "=" +

cookie.getValue());
}
}
Retrieving a Cookie
java
Copy code
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.Cookie;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

public class GetCookieServlet extends HttpServlet {

protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
response) throws ServletException, IOException {
Cookie[] cookies = request.getCookies(); // Retrieve cookies from the
request

if (cookies != null) {
for (Cookie cookie : cookies) {
if (cookie.getName().equals("username")) {
response.getWriter().println("Cookie value: " +
cookie.getValue());
}
}
} else {
response.getWriter().println("No cookies found.");
}
}
}

ii. Javax.servlet packages.

The javax.servlet package is a core part of Java EE (Enterprise Edition) that provides the
classes and interfaces needed for developing servlets, which are Java programs that run on a
server and handle client requests in a web application. This package is essential for building
dynamic web content and processing HTTP requests and responses.

Key Components of the javax.servlet Package

1. Servlet Interface:
o The main interface that all servlets must implement. It defines the core methods
that must be overridden, including init(), service(), and destroy().
2. GenericServlet Class:
o An abstract class that implements the Servlet interface and provides default
implementations for some of its methods. It is protocol-independent and can be
used for any type of servlet.
3. HttpServlet Class:
o A subclass of GenericServlet specifically designed for handling HTTP requests.
It provides methods like doGet(), doPost(), doPut(), and doDelete() for
handling different HTTP methods.
 4. ServletRequest Interface:
o Represents the request from a client to a servlet. It provides methods to access
request parameters, attributes, and other information about the request.
5. ServletResponse Interface:
o Represents the response from a servlet to a client. It provides methods for setting
response headers, content type, and writing output to the response.
6. ServletConfig Interface:
o Provides configuration information to a servlet. It allows a servlet to access
initialization parameters specified in the web application's deployment descriptor
(web.xml).
7. ServletContext Interface:
o Provides information about the web application and allows servlets to
communicate with the servlet container. It can be used to access application-wide
parameters and resources.

Example Usage

Here’s a simple example illustrating the use of HttpServlet and

ServletRequest/ServletResponse.

java
Copy code
import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

public class HelloWorldServlet extends HttpServlet {

@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
response.setContentType("text/html");
response.getWriter().println("<h1>Hello, World!</h1>");
}

@Override
public void init() throws ServletException {
super.init();
// Initialization code here
}

@Override
public void destroy() {
// Cleanup code here
super.destroy();
}
}

Explanation of the Code

  Extending HttpServlet: The HelloWorldServlet class extends HttpServlet,
allowing it to handle HTTP requests.
 Handling GET Requests: The doGet() method is overridden to respond to GET
requests. It sets the content type and writes a simple HTML response.
 Initialization and Destruction: The init() and destroy() methods can be used for
resource management, such as loading configuration settings or releasing resources.

8.a) Demonstrate a PHP program to do String handling.

PHP program that demonstrates various string handling functions, including string manipulation,
searching, and formatting.

PHP String Handling Example

php
Copy code
<?php
// Example PHP program for string handling

// 1. Defining strings
$originalString = "Hello, World!";

// 2. String length
$length = strlen($originalString);
echo "Length of the string: $length\n"; // Output: 13

// 3. Convert to uppercase
$upperCase = strtoupper($originalString);
echo "Uppercase: $upperCase\n"; // Output: HELLO, WORLD!

// 4. Convert to lowercase
$lowerCase = strtolower($originalString);
echo "Lowercase: $lowerCase\n"; // Output: hello, world!

// 5. Substring extraction
$substring = substr($originalString, 7, 5);
echo "Substring (from index 7, length 5): $substring\n"; // Output: World

// 6. String replacement
$replacedString = str_replace("World", "PHP", $originalString);
echo "Replaced string: $replacedString\n"; // Output: Hello, PHP!

// 7. String searching
$position = strpos($originalString, "World");
if ($position !== false) {
echo "'World' found at position: $position\n"; // Output: 7
} else {
echo "'World' not found.\n";
}

// 8. String trimming
$trimmedString = trim(" Hello, PHP! ");
echo "Trimmed string: '$trimmedString'\n"; // Output: 'Hello, PHP!'
// 9. String concatenation
$additionalString = " Have a great day!";
$concatenatedString = $originalString . $additionalString;
echo "Concatenated string: $concatenatedString\n"; // Output: Hello, World!
Have a great day!

// 10. Formatting strings

$formattedString = sprintf("String: %s, Length: %d", $originalString,
$length);
echo "Formatted string: $formattedString\n"; // Output: String: Hello, World!,
Length: 13
?>

Explanation of the Code

1. Defining Strings: The original string is defined as $originalString.

2. String Length: strlen() is used to get the length of the string.
3. Uppercase Conversion: strtoupper() converts the entire string to uppercase.
4. Lowercase Conversion: strtolower() converts the entire string to lowercase.
5. Substring Extraction: substr() extracts a substring starting from a specified index with
a specified length.
6. String Replacement: str_replace() replaces occurrences of a specified substring with
another substring.
7. String Searching: strpos() finds the position of the first occurrence of a substring in
the string. It returns the index or false if not found.
8. String Trimming: trim() removes whitespace from the beginning and end of the string.
9. String Concatenation: The . operator concatenates two strings.
10. Formatting Strings: sprintf() is used to format a string with specified values,
allowing for formatted output.

8.b) Illustrate the steps in the PHP code for quering a database with suitable example

To query a database in PHP, you typically follow a series of steps, including establishing a
connection to the database, preparing and executing a query, and processing the results. Below,
I’ll outline these steps with a suitable example using MySQL and the mysqli extension.

Steps for Querying a Database in PHP

1. Establish a Database Connection: Connect to the MySQL database using the mysqli or
PDO extension.
2. Prepare the SQL Query: Write the SQL query that you want to execute.
3. Execute the Query: Use the appropriate method to execute the query.
4. Process the Results: Retrieve and process the data returned by the query.
5. Close the Connection: Always close the database connection after you are done.

Example PHP Code

Here’s an example that demonstrates these steps. This example assumes you have a MySQL
database named mydatabase with a table named users.

php
Copy code
<?php
// Step 1: Establish a database connection
$servername = "localhost"; // Database server
$username = "root"; // Database username
$password = ""; // Database password
$dbname = "mydatabase"; // Database name

// Create connection
$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password, $dbname);

// Check connection
if ($conn->connect_error) {
die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);
}
echo "Connected successfully\n";

// Step 2: Prepare the SQL query

$sql = "SELECT id, name, email FROM users"; // Query to select data from
'users' table

// Step 3: Execute the query

$result = $conn->query($sql);

// Step 4: Process the results

if ($result->num_rows > 0) {
// Output data of each row
while ($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
echo "ID: " . $row["id"] . " - Name: " . $row["name"] . " - Email: " .
$row["email"] . "\n";
}
} else {
echo "0 results\n";
}

// Step 5: Close the connection

$conn->close();
?>

Explanation of the Code

1. Database Connection:
o The connection to the database is established using new mysqli(), where you
provide the server name, username, password, and database name.
o The connection is checked for errors using $conn->connect_error.
2. Prepare the SQL Query:
o A simple SQL query is defined in the $sql variable to select the id, name, and
email fields from the users table.
3. Execute the Query:
 o The query is executed using $conn->query($sql). The result is stored in the
$result variable.
4. Process the Results:
o The code checks if the result contains any rows using $result->num_rows.
o If rows are found, a while loop iterates through each row using $result-
>fetch_assoc(), which fetches a result row as an associative array.
o The data is then printed to the output.
5. Close the Connection:
o Finally, the database connection is closed using $conn->close().

Running the Program

To run this code:

1. Ensure you have a MySQL database set up with a users table containing some data.
2. Save the PHP code in a file with a .php extension (e.g., query_database.php).
3. Place the file in the root directory of your local server (like XAMPP).
4. Access the file through your web browser (e.g.,
http://localhost/query_database.php).

9.a) Using Xslt how would you extract aspecific attribute from an element in an Xml
document.Explain with example.

XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) is used to transform XML documents

into other formats, such as HTML or plain text. You can use XSLT to extract specific attributes
from elements in an XML document.

Example XML Document

Consider the following XML document, which contains a list of books:

xml
Copy code
<library>
<book id="1">
<title>Learning XSLT</title>
<author>John Doe</author>
</book>
<book id="2">
<title>XML Basics</title>
<author>Jane Smith</author>
</book>
</library>

Goal

We want to extract the id attribute from each book element and display it along with the title.
XSLT Stylesheet

Here's an example of an XSLT stylesheet that extracts the id attribute from each book element
and displays the title along with the id:

xml
Copy code
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0"
xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
<xsl:output method="html" encoding="UTF-8"/>

<xsl:template match="/library">
<html>
<body>
<h2>Books in the Library</h2>
<ul>
<xsl:for-each select="book">
<li>
<xsl:text>ID: </xsl:text>
<xsl:value-of select="@id"/>
<xsl:text>, Title: </xsl:text>
<xsl:value-of select="title"/>
</li>
</xsl:for-each>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
</xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>

Explanation of the XSLT Code

1. XSLT Declaration: The stylesheet begins with the declaration of the XSLT version and
the namespace.
2. Output Method: The <xsl:output> element specifies that the output format will be
HTML.
3. Template Match: The <xsl:template match="/library"> defines the template that
matches the root element of the XML document (<library>).
4. HTML Structure: Inside the template, HTML elements are created. An unordered list
(<ul>) is prepared to list the books.
5. For-Each Loop: The <xsl:for-each select="book"> iterates over each book element
in the XML.
6. Extracting Attributes and Elements:
o <xsl:value-of select="@id"/> extracts the value of the id attribute from the
current book element.
o <xsl:value-of select="title"/> extracts the title of the current book.
7. Output: Each book's ID and title are displayed as list items in the resulting HTML.

Resulting Output
When this XSLT is applied to the given XML document, the output will be:

html
Copy code
<html>
<body>
<h2>Books in the Library</h2>
<ul>
<li>ID: 1, Title: Learning XSLT</li>
<li>ID: 2, Title: XML Basics</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

Applying the XSLT

To apply the XSLT to the XML document, you can use various tools or libraries, such as:

 Online XSLT processors.

 XML editors that support XSLT transformations.
 Programming languages (like Java, Python, or PHP) that provide libraries for XML
processing.

This process will generate an HTML representation of the books in the library, displaying their
IDs and titles.