CODE COURSE NAME MECHANICAL

CATEGORY L ENGINEERING
T P CREDIT

MET 396 COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW VAC 3 1 0 4

Preamble:

The objectives of the course are:

• To introduce the fundamental concepts involved in compressible flow.

• To apply the fundamental laws to one dimensional compressible isentropic flow for
the design of convergent and divergent nozzles.

• To solve the problems of compressible flow in constant area duct involving friction
and heat transfer.

• To understand the flow mechanism before and after the normal/oblique shocks

• To introduce various measurement and visualisation techniques in compressible

flows.

Prerequisite: MET203 Mechanics of fluid, MET202 Engineering Thermodynamic

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Explain the fundamental concepts involved in compressible flow

CO 2 Formulate and solve typical problems in one dimensional isentropic compressible
flow by use of the appropriate equations and tables.
CO 3 Solve typical problems of flow in constant area duct with friction
CO 4 Solve typical problems of flow in constant area duct with friction
CO 5 Calculate the change in flow properties across normal and oblique shock waves.
CO 6 Illustrate different techniques used in measurement and visualization of
compressible flows

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO PO PO
10 11 12
CO 1 3 3 2
CO 2 3 3 2 2 3
CO 3 3 2 2 1
CO 4 3 2 2 1
CO 5 3 2 2
CO 6 3 3
Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

End Semester
Assignment (%) Test 1 (%) Test 2 (%) Examination
Remember 25 20 20 10
Understand 25 40 40 20
Apply 25 40 40 70
Analyse 25
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE Duration

Marks

150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 10
questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question. Students should
answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student should answer
any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 14 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Represent various flow regimes on steady flow adiabatic ellipse.

2. List the various conservation laws governing the compressible flow

3. Define Mach cone and Mach Angle

Course Outcome 2 (CO2)

1.Express stagnation enthalpy in terms of static enthalpy and velocity of flow

2. Explain the phenomenon of choking in isentropic flow.

3. Write applications of convergent nozzles and convergent-Divergent nozzles

Course Outcome 3 (CO3):

1. Describe the phenomenon of frictional chocking

2.Differentiate between Fanno flow and Isothermal flow

 3. Explain the significance of critical length in Fanno flow

Course Outcome 4 (CO4): MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

1. Explain the process of thermal chocking in Rayleigh flow

2. Under what conditions the assumptions of Rayleigh flow is not valid in a heat exchanger

3. Locate the maximum enthalpy point in Rayleigh flow

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

1. State and prove Prandtl-Mayer relationship for a normal shock wave.

2. What is an expansion fan? How does it occur in supersonic flow?

3. Explain why shock is impossible in subsonic flow.

Course Outcome 6 (CO6):

1. Name the various types of wind tunnels used for low and high speed testing of models

2. Difference between working principle of Shadowgraph and Schlieren techniques

3. Explain the working principle of constant current hot wire anemometer

MODEL QUESTION PAPER

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

SIXTH SEMESTER MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Compressible Fluid Flow -MET396

Maximum: 100 Marks Duration: 3 hours

PART A

Answer all questions. Each question carries 3 marks

1. Derive an expression for stagnation temperature in terms of Mach number for compressible
fluid flow.

2. Derive the condition at which flow become choked in isentropic flow?

3. Prove that Mach number is unity at the maximum entropy point on a Fanno curve.

4. Explain the significance of critical length in Fanno flow

5. What is Rayleigh flow? Explain Rayleigh flow with one practical case.

6. Under what conditions the assumptions of Rayleigh flow is not valid in a heat exchanger

7. Explain two situations where a normal shock wave is formed

 8. Explain the formation of oblique shock wave in a concave corner and expansion fan in
convex corner
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
9. Mention the difference in principle of the shadowgraph and Schlieren system

10. Explain with the help of sketches how yaw angle is eliminated in a Kiel probe.

(10 X 3 = 30 Marks)

PART B

Answer one full question from each module

MODULE 1

11.a. An air nozzle is to be designed for an exit Mach number of 2. conditions of the air available in

the reservoir are 700 kPa, 533 K. Estimate i) pressure ii) temperature iii) velocity of flow iv) area,

at throat and exit of the nozzle. Mass flow rate through the nozzle is 10000 kg/hr. 10 marks

b. Derive an expression for area ratio in terms of Mach number for isentropic flow. Explain
graphically the variation of area ratio with Mach number. 4 marks

12.a. Derive the conservation of mass equation for compressible flow through control volume
approach. 4 marks
b. A perfect gas having Cp = 1017.4 J/kg and molecular weight 28.97 flows adiabatically in a
converging passage with a mass flow rate if 27.20kg/s. At a particular location, M = 0.5, T =
500K and p = 0.25 MPa. Calculate the area of cross section of the duct at the location.

10 marks
MODULE II

13.a. A circular duct passes 8.25 kg/s of air at an exit Mach number of 0.5. The entry pressure and
temperature are 3.45 bar and 38oC respectively and the mean coefficient of friction 0.005. If the Mach
number at the entry is 0.15, determine i) diameter of the duct, ii) length of duct, iii) pressure and
temperature at exit and iv) stagnation pressure loss. 8 marks

b. Differentiate between Fanno flow and isothermal flow. Give one practical example each for
Fanno flow and isothermal flow. 6 marks

14.a. Explain the phenomenon of choking in Fanno flow. 4 marks

b. Air enters, a long circular duct of diameter 12 cm and mean coefficient of friction 0.0045, at a
Mach number of 0.5, pressure 3.5 bar and temperature 300 K. If the flow is adiabatic throughout
the duct, determine i) the length of the pipe required to change the Mach number to 0.6 ii)
pressure and temperature of air at M=0.6 iii) the length of the pipe required to attain limiting
Mach number iv) pressure, temperature and Mach number at the limiting condition 10 marks

MODULE III

15.a. Derive an equation describing a Rayleigh curve. Show that at maximum entropy point the flow

is sonic. 6 marks
 b. Data for entry of air at a constant area duct are p1 = 0.35 bar, T1 = 300 K, velocity of gas c1 =
60 m/s. If 620 kJ/kg if heat is added to the gas in the duct between entry and exit sections,
determine at the exit i) pressure ii) temperature iii) MachMECHANICAL
number iv) velocity ENGINEERING
of gas. How much
heat is required to accelerate air from initial condition to sonic condition? 8 marks

16.a. Derive an expression for maximum possible heat transfer in Rayleigh flow in terms of Mach

number. 7 marks

b. Air at Mach 1.5, pressure 300kPa and temperature 288K is brought to sonic velocity in a
frictionless constant area duct through heat transfer. Determine the final pressure, temperature
and heat added during the process. 7 marks

MODULE IV

17.a. Derive an expression for Mach number downstream of a normal shock 7 marks

b. The ratio of exit to entry area in a subsonic diffuser is 3.3. The Mach number of a jet of air
approaching the diffuser is 2.1. Stagnation pressure of the jet is 1.1 bar and its static temperature
is 330 K. There is a standing normal shock wave just outside the diffuser entry. The flow in the
diffuser is isentropic. Determine pressure, temperature and Mach number at the exit of the
diffuser. Also find the loss in stagnation pressure of the jet as it passes through the diffuser.
7 marks

18. a. What is an expansion fan? How does it occur in supersonic flow? 5 marks

18b. A stationary normal shock occurs in an air stream when the pressure, temperature and Mach
number are 85 kPa, 110 0C and 1.7 respectively. Determine its density after the shock. Compare
this value in an isentropic compression through the same pressure ratio. 9 marks

MODULE V

19 a. Explain the working of a shock tube with a neat sketch 8 marks

b. Explain the working of a constant current hot wire anemometer used for flow velocity
measurement. 6 marks

20 a. Describe with the aid of a schematic diagram the working of a closed circuit supersonic wind

tunnel. 7 marks

b. With a neat sketch explain the working of stagnation temperature probe. 7 marks
 Syllabus

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Module 1- FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPRESSIBLE FLOW & ISENTROPIC FLOW

Fundamentals of compressible flow: Concept of continuum-system and control volume approach-

conservation of mass, momentum and energy- Mach number and its significance- Mach waves- Mach
cone and Mach angle- physical difference between incompressible, subsonic, sonic and supersonic
flows- static and stagnation states- relationship between stagnation temperature, pressure, density and
enthalpy in terms of Mach number- Reference states in compressible fluid flows - adiabatic energy
equation-representation of various flow regimes on steady flow adiabatic ellipse.

One Dimensional Isentropic flow: General features of isentropic flow- Comparison of adiabatic and
isentropic process- One dimensional isentropic flow in ducts of varying cross-section- nozzles and
diffusers- mass flow rate in nozzles- critical properties and choking- area ratio as function of Mach
number- Impulse function- operation of nozzle under varying pressure ratios –over expansion and
under expansion in nozzles-Applications of convergent divergent nozzles- Use of gas dynamics
tables.

Module 2 FANNO FLOW

Flow in constant area duct with friction (Fanno flow): Fanno curve and Fanno flow equations - Fanno
line on h-s and p-v diagram- variation of flow properties- variation of Mach number with duct length-
Chocking due to friction- isothermal flow in constant area duct with friction- Use of gas dynamics
tables.

Module 3 RAYLEIGH FLOW

Flow through constant area duct with heat transfer (Rayleigh Flow): Rayleigh line on h-s and p-v
diagram-location of maximum enthalpy point- thermal chocking-and maximum heat transfer-
variations of flow properties- Use of gas dynamics tables.

Module 4 NORMAL & OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVES

Normal shock Waves: Development of shock wave- governing equations- Strength of shock waves-
Normal Shock on T-S diagram -Prandtl-Mayer relation, Rankine-Hugoniot relation- Mach number in
the downstream of normal shock- variation of flow parameters across the normal shock -normal shock
in Fanno and Rayleigh flows- working formula- curves and tables

Oblique shock waves: weak and strong oblique shocks-shock polar diagram-expansion waves-
Reflection and intersection of oblique shocks and expansion waves

Module 5 MEASUREMENT & VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUES

Compressible flow field measurement & visualization - Shadowgraph- Schlieren technique-

interferometer- subsonic and supersonic flow measurement (Pressure, Velocity and Temperature) –
compressibility correction factor- hot wire anemometer- Rayleigh Pitot tube- wedge probe- stagnation
temperature probe- temperature recovery factor –Kiel probe - Wind tunnels – closed and open type-
sub sonic – supersonic wind tunnels – shock tube.

Text Books

1. Fundamentals of Compressible flow, S. M. Yahya, New age international Publication, Delhi

2. Fundamentals of compressible fluid dynamics- P. Balachandran, PHI Learning, New Delhi

4. Gas Dynamics, E. Rathakrishnan, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

5. Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion- P. Murugaperumal, Scitech Publication, Chennai.

Data Book

1. Yahya S. M., Gas Tables, New Age International.

2. Balachandran P., Gas Tables, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Limited.

Reference Books

1. The dynamics and thermodynamics of Compressible fluid flow Volume-I, Ascher H. Shapiro, the
Ronald Press Company, New York.

2. Modern Compressible Flow: With Historical Perspective, John D. Anderson, McGraw-Hill Higher
Education

COURSE PLAN
MODULE TOPICS HOURS
ALLOTED

Concept of continuum-system and control volume approach-

conservation of mass, momentum and energy
3-1-0

Mach number and its significance- Mach waves- Mach cone and Mach
angle- physical difference between incompressible, subsonic, sonic and
supersonic flows- static and stagnation states- relationship between
stagnation temperature, pressure, density and enthalpy in terms of Mach
2-1-0
number- stagnation velocity of sound- adiabatic energy equation-
1 representation of various flow regimes on steady flow adiabatic ellipse

General features of isentropic flow- performance curve- Comparison of

adiabatic and isentropic process- One dimensional isentropic flow in
ducts of varying cross-section- nozzles and diffusers- mass flow rate in
nozzles- critical properties and choking- area ratio as function of Mach
4-1-0
number- Impulse function- operation of nozzle under varying pressure
ratios –over expansion and under expansion in nozzles-Applications of
convergent divergent nozzles-Working charts and gas tables.

Fanno curve and Fanno flow equations - Fanno line on h-s and P-v
diagram- solution of Fanno flow equations- variation of flow properties-
2 variation of Mach number with duct length- Chocking due to friction- 4-2-0
tables and charts for Fanno flow- isothermal flow in constant area duct
with friction.

Flow through constant area duct with heat transfer (Rayleigh Flow):
Simple heating relation of a perfect gas- Rayleigh line on h-s and P-v
diagram-location of maximum enthalpy point- thermal chocking-and
maximum heat transfer- variations of flow properties- tables and charts
3 for Rayleigh flow. 4-2-0

Development of shock wave- Thickness of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

shock wave- governing
equations- Strength of shock waves- Normal Shock on T-S diagram -
Prandtl-Mayer relation, Rankine-Hugoniot relation- Mach number in the 4-1-0
downstream of normal shock

4 variation of flow parameters across the normal shock -normal shock in 2-1-0
Fanno and Rayleigh flows- working formula- curves and tables

weak and strong oblique shocks-shock polar diagram-expansion waves- 2-1-0

Reflection and intersection of oblique shocks and expansion waves

Shadowgraph- Schlieren technique-interferometer 2-0-0

subsonic and supersonic flow measurement (Pressure, Velocity and

Temperature) – compressibility correction factor- hot wire anemometer-
5 Rayleigh Pitot tube- wedge probe- stagnation temperature probe-
temperature recovery factor –Kiel probe - Wind tunnels – closed and 3-0-0
open type- sub sonic – supersonic wind tunnels – shock tube