DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, HYDERABAD

Class: XII
Qualitative Analysis
Subject: Chemistry
Anion. Analysis
To the salt add dil. H2SO4

Brisk effervescence. Colourless pungent Rotten egg smelling Brown coloured

it may be CO32- ion. smelling gas. colourless gas. gas. It may be NO2-
It may be SO32- ion. It may be S2- ion.

Confirmatory test Confirmatory test Confirmatory test Confirmatory test

a) Pass the gas through a) Pass the gas through Pass the gas through Dissolve the salt in
lime water. The lime K2Cr2O7 solution. The lead acetate solution. Water and add few
water will turn milky. Solution turns green. Black colour confirms drops of acidified.
This confirms SO32-. S2-. KMnO4. The pink
colour of KMnO4
disappears if NO2-
ion is present.
b) To the aqueous
solution of salt; add
MgSO4 solution.
White ppt. confirm
CO32- ion.

To the salt add concentrated H2SO4 and heat if no reaction is observed

Colourless Brown coloured gas. Violet coloured gas.Brown coloured gas. Colourless vinega r
pungent gas. It may be Br-. It may be I-. It may be NO3--. Smelling gas.
It may be Cl .-
It may be CH3 COO-
Ion.
Bring a glass Confirmatory test Confirmatory test Add Cu tuning to a) Take solid salt +
rod dipped in a) To the aqueous a) To the aqueous the above test tube. Solid oxalic acid +
NH4OH near solution of salt add solution of salt add Brown fumes get 2-3 drops of H2O
the mouth of Ag NO3. Yellow ppt AgNO3 solution. intensified and rub. smell of
the test tube partially soluble in Yellow ppt insoluble vinegar confirms
white dense NH4OH indicate Br in NH4OH indicats
- CH3COO-.
fumes ion. I-. b) To the aqueous
indicate Cl .
-
Solution of salt add
FeCl3 solution. Red
coloured solution
confirms. CH3COO-
ion.
Confirmatory b) Layer test b) Layer test Confirmatory test
Test To the aqueous To the aqueous Ring test
a) Chromyl solution add solution of the salt, To the water extract
chloride test CCl4 or CS2 and add CCl4 or CS2 add FeSO4 solution and add
In the U-tube add conc. HNO3 and add conc.HNO3 H2SO4 along the sides
take solid salt. Or Chlorine water Or Chlorine water of the test tube.
Add K2Cr2O7 and shake well. and shake well. Brown ring at the
add conc. A brown colour in A pink or Violet junction of two
H2SO4. Red CCl4layer confirms coloured layer solutions confirms Nitrate ion.
vapours Br .
-
confirms I ion.
-

evolved. Pass
the red gas
through NaOH.
Add Acetic
Acid and
Lead Acetate
to NaOH Sol.
Yellow ppt.
confirms
Chloride ion.
confirmed.
b) To aqeous
solution of salt
add AgNO3.
White ppt
soluble in
NH4OH
confirm Cl-

Independent ions:-

1) Sulphate ion:
a) To the aqueous solution add BaCl2 solution. White ppt. obtained insoluble in HNO3/
b) To the aqueous solution add lead acetate solution white precipitate obtained soluble in hot
ammonium acetate.
2) Phosphate ion:
To the aqueous solution of salt add conc. HNO3 boil followed by solid ammonium molybdate
reagent and heat if required.

Canary yellow ppt confirms. PO43- ion.

 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, HYDERABAD
Class: XI
Chemistry
Cation Analysis
Group Cation Group Reagent Colour of ppt. with group reagent

+
Zero NH 4 - -
I Pb 2+ dil. HC l White
II Pb 2+ PbS. (Brownblack)
Cu 2+ dil HC l + FeS CuS (black)
Cd 2+ CdS (yellow)

III Fe2+ , Fe3+ NH 4Cl + NH 4OH Fe ( OH )3 (brown)

Al 3+ Al ( OH )3 (white)

IV Zn2+ Zn S (white)
NH 4Cl +
Ni 2+ NiS (black)
NH 4OH +
Mn 2+ Mn S (buff colour)
FeS.
Co2+ CoS (black)

V
Ba 2+ BaCO3 (white)
Ca 2+ ( NH 4 )2 CO3 CaCO3 (white)
Sr 2+ + NH 4Cl
SrCO3 (white)
+ NH 4OH
VI -
K+
Mg 2+ -

+
Zero Group:- NH 4
Take solid salt and add NaOH solution. Pungent smelling NH 3 gas evolved. Bring a glass rod
+
dipped in HCl near the mouth of tube. Dense white fumes indicate NH 4 .
+
Pass the gas through Nessler’s reagent. Brown ppt confirm NH 4 .
Group I:- Prepare O. S. of the salt by dissolving the salt in water than add dil. HCl to the O.S.

White ppt. obtained.

Pb2+ may be present.
Filter the ppt. throw away the filterate and dissolve the residue in water boil it to dissolve and
get a clear solution. Divide the solution into two parts.

Part I Part II
Add K2CrO4. Yellow ppt confirms Pb . 2+
Add KI solution. Yellow ppt of PbI2
confirms Pb .
2+

Group II:- To the O.S, Add dil. HCl and then add Na2S solution.

Black ppt indicate Cu2+ and yellow ppt indicate Cd2+ ion. Filter, throw the filterate and proceed
with the residue.
 Cu2+ Cd2+
To the black ppt add 50% HNO3 and boil. Now To the yellow ppt, add yellow ammonium
Divide the solution into two parts. sulphide boil and filter. Throw the filtrate and to
a) To part I, add NH4OH solution. Blue colour or ppt the residue, add potassium ferrocyanide solution.
confirm Cu2+.
b) To the part II, add potassium ferrocyanide solution Bluish white ppt confirms Cd2+ ion.
Reddish – brown ppt confirms Cu2+.

Group III:- To the O. S, add 1 – 2 drops of conc. HNO3 and boil. Then add NH4Cl, NH4OH solution and
boil.

Brown ppt indicate Fe3+ and white ppt indicate Al3+. Filter, throw away the filterate and proceed with the
residue.

Fe3+ Al3+
To the brown ppt add dil HCl and heat the solution To the white gelatinous ppt, add dil. HCl and
To dissolve it. Now divide it into two parts. 1 – 2 drops of blue litmus solution. Then add
excess of NH4OH solution.
a) To part I, add K4  Fe ( CN )6  . Blue ppt confirms A blue lake confirms Al3+ ion.
Fe3+ ion.
b) To part II, add KCNS. solution. Blood red
colouration confirms Fe3+ ion.

Group IV:- To the O. S., add NH4Cl and then add NH4OH solution. Then add Na2S solution.

Black ppt indicate Ni2+ and Co2+. Buff coloured ppt indicate Mn2+ and dirty white ppt indicate Zn2+.

Filter, throw away the ppt and proceed with the residue.

Dirty white ppt Buff colour ppt.

Zn2+ (Mn2+) Ni2+ or Co2+
Dissolve the ppt. in dil HCl. Divide the ppt. into two parts. Note the colour of salt.
To this solution, add potassium a) To part I add dil. HCl and boilGreenish colour indicates Ni2+.
Ferro cyanide solution. A white for 2 – 3 minutes then add NaOH Pink colour indicates Co2+.
ppt. confirms. Zn2+. And Bromine water Solution. Take O.S and add NH4OH and
White ppt turning NH4Cl boil and divide into two
grey confirms Mn2+. parts
a) Part I + DMG solution
+ NH4OH→ Red ppt confirms Ni2+
b) To part II, add PbO2 and conc. b) Part II + Acetone + solid
HNO3. Appearance of a pink ammonium thiocyanate → blue
coloured solution also confirms. Colour confirms. Co2+.
Mn2+.
Group V:- To the O.S, add NH4Cl + NH4OH is excess then add (NH4)2 CO3 solution and warm.

White ppt indicates Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+. Filter and throw away the filtrate and to the residue add dil.
CH3COOH. and boil till clear colouration is obtained. Divide the ppt into three parts.

Test for Ba2+ Sr2+ ion (if Ba2+ is absent) Ca2+ (if Ba2+ and Sr2+ are absent)
To part (I) add potassium To part (II) add ammonium Add ammonium oxalate solution to
Chromate. Sulphate and boil. part III. A white ppt confirms oxalate
Ion. A flame test of the white ppt gives
a brick red coloured flame.
Yellow ppt confirms. Ba2+ . White ppt confirms Sr2+. Make a
Make a paste of yellow ppt paste of the above white ppt in
In conc. HCl and burn conc. HCl and perform the flame
green flame confirms. Ba2+. Test. A crimson red flame
confirms. Sr2+.
Group VI:-

Mg2+ K+
Take O.S. warm and add NH4Cl and add solution. Take O.S, warm and add cobalt nitrite.
Hydrogen phosphate solution and scratch the walls
Of the test tube with a glass rod.

Bright yellow ppt confirms K+.

White crystalline solid confirms. Mg2+.