1 Chemical Tools:

Experimentation and Measurement

1.1 (a) 5 x 10S9 m; 5 nm (b) 4.0075017 x 107 m; 40.075017 Mm

1.2 (a) 7 x 10S5 m (b) 2 x 1013 kg

o 5 5
1.3 C = x (oF S 32) = x (1474 S 32) = 801 oC
9 9
K = oC + 273.15 = 801 + 273.15 = 1074.15 K or 1074 K

1.4 The melting point of gallium is converted from 302.91 K to °F for comparison.
o
C = K S 273.15 = 302.91 S 273.15 = 29.76 oC
o 9 9
F = ( x oC) + 32 = ( x 29.76) + 32 = 85.57 oF
5 5
The temperature in the compartment (88 °F) is above the melting point, so the liquid state
exists.

1 mL
1.5 Volume = 9.37 g x = 6.32 mL
1.483 g

1.6 Bracelet mass = 80.0 g

Bracelet volume = 17.61 mL S 10.0 mL = 7.61 mL
80.0 g
Bracelet density = = 10.5 g/mL
7.61 mL
The density of the bracelet matches the density of silver. Since density is one way to
identify an unknown substance, it is likely that the bracelet is made of pure silver.

2
7 kg@m 2
1.7 2
(a) EK = ½mv = ½ (6.6 x 10 S27
kg) 1.5 x 10 m = 7.4 x 10 S13
= 7.4 x 10S13 J
s s2
(b) 0.74 pJ

kg @ m 2
1.8 450 g = 0.450 kg; EK = 406 J = 406
s2
EK = ½mv2

2 x EK 2 x 406 kg@m 2/s 2 = 42.5 m/s

v= =
m 0.450 kg

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1.9 (a) 76.600 kJ has 5 significant figures because zeros at the end of a number and after the
decimal point are always significant.
(b) 4.502 00 x 103 g has 6 significant figures because zeros in the middle of a number are
significant and zeros at the end of a number and after the decimal point are always
significant.
(c) 3000 nm has 1, 2, 3, or 4 significant figures because zeros at the end of a number and
before the decimal point may or may not be significant.
(d) 0.003 00 mL has 3 significant figures because zeros at the beginning of a number are
not significant and zeros at the end of a number and after the decimal point are always
significant.
(e) 18 students has an infinite number of significant figures because this is an exact
number.
(f) 3 x 10S5 g has 1 significant figure.
(g) 47.60 mL has 4 significant figures because a zero at the end of a number and after the
decimal point is always significant.
(h) 2070 mi has 3 or 4 significant figures because a zero in the middle of a number is
significant and a zero at the end of a number and before the decimal point may or may not
be significant.

1.10 To indicate the uncertainty in a measurement, the value you record should use all the
digits you are sure of plus one additional digit that you estimate. The volume can be read
to the tenths place and therefore the hundredths place should be estimated. The volume
reported to the correct number of significant figures is 4.55 mL.

1.11 (a) In figure (c) darts are scattered (low precision) and are away from the bull’s-eye (low
accuracy).
(b) In figure (b) darts are clustered together (high precision) and hit the bull’s-eye (high
accuracy).

1.12 The three measurements are 0.7783 g, 0.7780 g, and 0.7786 g. There is little variation
between the three measurements so they have fairly high precision. However, the
measurements are all lower than the true value and therefore, the accuracy is low.

1.13 (a) 24.567 g This result should be expressed with 3 decimal places.
+ 0.044 78 g Because the digit to be dropped (7) is greater than 5, round
24.611 78 g up. The result is 24.612 g (5 significant figures).

(b) 4.6742 g / 0.003 71 L = 1259.89 g/L

0.003 71 has only 3 significant figures so the result of the division should have only 3
significant figures. Because the digit to be dropped (first 9) is greater than 5, round up.
The result is 1260 g/L (3 significant figures), or 1.26 x 103 g/L.

(c) 0.378 mL This result should be expressed with 1 decimal place.

+ 42.3 mL Because the digit to be dropped (9) is greater than 5, round
S 1.5833 mL up. The result is 41.1 mL (3 significant figures).
41.0947 mL

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1.14 NaCl mass = 36.2365 g S 35.6783 g = 0.5582 g

NaCl concentration = 0.5582 g/25.0 mL = 0.0223 g/mL = 2.23 x 10S2 g/mL

1.15 1 carat = 200 mg = 200 x 10S3 g = 0.200 g

0.200 g
Mass of Hope Diamond in grams = 44.4 carats x = 8.88 g
1 carat
1 ounce = 28.35 g
1 ounce
Mass of Hope Diamond in ounces = 8.88 g x = 0.313 ounces
28.35 g

1 cm 3
1.16 Volume of Hope Diamond = 8.88 g x = 2.52 cm3
3.52 g
2
2.54 cm
1.17 (a) area = 113.112 in2 x = 729.753 cm2
1 in
3
1 cm 3 1 x 10S2 m
(b) volume = 355 mL x x = 3.55 x 10S4 m3
1 mL 1 cm

1.18 Volume of a cylinder = πr2h

Cell radius = 6 x 10S6 m/2 = 3 x 10S6 m
Cell volume = π(3 x 10S6 m)2(2 x 10S6 m) = 6 x 10S17 m3
3
S17 1 cm
Cell volume = 6 x 10 3
m x = 6 x 10S11 cm3 = 6 x 10S11 mL
S2
1 x 10 m
1 x 10S3 L
Cell volume = 6 x 10S11 mL x = 6 x 10S14 L = 0.06 x 10S12 L = 0.06 pL
1 mL

1.19 The diameter of a human hair (~1 x 10S5 m) is approximately 1,000 times larger than the
diameter of a 10 nm nanoparticle. (b) A red blood cell (~1 x 10S6 m) is approximately
10,000 times larger than a glucose molecule (1 x 10S10 m).

1.20 Assume that individual atoms pack as cubes in the nanoparticle.

5.0 nm = 5.0 x 10S9 m; 10.0 nm = 10.0 x 10S9 m; 250 pm = 250 x 10S12 m
Atom volume = (250 x 10S12 m)3 = 1.6 x 10S29 m3
(a) Particle volume = (5.0 x 10S9 m)3 = 1.3 x 10S25 m3
particle volume 1.3 x 10S25 m 3/particle
Atoms/particle = = = 8125 atoms/particle
atom volume 1.6 x 10S29 m 3/atom
Atom face area = (250 x 10S12 m)2 = 6.25 x 10S20 m2
Particle face area = (5.0 x 10S9 m)2 = 2.5 x 10S17 m2
particle face area 2.5 x 10S17 m 2/particle
Atoms/particle face = = = 400 atoms/particle face
atom face area 6.25 x 10S20 m 2/atom
(6 faces)(400 atoms/face)
% atoms on surface = x 100 = 30%
8125 atoms

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(b) Particle volume = (10.0 x 10S9 m)3 = 1.0 x 10S24 m3

particle volume 1.0 x 10S24 m 3/particle
Atoms/particle = = = 62,500 atoms/particle
atom volume 1.6 x 10S29 m 3/atom
Atom face area = (250 x 10S12 m)2 = 6.25 x 10S20 m2
Particle face area = (10.0 x 10S9 m)2 = 1.0 x 10S16 m2
particle face area 1.0 x 10S16 m 2/particle
Atoms/particle face = = = 1,600 atoms/particle face
atom face area 6.25 x 10S20 m 2/atom
(6 faces)(1,600 atoms/face)
% atoms on surface = x 100% = 15%
62,500 atoms

1.21 (a) Diameter = 5.0 nm = 5.0 x 10S9 m; radius = 2.5 nm = 2.5 x 10S9 m
SA = 4πr2 = 4π(2.5 x 10S9 m)2 = 7.9 x 10S17 m2
2
S17 1 µm
SA = (7.9 x 10 2
m ) = 7.9 x 10S5 µm2
S6
1 x 10 m
Diameter = 5.0 µm = 5.0 x 10S6 m; radius = 2.5 µm = 2.5 x 10S6 m
SA = 4πr2 = 4π(2.5 x 10S6 m)2 = 7.9 x 10S11 m2
2
S11 2 1 µm
SA = (7.9 x 10 m ) = 79 µm2
S6
1 x 10 m
(b) Diameter = 5.0 nm = 5.0 x 10S9 m; radius = 2.5 nm = 2.5 x 10S9 m
4 4
Volume = πr3 = π(2.5 x 10S9 m)3 = 6.5 x 10S26 m3
3 3
3
S26 1 µm
Volume = (6.5 x 10 3
m) = 6.5 x 10S8 µm3
S6
1 x 10 m
Diameter = 5.0 µm = 5.0 x 10S6 m; radius = 2.5 µm = 2.5 x 10S6 m
4 4
Volume = πr3 = π(2.5 x 10S6 m)3 = 6.5 x 10S17 m3
3 3
3
S17 3 1 µm
Volume = (6.5 x 10 m) = 65 µm3
S6
1 x 10 m
SA 7.9 x 10&5 µm 2
(c) 5.0 nm particle = = 1,200 µmS1
Volume &8 3
6.5 x 10 µm
SA 79 µm 2
5.0 µm particle = = 1.2 µmS1
Volume 65 µm 3
S1 S1
(d) 1,200 µm /1.2 µm = 1,000 times

1.22 (a) As particle size decreases there is a larger fraction of atoms on the surface and surface
atoms are more reactive.
(b) Smaller particles maximize the number of reactive atoms while minimizing the total
amount of the expensive metal.
(c) Color, electrical conductivity, or melting point.

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Conceptual Problems

1.23 For balance (a), the mass of the red block is greater than the mass of the green block. The
volume of the red block is less than the volume of the green block.
mass
Because density ' , the red block is more dense.
volume
For balance (b), the mass of the green block is greater than the mass of the red block. The
mass
volume of both blocks is the same. Because density ' , the green block is more
volume
dense.

1.24 The level of the liquid in the thermometer is just past the 32 oC mark on the
thermometer. The temperature is 32.2oC (3 significant figures).

1.25 (a) 32.0 mL (3 significant figures) (b) 2.72 cm (3 significant figures)

1.26

The 5 mL graduated cylinder is marked every 0.2

mL and can be read to ± 0.02 mL. The 50 mL
graduated cylinder is marked every 2 mL and can
only be read to ± 0.2 mL. The 5 mL graduated
cylinder will give more accurate measurements.

1.27 A liquid that is less dense than another will float on top of it. The most dense liquid is
mercury, and it is at the bottom of the cylinder. Because water is less dense than mercury
but more dense than vegetable oil, it is the middle liquid in the cylinder. Vegetable oil is
the least dense of the three liquids and is the top liquid in the cylinder.

Section Problems
Scientific Method (Section 1.1)

1.28 (a) experiment (b) hypothesis (c) observation

1.29 (a) hypothesis (b) observation (c) experiment

1.30 (c) is the correct statement.

1.31 hypothesis

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1.32 Molecular models are simplified representations of more complex systems. These
models can be used to visualize structure-function relationships that help make theories
more concrete.

1.33 (a) qualitative (b) quantitative

1.34 (a), (b) and (d) are quantitative. (c) and (e) are qualitative.

1.35 (a) and (c) are quantitative. (b) and (d) are qualitative.

Units and Significant Figures (Sections 1.2–1.10)

1.36 Mass measures the amount of matter in an object, whereas weight measures the pull of
gravity on an object by the earth or other celestial body.

1.37 There are only seven fundamental (base) SI units for scientific measurement. A derived
SI unit is some combination of two or more base SI units.
Base SI unit: Mass, kg; Derived SI unit: Density, kg/m3

1.38 (a) kilogram, kg (b) meter, m (c) kelvin, K

2 2
(d) cubic meter, m 3
(e) joule, (kg ⋅ m ) / s (f) kg/m 3 or g/cm 3

1.39 (a) milli, m (b) nano, n (c) mega, M (d) centi, c (e) giga, G

1.40 At 0° F it will be 18° C colder than at 0° C.

1.41 Temperature in K = Temperature in °C + 273.15, so 100° C = 373.15 K.

1.42 The volume of a cubic decimeter (dm3) and a liter (L) are the same, so 2500 dm3 is
equal to 2500L and is the larger of the two.

1.43 The volume of a cubic centimeter (cm3) and a milliliter (mL) are the same, so 10 mL of
water will occupy a volume of 10 cm3.

1.44 (a) and (b) are exact numbers because they are both definitions.
(c) and (d) are not exact numbers because they result from measurements.

1.45 3.9973 g The result should contain only 2 decimal places. Because the digit
S 2.86 g to be dropped (7) is greater than 5, round up. The result is 1.14 g.
1.1373 g

1.46 cL is centiliter (10S2 L)

1.47 (a) mL is milliliter (10−3 L) (b) MJ = megajoule (106 J)

(c) nm = nanometer (10−9 m) (d) μL = microliter (10−6 L)
(e) dm = decimeter (10−1 m)

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1.48 (a) Convert mm to m and compare the two quantities.

1.95 x 103 cm x 1 km = 1.95 km
1,000 m
2.15 m is larger.
(b) Convert µs to ms and compare the two quantities.
1 x 10S6 s 1 ms
46 µs x x S3
= 4.6 x 10S2 ms
1 µs 1 x 10 s
46 µs is larger.
(c) Convert kJ to MJ and compare the two quantities.
200 x 102 kJ x 1000 J x 1 MJ/ 106 J = 20 MJ
1 kJ
200 x 10 kJ is larger.
2

1.49 (a) Convert nm to dm and compare the two quantities.

1 m 1 x 10 dm
154 nm x x = 154 x 10−8 dm
1 x 109 pm 1 m
220 x 10−8 dm is larger.
(b)
1000 g 1000 mg
20.2 x 10−6 kg x x = 20.2 mg = 2.02 x 101 mg
1 kg 1 g
2.02 x 102 mg is larger.
(c) Convert GA to µA and compare the two quantities.
1 x 109 A 1 µA
2.9 GA x x = 2.9 x 1015 µA
1 GA S6
1 x 10 A
2.9 GA is smaller.

1.50 1 mg = 1 x 10−3 g and 1 ng = 1 x 10−9 g

1 x 10S3 g 1 ng
x = 1 x 106 ng/mg
1 ng S9
1 x 10 g
2 pg = 2 x 10−12 g 2 x 10S12 g 1 ng
x = 2 x 10−3 ng/2 pg
2 pg S9
1 x 10 g
1 µL
1.51 1 µL = 10S6 L x 0.5 = 5 x 105 μL /0.5 L
S6
10 L
5 x 10S3 L 1 µL
5 mL = 5 x 10S3 L x = 5 x 103 μL/5 mL
5 x 10 L 10S6 L
S3

1.52 (a) 2.5 nm = 2.5 x 10−9 m

1000 m
2.5 x 10S9 m x = 2.5 x 10S6 cm
1m
1 pm
2.5 x 10S9 m x = 2.5 x 103 nm
S12
1 x 10 m

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3
1 x 10S2 m
(b) 3
8.5 cm x = 8.5 x 10S6 m3
1 cm
10 mm 3
8.5 cm3 x = 8.5 x 103 mm3
1 cm
1 kg
(c) 62 g x = 62 x 10−3 kg
1000 g
1000 mg 62 x 103 mg
62 g x x = 6.2 x 104 mg
1g 62 x 103 mg

1.53 (a) A gallon is about twice as large as two liters.

(b) A mile is about 1.6 times as long as a kilometer.
(c) A pound is almost twice as heavy as a kilogram.
(d) An inch is about 2.5 times larger than a centimeter.

1.54 (a) 0.242450 g has 6 significant figures because zeros at the end of a number are always
significant.
(b) 35.002 m has 5 significant figures because zeros in the middle of a number are
significant.
(c) 220 x 102 L has 3 significant figures because zeros at the end of a number are always
significant.
(d) 0.004 50 m has 3 significant figures because zeros at the beginning of a number are
not significant and zeros at the end of a number and after the decimal point are always
significant.
(e) 0.022 x 10−3 m3 has 2 significant figures because zeros at the beginning of a number
are not significant.
(f) 66,060 km has 5 significant figures because zeros in the middle of a number and zeros
at the end of a number are significant.

1.55 (a) € 30.30 is an exact number and has an infinite number of significant figures.
(b) 2000.003 has 7 significant figures because zeros in the middle of a number are
significant.
(c) 180 lb is a measured quantity and has 3 significant figures.
(d) 3.250 x 102 J has 4 significant figures because zeros in the middle of a number and
zeros at the end of a number are significant.
(e) 70 mi/h is a measured quantity and has 2 significant figures.
(f) 59.0001 cm has 6 significant figures because zeros after the decimal point are always
significant.

1.56 To convert 3,666,500 m3 to scientific notation, move the decimal point 6 places to the left
and include an exponent of 106. The result is 3.6665 x 106 m3. Because the digit to be
dropped is 5 with nothing following, round down. The result is 3.666 x 106 m3 (4
significant figures). Because the digit to be dropped (the second 6) is greater than 5,
round up. The result is 3.7 x 106 m3 (2 significant figures).

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1.57 Because the digit to be dropped (8) is more than 5, round up. The result to 4 significant
figures is 1430 x 102 km or 1.430 x 105 km.
Because the digit to be dropped (2) is less than 5, round down. The result to 2 significant
figures is 140,000 or 1.4 x 105 km.

1.58 (a) To convert 254.542 kg to scientific notation, move the decimal point 2 places to the
left and include an exponent of 102. The result is 2.54542 x 102 kg.
(b) To convert 0.000825 mL to scientific notation, move the decimal point 4 places to
the right and include an exponent of 10−4. The result is 8.25 x 10−4 mL.
(c) To convert 667,000 g to scientific notation, move the decimal point 5 places to the
left and include an exponent of 105. The result is 6.67 x 105 g.

1.59 (a) Because the exponent is a positive 3, move the decimal point 3 places to the right to
get 3221 mm.
(b) Because the exponent is a negative 4, move the decimal point 4 places to the left to
get 0.0008940 m.
(c) Because the exponent is a positive 5, move the decimal point 5 places to the right to
get 135,082 L.
(d) Because the exponent is a negative 6, move the decimal point 6 places to the left to
get 0.0000064100 km.

1.60 (a) Because the digit to be dropped (6) is greater than 5, round up. The result is 1.671 L
(4 significant figures).
Because the digit to be dropped (the second 6) is greater than 5, round up. The result is
1.7 L (2 significant figures).
(b) Because the digit to be dropped is 5 with nonzero digits following, round up. The
result is 222,95 x 104 m (5 significant figures).
Because the digit to be dropped (4) is smaller than 5, round down.
The result is 2229 x 105 m (4 significant figures).
(c) Because the digit to be dropped is 5 with nothing following, round down. The result
is 4.99 x 103 cm (3 significant figures).
(d) Because the digit to be dropped is 5 with nothing following, round down. The result
is 2.3098 x 10S4 kg (5 significant figures).

1.61 (a) Because the digit to be dropped (1) is less than 5, round down. The result is 7.000 kg.
(b) Because the digit to be dropped is 5 with nothing following, round down. The result is
1.60 km.
(c) Because the digit to be dropped is smaller than 5,round down. The result is 8.99 g.
(d) Because the digit to be dropped is 5 with nothing following, round down. The result is
1,000,226 km or 1.000226 x 106 km.

1.62 (a) 4.884 + 10.21 = 15.094

The result should contain 4 significant figures because both terms in the sum contain 4
significant figures. Because the digit to be dropped (4) is less than 5, round down. The
result is 15.09.

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(b) 6.363 / 2.1 = 3.03

The result should contain only 2 significant figures because 2.1 contains 2 significant
figures (the smaller number of significant figures of the two). Because the digit to be
dropped (3) is less than 5, round down. The result is 3.0.
(c) 3.7 / 94.61 = 0.0391
The result should contain only 2 significant figures because 3.7 contains 2 significant
figures (the smaller number of significant figures of the two). Because the digit to be
dropped (1) is less than 5, round down. The result is 0.039.
(d) 5502.3 This result should be expressed with no decimal places. Because
24 the digit to be dropped (3) is less than 5, round down. The result is
+ 0.01 5526.
5526.31

(e) 86.3 This result should be expressed with only 1 decimal place.
+ 1.42 Because the digit to be dropped (3) is less than 5, round down. The
S 0.09 result is 87.6.
87.63

(f) 5.1 × 2.335 = 11.9085

The result should contain only 2 significant figures because 5.1 contains 2 significant
figures (the smaller number of significant figures of the two). Because the digit to be
dropped (9) is greater than 5, round up. The result is 12.

3.41 S 0.23 3.18

1.63 (a) x 0.205 = x 0.205 = 0.12457 = 0.125
5.233 5.233
Complete the subtraction first. The result has 2 decimal places and 3 significant figures.
The result of the multiplication and division must have 3 significant figures. Because the
digit to be dropped is 5 with nonzero digits following, round up.
5.556 x 2.3 5.556 x 2.3
(b) = = 3.08 = 3.1
4.223 S 0.08 4.143
Complete the subtraction first. The result of the subtraction should have 2 decimal places
and 3 significant figures (an extra digit is being carried until the calculation is completed).
The result of the multiplication and division must have 2 significant figures. Because the
digit to be dropped (8) is greater than 5, round up.

1.64 1 mile = 1.6093 km; The time is 1 h, 5 min, and 26.6 s.

Convert the time to seconds and then hours.
60 min 60 s 60 s
time = 1 hr x x + 5 min x + 26.6 s = 3926.6 s
1 h 1 min 1 min
1 min 1 h
time = 3926.6 s x x = 1.0907 h
60 s 60 min
Convert meters to miles.
1 km 1 mi
20,000 m x x = 12.4278 mi
1000 m 1.6093 km

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12.4278 mi
average speed = = 11.394 mi/h
1.0907 h

1.65 1 mile = 1.6093 km

Convert L to mL.
1000 mL
3.94 L x = 3940 mL
1 L
Convert km to mile (mi).
1 mi
100 km x = 62.1 mi
1.6093 km
3940 mL
Average air plane fuel consumption = = 63.4 mL/mi
62.1 mi

Unit Conversions (Section 1.11)

453.59 g
1.66 (a) 0.25 lb x = 113.4 g = 110 g
1 lb
12 in. 2.54 cm 1 x 10S2 m
(b) 1454 ft x x x = 443.2 m
1 ft 1 in. 1 cm
1.6093 km 2 1000 m 2
(c) 2,941,526 mi2 x x = 7.6181 x 1012 m2
1 mi 1 km

2.54 cm 1 x 10S2 m
1.67 (a) 5.4 in. x x = 0.14 m
1 in. 1 cm
1 kg
(b) 66.31 lb x = 30.08 kg
2.2046 lb
3.7854 L 1 x 10S3 m3
(c) 0.5521 gal x x = 2.090 x 10S3 m3
1 gal 1L
mi 1.6093 km 1000 m 1h 1 min m
(d) 65 x x x x = 29
h 1 mi 1 km 60 min 60 s s
3
1m
(e) 978.3 yd3 x = 748.0 m3
1.0936 yd
1.6093 km 2 1000 m 2
(f) 2.380 mi2 x x = 6.164 x 106 m2
1 mi 1 km

1 mi2 5280 ft 2
1.68 (a) 1 acre-ft x x = 43,560 ft3
640 acres 1 mi
5280 ft 3 1 acre&ft
(b) 116 mi3 x x = 3.92 x 108 acre&ft
1 mi 43,560 ft 3

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1/3 ft 12 in. 2.54 cm

1.69 (a) 18.6 hands x x x = 189 cm
1 hand 1 ft 1 in.
3
1/3 ft 3
12 in. 3
2.54 cm 3
1 x 10S2 m
3
(b) (6 x 2.5 x15) hands x x x x = 0.2 m3
1 hand 1 ft 1 in. 1 cm

14 lb
1.70 7.25 stones x = 101.5 lb
1 stone

200 mg 1 mL
1.71 (a) x = 2000 mg/L
100 mL 1 x 10S3 L
200 mg 1 x 10S3 g 1 Fg
(b) x x = 2000 Fg/mL
100 mL 1 mg 1 x 10S6 g
200 mg 1 x 10S3 g 1 mL
(c) x x = 2 g/L
100 mL 1 mg 1 x 10S3 L
200 mg 1 x 10S3 g 1 mL 1 ng 1 x 10S6 L
(d) x x x x = 2000 ng/FL
100 mL 1 mg 1 x 10S3 L 1 x 10S9 g 1 FL
(e) 2 g/L x 5 L = 10 g

1 kg
1.72 160 lb x = 72.6 kg
2.2046 lb
20 µg 1 mg
72.6 kg x x = 1.452 mg = 1.5 mg
1 kg 1 x 103 µg

mi 5280 ft 12 in. 2.54 cm 1h 2.5 x 10S4 s cm

1.73 55 x x x x x = 0.61
h 1 mi 1 ft 1 in. 3600 s 1 shake shake
Temperature (Section 1.5)

o 9
1.74 F = ( x oC) + 32
5
o 9
F = ( x 39.9oC) + 32 = 103.8 oF (goat)
5
o 9
F = ( x 22.2oC) + 32 = 72.0 oF (Australian spiny anteater)
5
9
1.75 For Hg: mp is x (S38.87) + 32 = S37.97 oF
5
9
For Br2: mp is x (S7.2) + 32 = 19.0 oF
5
9
For Cs: mp is x (28.40) + 32 = 83.12 oF
5

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9
For Ga: mp is x (29.78) + 32 = 85.60 oF
5

o 9 9
1.76 F = ( x oC) + 32 = ( x 165) + 32 = 329 oF
5 5

o 5 5
1.77 C = x (oF S 32) = x (6192 S 32) = 3422 oC
9 9
o
K = C + 273.15 = 3422 + 273.15 = 3695.15 K or 3695 K

1.78 Ethanol boiling point 78.5 oC 173.3 oF 300 oE

Ethanol melting point S117.3 oC S179.1 oF 0 oE
300 oE 300 oE
(a) = = 1.53 oE/oC
o o o
[78.5 C S (S117.3 C)] 195.8 C
300 Eo
300 oE
(b) = = 0.851 oE/oF
o o o
[173.3 F S (S179.1 F)] 352.4 F
300
(c) oE = x (oC + 117.3)
195.8
300
H2O melting point = 0oC; oE = x (0 + 117.3) = 179.46 oE
195.8
300
H2O boiling point = 100oC; oE = x (100 + 117.3) = 332.9 oE
195.8
300 300
(d) oE = x (oF + 179.1) = x (9 8.6 + 179 .1) = 236.3 oE
352.4 352.4
352.4 352.4
(e) oF = oE x S 179.1 = 130 x S 179 .1 = −26.39 oF
300 300
Because the outside temperature is −26.39oF, I would not go out because it is very cold.

1.79 NH3 boiling point S33.4 oC S28.1 oF 300 oA

NH3 melting point S77.7 oC S107.9 oF 0o A
300 oA 300 oA
(a) = = 6.77 oA/ oC
o o
[S33.4 S (S77.7 C)] 44.3 C
300 A
o
300 oA
(b) = = 3.76 oA/ oF
o o
[S28.1 S (S107.9 F)] 79.8 F
300
(c) oA = x ( oC + 77.7)
44.3
300
H2O melting point = 0oC; oA = x (0 + 77.7) = 526 oA
44.3
300
H2O boiling point = 100oC; oA = x (100 + 77.7) = 1203 oA
44.3

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300 300
(d) o
A = x ( oF + 107.9) = x (9 8.6 + 107.9 ) = 776 oA
79.8 79.8

Density (Section 1.7)

m 28.23 g
1.80 d = = = 2.358 g/cm3
V 11.97 cm 3

m 218.0 g g
1.81 d = = = 11.25
V 19.375 cm 3
cm3

1.82 1.18 g/cm3 = 1.18 g/mL

1 kg 1 mL
mass = 1.18 g/mL x x x 4.67 L = 5.51 kg
1000 g 1 L

1 x 10S3 g 1 cm3
1.83 280 mg x = 0.28 g; V = 0.28 g x = 0.2 cm3
1 mg 1.40 g
453.59 g 1 cm3
516 lb x = 234052.44 g; V = 234052.44 g x
1 lb 1.40 g
= 167180.31 cm = 167000; 1.67 x 105 cm3
3

1L
1.84 For H2: V = 1.2140 g x = 13.5 L
0.0899 g
1L
For Cl2: V = 32.85 g x = 10.22 L
3.214 g

3
1 kg 1 cm
1.85 mass = 10.5 g/cm3 x x x (0.99 m)3 = 10395, 1.0 x 104 kg
1000 g S2
1 x 10 m

m 220.9 g g g
1.86 d = = = 11.4 = 11
V (0.50 x 1.55 x 25.00) cm3 cm3 cm3

1.87 diameter = 2.40 mm = 0.240 cm, r = diameter/2 = 0.120 cm, and V = πr2h
m 0.3624 g
d = = = 0.534 g/cm 3
V 2
( 3.1416 ) ( 0.120 cm ) ( 15.0 cm )

1.88 Silverware mass = 82.54 g

Silverware volume = 15.85 mL S 10.00 mL = 5.85 mL
82.54 g
Silverware density = 5.85 mL = 14.1 g/mL
The density of the silverware and pure silver are different. The silverware is not pure
silver.

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1.89 Mass of 9 pennies = 22.465 g

Volume of 9 pennies = 12.90 mL S 10.0 mL = 2.90 mL
22.465 g
Pennies density = 2.90 mL = 7.75 g/mL
The density of the pennies and pure copper are different. The pennies are not pure
copper.
Energy (Section 1.8)
2
3
1.90 Car: EK = ½(1400 kg) 115 x 10 m = 7.1 x 105 J
3600 s
2
38 x 103 m
Truck: EK = ½(12,000 kg) = 6.7 x 105 J
3600 s
The car has more kinetic energy.

1.91 Heat = q = 7.1 x 105 J (from Problem 1.90)

q = (specific heat) x m x ΔT
q 7.1 x 105 J
m= = = 5.7 x 103 g of water
(specific heat) x ΔT J
4.18 (50 oC S 20 oC)
o
g@ C

1.92 1 oz = 28.35 g
2 8.35 g 24 98 kJ 1 kcal
energy = 0 .45 0 oz x x x = 16 9 k cal
1 oz 4 5.0 g 4.184 kJ

1.00 g Na 4.184 kJ
1.93 g Na = x x 171 kcal = 40.0 g Na
17.9 kJ 1 kcal
1.54 g Cl
g Cl = x 40.0 g Na = 61.6 g Cl
1.00 g Na

1000 cal 4.184 J 1 kJ

1.94 (a) 540 Cal x x x = 2259 kJ = 2300 kJ
1 Cal 1 cal 1000 J
(b) 100 watts = 100 J/s
1000 J 1s 1 min 1h
time = 2259 kJ x x x x = 6.275 h = 6.3 h
1 kJ 100 J 60 s 60 min

1000 cal 4.184 J 1 kJ

1.95 (a) 238 Cal x x x = 996 kJ
1 Cal 1 cal 1000 J
(b) 75 watts = 75 J/s
1000 J 1s 1 min 1h
time = 996 kJ x x x x = 3.69 h
1 kJ 75 J 60 s 60 min

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Chapter Problems

m 8.763 g 8.763 g g g
1.96 d = = = = 2.331 = 2.33
V (28.76 S 25.00) mL 3.76 mL cm 3
cm3

4 3
1.97 volume of sphere = π r ; sphere radius = 7.68 cm/2 = 3.84 cm
3
m 320 g
(a) d = = = 1.35 g/cm3 = 1.35 g/mL
V 4
π(3.84 cm)3
3
(b) Because the density is greater than 1.0 g/mL, the sphere will sink in water.
(c) Because the density is less than 1.48 g/mL, the sphere will float in chloroform.

1.98 NaCl melting point = 1020 K

C = K S 273.15 = 1020 S 273.15 = 746.85 oC = 747 oC
o

9 9
o
F = ( x oC) + 32 = ( x 746.85) + 32 = 1376.33 oF = 1376 oF
5 5
NaCl boiling point = 1669 K
C = K S 273.15 = 1669 S 273.15 = 1395.85 oC = 1396 oC
o

9 9
o
F = ( x oC) + 32 = ( x 1395.85) + 32 = 2544.53 oF = 2545 oF
5 5

1.99 1 gal = 3.7854 L

1 gal
(a) volume = 3.4 x 104 L x = 9.0 x 103 gal
3.7854 L
$3.00
(b) value = 9.0 x 103 gal x = $27,000
1 gal

1 mL
1.100 V = 107.5 g x = 72.48 mL
1.4832 g

1.101 1 lb = 453.59 g
453.59 g 1 cm 3 1 L
volume = 3.3 x 1011 lb x x x = 8.2 x 1010 L
1 lb 1.8302 g 1000 cm 3

1 lb 8 pints 1 gal 453.59 g 1L

1.102 (a) density = x x x x = 0.958 61 g/mL
1 pint 1 gal 3.7854 L 1 lb 1000 mL
(b) area in m2 =
2
1 mi 2 5280 ft 2
12 in. 2
2.54 cm 2
1 x 10S2 m
1 acre x x x x x = 4047 m2
640 acres 1 mi 1 ft 1 in. 1 cm

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(c) mass of wood =

128 ft3 12 in. 3 2.54 cm 3 0.41 g 1 kg
2.5 cord x x x x x = 3715.17 kg = 3700 kg
1 cord 1 ft 1 in. 1 cm 3 1000 g
(d) mass of oil =
42 gal 3.7854 L 1 mL 0.70 g 1 kg
2 barrel x x x x x = 222.58 kg = 220 kg
1 barrel 1 gal S3
1 x 10 L 1 mL 1000 g
(e) fat Calories =
33 servings 159 Calories 30.0 Cal from fat
0.5 gal x x x = 787 Cal from fat
1 gal 1 serving 100 Cal total

1.103 amount of chocolate =

105 mg caffeine 1.0 ounce chocolate
2.0 cups coffee x x = 14 ounces of chocolate
1 cup coffee 15 mg caffeine
14 ounces of chocolate is just under 1 pound.

1.104 (a) Number of M&M’s

28.350 g 28 pieces
1.69 oz x x = 47.9115 = 48 pieces
1 oz 28 g
28 g 1 serving 1 mL
(b) Volume of one M&M = x x = 0.70 mL
1 serving 28 pieces 1.2 g
142 Cal 1 serving
(c) Calories in one M&M = x = 5.07 calories
1 serving 28 pieces
(d) % fat Calories =
5.9 g fat 9 Cal from fat 1 serving
x x x 100% = 37% calories from fat
1 serving 1 g fat 142 Cal total

1.105 Let Y equal volume of vinegar and (424.4 cm3 S Y) equal the volume of oil.
Mass = volume x density
408.7 g = (Y x 1.006 g/cm3) + [(424.4 cm3 S Y) x 0.918 g/cm3]
408.7 g = (1.006 g/cm3)Y + 389.59 g S (0.918 g/cm3)Y
408.7 g S 389.59 g = (1.006 g/cm3)Y S (0.918 g/cm3)Y
19.11 g = (0.088 g/cm3)Y
19.11 g
Y = vinegar volume = = 217.15, 220 cm 3
3
0.088 g/cm
oil volume = (424.4 cm S Y) = (424.4 cm3 S 217.15 cm3) = 207.25, 210 cm3
3

o 5
1.106 C = x (oF S 32)
9
5
Set oC = oF: o
C = x (oC S 32)
9

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9
Solve for oC: o
C x = oC S 32
5
9
(oC x ) S oC = S 32
5
o 4
C x = S 32
5
o 5
C = (S 32) = S 40 oC
4
The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales “cross” at S 40 oC (S 40 oF).

1.107 Cork: volume = 1.30 cm x 5.50 cm x 3.00 cm = 21.45 cm3

0.235 g
mass = 21.45 cm 3 x = 5.041 g
1 cm 3
Lead: volume = (1.15 cm)3 = 1.521 cm3
11.35 g
mass = 1.521 cm 3 x = 17.26 g
1 cm 3
total mass = 5.041 g + 17.26 g = 22.30 g
total volume = 21.45 cm3 + 1.521 cm3 = 22.97 cm3
22.30 g
average density = = 0.971 g/cm 3 so the cork and lead will float.
3
22.97 cm

3
lbs 453.59 g 1 in
1.108 d = 0.034 x x = 0.94 g/cm3
in 3 1 lb 2.54 cm

3
oz 1 lb 453.59 g 1 in
1.109 d = 0.75 x x x = 1.3 g/cm3
in 3 16 oz 1 lb 2.54 cm

60 s
1.110 Convert 8 min, 25 s to s. 8 min x + 25 s = 505 s
1 min
Convert 293.2 K to oF:
9
293.2 S 273.15 = 20.05 oC and oF = ( x 20.05) + 32 = 68.09 oF
5
3.0 oF
Final temperature = 68.09 oF + 505 s x = 93.34 oF
60 s
5
o
C= x (93.34 S 32) = 34.1 oC
9

19.7325 g
1.111 Ethyl alcohol density = = 0.7893 g/mL
25.00 mL
total mass = metal mass + ethyl alcohol mass = 38.4704 g
ethyl alcohol mass = total mass S metal mass = 38.4704 g S 25.0920 g = 13.3784 g

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1 mL
ethyl alcohol volume = 13.3784 g x = 16.95 mL
0.7893 g
metal volume = total volume S ethyl alcohol volume = 25.00 mL S 16.95 mL = 8.05 mL
25.0920 g
metal density = = 3.12 g/mL
8.05 mL

1.112 Average brass density = (0.670)(8.92 g/cm3) + (0.330)(7.14 g/cm3) = 8.333 g/cm3
2.54 cm
length = 1.62 in. x = 4.115 cm
1 in.
2.54 cm
diameter = 0.514 in. x = 1.306 cm
1 in.
volume = πr2h = (3.1416)[(1.306 cm)/2]2(4.115 cm) = 5.512 cm3
8.333 g
mass = 5.512 cm3 x = 45.9 g
1 cm 3

m3
1.113 35 sv = 35 x 109
s
3
m3 9 1 cm 1 mL 60 s
(a) gulf stream flow = 35 x 10 = 2.1 x 1018 mL/min
s 1 x 10S2 m 1 cm 3 1 min
mL 60 min 1.025 g
(b) mass of H2O = 2.1 x 1018 24 h = 3.1 x 1021 g = 3.1 x 1018 kg
min 1h 1 mL
1 mL 1 min
(c) time = 1.0 x 1015 L = 0.48 min
S3
1 x 10 L 2.1 x 1018 mL

0.2133 lb 453.59 g 1 in.3

1.114 (a) Ga density = x x = 5.904 g/cm3
1 in.3 1 lb (2.54 cm) 3

(b) Ga boiling point 2204 oC 1000 oG

Ga melting point 29.78 oC 0 oG

1000 oG S 0 oG 1000 oG
= = 0.4599 oG/oC
o o o
2204 C S 29.78 C 2174.22 C

o
G = 0.4599 x (oC S 29.78)
o
G = 0.4599 x (801 S 29.78) = 355 oG

The melting point of sodium chloride (NaCl) on the gallium scale is 355 oG.

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1.115 1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour

Historically, 1 knot = 47 ft 3 in. per 28 s

12 in.
47 ft x + 3 in.
1 ft
(a) 1 knot = = 20.25 in/s
28 s
Convert knots in in./s to knots in ft/hr.
1 ft 60 s 60 min
1 knot = 20.25 in./s x x x = 6075 ft/hr
12 in. 1 min 1 hr
Therefore, 1 nautical mile = 6075 ft
12 in. 2.54 cm 1 x 10S2 m
1 nautical mile in meters = 6075 ft x x x = 1851.66 m = 1852 m
1 ft 1 in. 1 cm
5280 ft 1 nautical mi
(b) speed in knots = 48 mi/hr x x = 41.7 knots = 42 knots
1 mi 6075 ft
1 nautical mi 1 league
(c) depth in leagues = 35,798 ft x x = 1.964 leagues
6075 ft 3 nautical mi
1851.66 m - 1852 m
(d) x 100 = 0.0184%
1851.66 m
The current definition of the nautical mile is 0.0184% larger than the original definition.

Convert the current definition of the nautical mile in meters to feet.

1 cm 1 in. 1 ft
1 nautical mile in feet = 1852 m x x x = 6076.115 ft
S2
1 x 10 m 2.54 cm 12 in.
5280 ft - 6076.115 ft
x 100 = 15.1%
5280 ft
The current definition of the nautical mile is 15.1% larger than the statute mile.

20 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.