Page [1 Contents How to solve a problem in Physics 2 Important terms and their units Chapter 1 Force. 1.1 Formula Quick reference: Force Chapter 2 Work Power and Energy. 2.1 Formula quick reference: Work power and Energy.. Chapter 3 Machine 3.1 Formula and quick reference card: 3.2 Inclined plane and gear. Pulley... Chapter 4 Refraction of Light.. Refraction of Light through a prism Chepter 5 Refraction of Light through a Lens Chapter 7 Sound Chapter 8 Current electricity. 8.1 Formula and quick reference cai 8.2 Electro-Motive force, Terminal voltage and internal resistance of a cell Chapter 9 Electrical Power and Household Circuits Chapter 9 Calorimetry. - - - 2Page |2 How to solve a problem in Physics 1. Read the problem at least twice Write down what is given in the problem Write down the formulae that will help you to solve the problem Solve the problem by proper substitution. ‘Simplify your answer Don't forget to write the units Noauwsun Important terms and their units Draw a diagram Ensure to draw the direction in case of ray diagrams and different forces. Term Description ‘S1Unit Length Meters m Mass Kilo gram Kg Time ‘Seconds s Force Newton , CGS unit Dyne N Force Slunit to CGS unit conversion N= 10° dynes Velocity Meters per second m/s ‘Acceleration Meters per second squared mvs ‘Moment of force In SI Units its Newton meter Nm Moment of force In CGS Units its dyne centimeter dyne cm Rememoer ‘INm= 10" dyne cm ‘kgf X m = 9.8Nm gf X cm = 980 dyne cm ‘Work 1 joule = 1 newton X1 meter Joule Remember LJoule= 10’ erg Power ‘LJoule/ second Watt Remember 1W=1457=107 ergs® LHP = 746 W = 0.746 kW Energy 1 joule = 1 newton 1 meter Joule Electrical Energy is expressed as Kilowatt hour Energy of sub atomic particles teV= 16X10") Electron volt (ev) Machines Mechanical advantage, Velocity ratio Unit less ‘Wavelength ‘symbol m Frequency Hertz He Current ‘Amphers A Voltage Volts Vv Resistance OhmsChapter 1 Force 1.1 Formula Quick reference: Force Newton's second law F x Ap/at Force is directly proportional to the rate of change of momentum and indirectly proportional to rate Page | 3 of change of time ‘Momentum, p=mv Momentum is the product of mass and velocity Change in momentum | 4p = AGnv)or mAv Rate of change of BP amv/at momentum At Rate of change of Bp ae Force = Mass X Acceleration momentum a "ny ™* N= 10° Dynes Newton is the S| unit and Dyne is CGS Unit Gravitational unit of f=mg force Equation of motion veutat ‘1Nm = 10" dynes em kgf Xm = 9.8 Nm -LgfX cm = $80 dyne cm Principle of moments | Sum Clock wise moments = Sum anti clockwis moments Chapter 2 Work Power and Energy 2.1 Formula quick reference: Work power and Energy ‘Work W=FXS Work done = Force X Displacement Work W=FSCos® When the work done by the force when the displacement is not along the force When @ = 0, example Positive work done by a force of gravity in Positive Work free fall Zero work done W= FSCos0,when@ =90,W= | Work done whena coolie is 0 carrying some load on his head moves horizontally. Note : Zero work done by centripetal force. Negative work done We -FS Work done is -ve when @ = 180 Example when a ball is thrown up inthe air. ‘Work done by force of W=FXS=mghgravity Unit of work W= FS =1joule-1N*im Kilo joules = 1000 Joules CGS Unit of work ‘Lerg = idyne x cm Conversion of Joulesto | 1Joule = 10° erg N= 10° dyne and im=107 cm Page | | £85 eLJoule = 10°X 10 Power The rate of doing workis called power Power is also the product of force pal *S opyy and average speed Unit of power ‘SIUnit of power is Watts wate = L2H = s+ Conversion of Slunit to | 1Watt = /5* = 10” ergsS* CGS Units ‘LHP = 746 W = 0.746 kW. Energy ‘The energy of a body is the ability to do work Unit of energy Watt hour = 1wattx t hour = 1j5*X 3600s = 3.6K) LKilowatt hour = 3.6X10° Heat energy Heat energy is usually measured in calorie. 1 Calorie of heat enerey required to raise the temperature of 1g of water from 14.5° Cto 15.5° c Relationship of Calorie I = 0.24 Calorie and Joule 1Calorie = 4.18 Joule 1kilo Calorie = 4180 Joule Electron volt ‘The Energy of atomic particle is very small. itis measured in terms of electron volt (eV) eV=1.6X10") Different forms of energy Kinetic energy ‘The energy processed by a body by of its state of motion jue ‘The kinetic energy possessed bya moving body can be measured as the amount of ‘work which the moving body can perform before it comes to rest Measurement of K =tmv? kinetic energy ° Relationship between K =! mv? 2 momentum and kinetic |) = my where p is the momentum energy p= V(2mk) pe am ‘Work energy theorem | Work done by a force on a moving body is equal to the increase in kinetic energy.Page |5 Proof W=FXS v? —u? = 2as from the equation of motion On Simplification =maX¢ 1 1 mv?) — 5 ( mu) W = Kf-Ki ‘Types of Kinetic energy | Translational kinetic energy Car moving in astraight path Free falling object Rotational Kinetic energy Spinning top Vibrational kinetic energy ‘Movernent to and fro from a mean position example plucking a guiter string Potential energy Energy possessed by a body at rest Forms of potential Mechanical potential energy enerey 1. Gravitational potential enerey 2._ Elastic potential energy Gravitational potential U=mgh energy Conservation of energy and energy degradation Energy degradation _| The gradual decrease of useful energy due to radiation loss, frictional loss etc is called degradation of energy Law of conservation of | Energy can neither be created or energy destroyed Chapter 3 Machines 3.1 Formula and quick reference card: Load The r or opposive force to be overcome by a machine is called load Effort The force applied on the machine to overcome the loadis called Effort Mechanical Advantage Ratio of Load to effort jechanical Advantage = oad © Mechanical Advantage MA | yyq = W202 Velocityof ef Tort VE The ratio of the velocity of Velocity Ratio VR veodty of aad YE effort to the velocity of load duis the distance moved by the Load in time t Velocity of load Velocity of Effort IE ft deis the distance moved byPage |6 the Effort in time t Velocity Ratio VR Viz dL aE Note velocity ratio has no unit asit’s a ratio Work input ‘The work done on the machine bythe effort Work Outout ‘The work done by the machine onthe load Efficiency (n) ‘The ratio of the useful work done bythe | Efficiency (q) machine to the work put into the machine by the effort Work Output/Work Input Ideal machine in which there isno loss of energy in any manner The efficiency of an ideal machine is 100% ‘Actual Machine ‘An actual machine has an efficiency always less than 100% because the moving parts are neither weightless or frictionless Strings are not perfectly clastic and the different parts are not rigid Relationship between efficiency | MA= VR Xn mechanical advantage and velocity ratio Class 1 Lever Fulcrum isinbetween the effortand | See Saw, Plier, crow bar, load Effort and Load are in the same —_| scissors direction MAcen be <1 = 1 or >1 pat tlt boat Class 2 Lever Mechanical advantage of the leveris | Bottle opener, Nut cracker always > 1 Class 3 Lever Effort is in between the fulcrum and the | Sugar tongs, knife spade load MA\is always <1 3.2 Inclined plane and gear Inclined plane ‘Asloping surface that behaves, like a simple machine whose MA is always greater than 1Page |7 MA and VR ofan incined plane This is true in the absence of friction Geer Gear Ratio ‘Where Na is the number of teeth inthe driving and Nb is the number of teeth inthe driven Relationship between number of teeth, radius and the speed of rotation Pulley Single Fixed Pulley ‘A pulley which has its axis of rotation fixed in position is called fixed pulley oat _t Man rjert T ‘Tension Load ‘Single Movable pulley ‘A pulley whose axis of rotation is rot fixed in E position is called a movable . ulley. Its also called as a pulley. T T force multiplierPage |8 Ray Combination Pulleys One fixed and other movable Pulley’s MA=VR = 2” 13 4NT3 E T1 Tl Block and Tackle pulley Ma = load Esfort Chapter 4 Refraction of Light Refraction of Light Change indirection of the path oflight | = dent Pay, Normal Reflected Ray ‘when it passes from one transparent medium to another transparent medium Refracte Refractive Index Sint _ Speed of lightin medium Snells law i Speed of igntinmedium Refraction of Light through a prism Prism ‘A transparent refracting medium bounded by 5 surface inclined at the same anglePage |9 cone Uraviclet py fared | ays | xrays | ras. Il rays. | radar ae [tS aM oO toe 10" wT 1 t Visible Light vavetengn (m2) 0 700. 600 604 enonetesinma) Chapter 5 Refraction of Light through a Lens Lens Convexlens or converging lens ‘transparent refracting medium bounded by two curved surface which are generally spherical Thicker in the hery le and thinner in the pi BIConvex Lens plano Convex Concave Convex Concave Lens the middle Thicker in the periphery and thine! KY) Bi Concave _ Plone Concove Convex Concave Chapter 7 Sound ‘The vibration of the medium is along the direction of propagation Longitudinal wavesPage | 10 ‘They can travel in solids liquids or gases Transverse wave The vibration of the medium is perpendicular to the direction of propagation They can only travel in solids or liquids Echo The sound heard after reflection from a distant obstacle after the original sound has ceased is called an echo. ‘An echo is heard only if the distance between the person producng the sound and the rigid obstacle is long enough to allow the reflected sound to reach the person at least 0.1 second later Distance ag Relations between velocity and frequency V=Fh Frequency of vibration ZW Chapter 8 Current electricity 8.1 Formula and quick reference card: Current Rate of flow of charge I = Unit of current ‘Ampere x =1¢5" Unit of charge Coulomb Flow of current If n electrons pass through a cross section of @ conductor in time t, then the total charge passed through the conductor is given as Q=nXe nXe t Potential Direction of flow of charge when ‘two conductors are placed in contact. Potential ata point It is the amount of work done in > bringing a unit positive charge from ¢— a Potential ata point infinity to that point , Teme ae Ww iti = ye” Unit is volts 1 Volt = =e = Q : Potential difference Pd between two points is the work done in moving a unit positive charge from one point to the other Va-Vb Resistance and its relation T with length and area of cross Rae section Ohms law Current lowing in aconductor is v=IR directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends providedPage | 11 ‘the physical conditions and the temperature of the conductor remain constant ‘Specific resistance or resistivity T R=07 Where 0 isthe specific resistance 8.2 Electro-Motive force, Terminal voltage and internal resistance ofa cell Electro motive force (EMe} When no current is drawn from a cell thatis the cel is open, the pote difference between the terminal o the cell is called electro motive force (e) The EMF of a cellis definedas the energy spent per unit charge in taking 2 positive charge around the complete circuit Terminal voltage of 2 cell When current is drawn froma cell when the cell isin closed circuit. The potential difference between the electrodes is called terminal voltage we o ef me } Lf 5 > F Voltage drop in a cell = VivorVee-v Representation of a call with internal resistance Resistors in series Effective resistance R = R1+ R2+.Page | 12 Resistors in Parallel Effective resistance Formula 1 Ro rt RR An n waa 14 Vw LA me Chapter 9 Electrical Power and Household Circuits Electrical Energy W=QV or W= Vitor W= FRE or vyR Chare Xt Columb: Electrical Power flor PR or V*/R or W/t Commercial unito? | W= power Xtime Unit Watt second electrical energy 1 Wh = 3600 Joules Rememoer Fuse is made up of an alloy of Lead and Tin Remember | bulb (Incandescent lamp) filament made up of tungsten Chapter 10 Calorimetry Heat The kinetic energy due to random motion of molecules of a substance. Temperature of a substance The average internal kinetic energy of molecules of 2 substance One calorie One calorie of heat is the heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C One Kilo calorie Hest capacity One Kilo calorie of heat is the heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C The heat capacity of a body is the amount of heat energy required to raise its temperature by 1°c or 1K Q Cone ‘Specific heat capacity Joules/ kelvin ple of mnt Heat energy lost by A is equal to the heat energy gained byB calorimetry mci (tr~ t)= m2 ca(t= t) Melting Change of state from solidtto liquid. The temperature at which this state change happens is called melting point Boiling Change of state from liquid to gas. The temperature at which this state change happens is called boiling point