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GREY ‘KANGAROO’ MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGE

SOLUTIONS

3 × 2018
1. E When we simplify the calculation, we obtain which can then be cancelled
4 × 2018
3
down to give .
4
2. E When the letters in each word are examined in turn, it can be seen that the letters R, B
and L do not have a vertical line of symmetry while the letters M, O and T do. Hence the
only word whose letters all have a vertical line of symmetry is TOOT.
3. B Each of the nets shown has two faces of each colour. The question tells us that the two
faces are opposite each other, so they cannot have an edge in common. This eliminates
all the nets except net B.
4. D Write each number in the expression as a product of prime factors to obtain
2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 2 × 7 = 2 × 3 × * × 7. It can then be seen that 2 × 2 × 3 = * and hence the
value of * is 12.
5. D The largest possible value of a − b comes from subtracting the smallest possible value of
b from the largest possible value of a. Hence the largest possible value is
10 − (−5) = 10 + 5 = 15.
6. C Since the horizontal lengths of the small rectangles are 10 cm, the length of the large rectangle
is 2 × 10 cm = 20 cm. Also, since the sum of the heights of five small rectangles is equal to
the length of the large rectangle, the height of a small rectangle is 20 cm ÷ 5 = 4 cm.
Therefore, the perimeter of the large rectangle is (2 × 20 + 2 × 10 + 4 × 4) cm = 76 cm.
7. E From the diagram, it can be seen that the distance between the centres
of the two circles is 11 cm – 2 × the radius of a circle or equivalently 7
11 cm – the diameter of each circle. Since this diameter is 7 cm, the
distance between the centres is 11 cm – 7 cm = 4 cm. 11

8. D The area of square ABCD is (3 × 3) cm2 = 9 cm2. Hence the area of each piece is
1 2 2
3 × 9 cm = 3 cm . Since the area of a triangle is equal to half its base multiplied by
its perpendicular height, we have 12 × DM × DC = 3 cm2. Therefore
1 2
2 × DM × 3 cm = 3 cm and hence the length of DM is 2 cm.
9. B Let the three missing digits from left to right be a, b and c. Consider the final digit ‘2’ of
the answer. This is the last digit of 3 × b and hence b = 4. Also, note that if a were 2
or more, then the answer would be more than 400. Therefore a = 1. Hence the
multiplication is 13 × 24 = 312, giving c = 1. Therefore the sum of the digits
scribbled out is a + b + c = 1 + 4 + 1 = 6.
10. C The possible rectangles containing 40 equal squares have dimensions (length × height)
1 × 40, 2 × 20, 4 × 10, 5 × 8, 8 × 5, 10 × 4, 20 × 2 and 40 × 1. The question tells us that
when it is divided into squares, the rectangle contains more than one row and also that it
has a middle row and hence has an odd number of rows. The number of rows of squares
the rectangle contains is related to its height which must be an odd value. Therefore the
rectangle has dimensions 8 × 5. Hence, when Andrew coloured the middle row, he
coloured eight squares. Therefore the number of squares he did not colour is 40 – 8 = 32.
11. C Consider the three possible positions of the lion in turn. If the lion were in room 1, the
notes on both room 1 and room 2 would be true. Hence the lion is not in room 1. If the
lion were in room 2, the notes on all three rooms would be false. Hence the lion is not in
room 2. However, if the lion were in room 3, the notes on room 1 and room 3 would be
false but the note on room 2 would be true. Hence the lion is in room 3.
12. A Add to the diagram three lines 10°
parallel to two of the sides of the f
14°
rectangle, creating angles a, b, c, e d
d , e and f as shown. θ
Since alternate angles formed by c
parallel lines are equal, we have b
a = 26° and f = 10°. Since 33°
a + b = 33° and e + f = 14°,
we have b = 7° and e = 4°. a
Similarly, since alternate angles
26°
are equal, we have c = b = 7°
and d = e = 4°. Therefore θ = c + d = 7° + 4° = 11°.
13. D First note that none of 2, 4 or 5 can occur as the final digit of a two-digit prime. Also 21
and 51 are not prime since they are divisible by 3. Therefore the primes which might
occur in Alice's list are 2, 3, 5, 13, 23, 31, 41, 43 and 53. Since 1 and 4 are not prime,
they must occur in Alice's list as digits in some two-digit prime. If 41 is not used, the
only two-digit primes which could use the 4 and the 1 are 43 and one of 31 or 13.
However, this would repeat the digit 3. Hence 41 must be in Alice's list together with one
of the groups 2, 3, 5 or 2, 53 or 5, 23.
14. D The slogan suggests that there will be at most 15 days without sun in 2018. In this case it
is possible to have a run of 31 days without having two consecutive days of sun by
alternating a sunny day with a non-sunny day, starting with a sunny day. Hence Will
Burn has to stay for one further day, or 32 days in total, to be certain of having two
consecutive days of sun.
15. A The total of the sums of the three rows of the table is equal to the sum of all the digits
from 1 to 9, which is 45. Similarly, the total of the sums of the three columns of the table
is also equal to 45. Hence James' six answers add to 45 + 45 = 90. The sum of the five
answers given is 12 + 13 + 15 + 16 + 17 = 73 and hence his sixth answer is 90 – 73 = 17.
[It is left as an exercise to find a possible arrangement of the digits 1 to 9 that actually
gives these six sums.]
16. B Let the distance between the first two points be x cm. Consider the other nine points.
The sum of their distances from the first point is (2018 − x) cm and the sum of their
distances from the second point is (2000 − x) cm. Also, for each of these nine points, its
distance from the second point is x cm less than its distance from the first point.
Therefore, when we total the distances over the nine points, we obtain
9x = (2018 − x) − (2000 − x) and hence 9x = 18. Therefore x = 2 and so the
distance between the first and second points is 2 cm.
17. E The number of votes left to be cast is 130 – (24 + 29 + 37) = 40. Let the number of these
votes Alan receives be x. Since Katie is the closest challenger to Alan, for Alan to be
certain of having the most votes, 37 + x > 29 + 40 − x. Therefore 2x > 32 and
hence x > 16. Therefore Alan needs at least 17 more votes to be certain to finish with
the most votes.
18. C Let the dimensions of the box be x cm by y cm by z cm as
10 cm
indicated. From the diagram, we have 2x + 2y = 26, z
x + z = 10 and y + z = 7. When we add the last two x y
7 cm
of these, we obtain x + y + 2z = 17 and, when we then
double this, we obtain 2x + 2y + 4z = 34. Therefore 26 cm
4z = 34 − 26 = 8 and hence z = 2. Therefore x = 8
and y = 5 and hence the volume of the box in cm3 is 8 × 5 × 2 = 80.
19. E Let the amount Chloe spent be £x. Therefore Amy spent £1.6x and Becky spent £0.15x.
The total amount spent is £55 and hence x + 1.6x + 0.15x = 55. Therefore
2.75x = 55, which has solution x = 20. Hence Amy spent £ (1.6 × 20) = £32.
20. B Let the width of the pool be x m. Therefore the total distance Ruth runs is
5 (2 × 50 + 2x) m = (500 + 10x) m. The total distance Sarah swims is
6 × 50 m = 300 m. Since Ruth runs three times as fast as Sarah swims,
500 + 10x = 3 × 300. Therefore 10x = 400 and hence x = 40.
21. D Let each of the small squares in the grid have side-length
x cm. Remove the shading and divide the dove into A
regions as shown. D B
It can be seen that the regions marked A and B combine F C
to make a square of side 2x cm and hence of area E
4x2 cm2. Similarly, regions C, D and E combine to make
a rectangle with sides 2x cm and 3x cm and hence area 6x2 cm2. Finally, region F is a
rectangle with sides 2x cm and x cm and hence area 2x2 cm2. Since the total area of the
dove is 192 cm2, we have 4x2 + 6x2 + 2x2 = 192 and hence 12x2 = 192. Therefore
x2 = 16 and hence x = 4. Hence the flag has length (6 × 4) cm = 24 cm and height
(4 × 4) cm = 16 cm.
22. C The dominoes in the line contain three ends with four spots and three ends with six spots,
as shown in diagram 1. Therefore, a correctly arranged set of these dominoes will have
four spots at one end and six spots at the other, as is currently the case. Hence, Paul does
not need to move either of the end dominoes.
If he swaps the third and the fifth dominoes from diagram 1, he obtains the row shown in
diagram 2 which has the same number of spots in the adjacent ends of the fourth, fifth
and sixth dominoes. Next, if he swaps the second and third dominoes from diagram 2 to
obtain the line shown in diagram 3, he has matched the spots at the adjacent ends of the
first and second dominoes. Finally, rotating the third domino in diagram 3, he obtains the
correctly arranged line as shown in diagram 4. This shows that it is possible to arrange
the dominos correctly in three moves.
To see that two moves is not sufficient, note that, whatever else needs to happen, the two
 1s must be correctly placed next to each other. To do that requires one of the dominos
with a 1 to be rotated and then one pair of dominos to be swapped so that the two 1s are
now next to each other. A similar argument applies to the two dominos with a 3.
However, this is not possible in only two moves. Therefore the smallest number of
moves he needs to make is 3.
DIAGRAM 1

DIAGRAM 2

DIAGRAM 3

DIAGRAM 4

23. B Let the values she writes in some of the cells be as shown in the 3
diagram. Since the number in any cell is equal to the sum of the d
numbers in the two cells that border it, we have a = 10 + b and c
hence b = a − 10. Also we have b = c + a giving c = −10, b
c = b + d giving d = −a and d = c + 3 giving d = −7. a x
Therefore a = 7 and b = −3 and it is now possible to work out e f g h
10
the remaining unknown values. Since 10 = 7 + e, we obtain e = 3.
Similarly, e = 10 + f giving f = −7 and then f = e + g giving g = −10. Also
g = f + h giving h = −3 and h = g + x giving x = 7.
24. C Let the number of jumps Viola has already made be n and let the total distance she has
jumped in these n jumps be T m. Since the total distance jumped is equal to the average
distance jumped multiplied by the number of jumps, the information in the question tells
us that T = 3.8n and that T + 3.99 = 3.81 (n + 1). Therefore
3.8n + 3.99 = 3.81n + 3.81 and hence 0.18 = 0.01n, which has solution n = 18. In
order to increase her average distance to 3.82 m with her final jump, she must jump x m,
where T + 3.99 + x = 3.82 (n + 2). Therefore 3.8n + 3.99 + x = 3.82n + 7.64 and
hence x = 0.02n + 3.65. Since we have already shown n = 18, we have
x = 0.36 + 3.65 = 4.01. Hence the distance she needs to jump with her final jump is
4.01 m.
25. A Since triangle ABC is isosceles with AB = BC and we are B
given that LB = AK , the other parts of the equal sides must
L
themselves be equal. Hence LC = BK = AC. Draw in
line KC as shown to form triangles ACK and LCK . Since K
AK = KL, AC = LC and KC is common to both, triangles
ACK and LCK are congruent and hence∠KAC = ∠CLK . A C
Let the size of ∠LBK be x°. Since KL = LB, triangle KLB is isosceles and hence
∠BKL = x°. Since an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the interior
opposite angles, ∠KLC = 2x° and hence ∠KAC = 2x°. Since the base angles of an
isosceles triangle are equal, ∠ACL = 2x°. Therefore, since angles in a triangle add to
180°, when we consider triangle ABC, we have x° + 2x° + 2x° = 180° and hence
x = 36. Therefore the size of ∠ABC is 36°.