2FE861 Omtenta Candidate 0003-TGW

STUDENT

0003-TGW

TENTAMEN

2FE861 Omtenta

Kurskod 2FE861

Bedömningsform --

Starttid 17.02.2024 14:00

Sluttid 17.02.2024 17:00

Bedömningsfrist --

PDF skapad 09.01.2025 11:33

Skapad av Emelie Schmidt Wikborg

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 Försättsblad
Instructions

The exam consists of 50 multiple choice questions

Only one alternative is right, and you can only mark one alternative

You have to mark one alternative to move forward, and you can NOT move back once you
have moved forward, that is seen the next question

Total time for the test is 120 Minutes. Use your time wisely in order to have enough time to
answer all the questions

There is no deduction of points in case of the answer given is wrong.

Grading

Pass (G): 60% correct answers

High pass (VG): 80% correct answers

Good luck!
The faculty

1 Question
In which of the four forms of engaged scholarship is the researcher most involved in practice?

Select one alternative:

Design and evaluation research.

Informed basic research.

Action research.

Collaborative basic research.

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2 Question
Case study research can be many things. Typically, we think that case studies contain the
following main characteristics:

Select one alternative:

Delimited in space and time, in-depth, and context dependent.

Boundaryless, longitudinal, quantitative.

Longitudinal, context independent, and in-depth.

Delimited in space and time, quantitative, context independent.

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3 Question
What are a few of the norms we follow in pursuit of conducting ethical research?

Select one alternative:

Not harming participants, respecting privacy, and ensuring transparency so that the
research can be evaluated.

Harming participants only when to outcome justifies the means, respecting privacy, and
ensuring transparency so that the research can be evaluated.

Not harming participants, respecting privacy when possible, and ensuring transparency so
that the research can be evaluated. Sometimes data collection on sensitive topics justifies
compromising privacy.

Not harming participants, respecting privacy, and limiting transparency so that valuable data
cannot be stolen and exploited for unethical purposes.

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4 Question
Jane did a qualitative case study of a company de-merger process, the one between the
confectionary producers Fazer and Cloetta that took place in 2008. Data was collected during
2017 from multiple sources, including documents, newspapers and interviews. Once she started
to analyze the data she realized that the information she received from her interviewees did not
correspond with the data published in newspapers and documents. What potential source of bias
does she have to reason about in her methods section?

Select one alternative:

Errors in recording.

Recall bias.

Interviewer bias.

Measurement bias.

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5 Question
What is the purpose of a nomothetic study?

Select one alternative

Establishing knowledge of the particular context in order to generate broad understanding.

Establishing hypothesis for testing.

Establishing theory.

Establishing general laws and empirical generalization.

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6 Question
The concept of praxeology is described in Tsoukas and Chia (2011), but what is it? Praxeology is
concerned with:

Select one alternative:

How theory provide solutions for practitioners.

How knowledge is related to action, and how theory is related to practice.

How praxis develops, and how solutions are found.

How knowledge is created among practitioners.

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7 Question
When formulating a research question, it is according to Van de Ven (2007) important that it:

Select one alternative:

Includes the central constructs that will be studied in the research project.

Is stated in such a way that the reader understands whether it will involve qualitative or
quantitative research.

Is analytical, researchable, and permits more than one answer.

Is creative, interesting, and contributes to society.

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8 Question
In Rennstam & Wästerfors (2018), three problems encountered when dealing with qualitative data;
problem of chaos, problem of representation, and problems of authority. The latter, problems of
authority, relate to:

Select one alternative:

The difficulty of developing new theory, and finding cause and effect relationships.

The difficulty of getting authoritative respondents to interview and to provide truthful

statements.

The difficulty of generalizing from qualitative data, or finding what is representative of the
population.

The difficulty in asserting ourselves in relation to other researchers and experts, or

determining what we can claim is new and relevant with our research.

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9 Question
Charting the territory means to learn about the topic area, which includes looking for previous
conceptual papers and research studies. In social sciences, research questions:

Select one alternative

Must be embedded in developed theory.

May motivate theory development.

Must lead to quantifiable results.

Should focus on the processes of social interaction.

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10 Question
In evaluating qualitative research, we seek the following quality criteria:

Select one alternative:

Trustworthiness, credibility and transferability.

Trustworthiness, credibility and replicability.

Transferability, variable measurements, reliability.

Credibility, replicability and transferability.

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11 Question
I am a positivistic researcher, what do I believe in?

Select one alternative:

Objectivity, measurement and independence between researcher and phenomenon.

Subjective, inductive and independence between researcher and phenomenon.

Subjective, deductive and measurement.

Objectivity, deduction and interdependence between researcher and phenomenon.

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12 Question
What characterizes a poetic praxeology according to Tsoukas & Chia (2011)?

Select one alternative

Focus on theory development.

Focus on the external relationship between theory and practice.

Focus on giving personal accounts of practices.

Focus on the internal relationship between theory and practice.

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13 Question
How do we gain knowledge according to a constructivist paradigm?

Select one alternative:

Through collecting survey data

Through interpretation and objectivity.

Through fact and reflection.

Through interaction and reflection.

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14 Question
When you are charting the territory you become, to some degree, embedded in the topic. The
Gioia, Corely, and Hamilton (2012) article talked of the importance in qualitative research to, “get
in there and get your hands dirty (p.19)”. They also highlighted the risk of “going native.” What did
they mean?

Select one alternative

Getting such a deep understanding for the topic that you become subjective.

Becoming friends with the informants and losing your research focus.

Adopting the informant’s view and becoming a subjective researcher.

Adopting the informant’s view and losing your higher-level perspective.

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15 Question
Pernilla did an observation study of corporate board meetings. The meetings were recorded and
transcribed. Pernilla also got access to the documents prepared before the meetings, as well as
the meeting minutes. She was placed in the corner of the room, focused on listening carefully to
the conversation, but did not participate or speak. There were between 10 and 12 people
attending each of the board meetings. She attended a total of 8 meetings. The transcriptions of
the recordings from the meetings and the associated documents amounted to 2500 pages of
text. What is she NOT able to analyze from her data?

Select one alternative:

The role of the chair in board meeting dynamics.

The prominence of politically sensitive topics on board meeting agendas.

The agenda setting in board meetings.

The board members’ emotional responses to politically sensitive topics.

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16 Question
How do Gioia et al. (2012) describe a concept?

Select one alternative

A concept is empirical.

A concept is what is being investigated.

A concept is more specific than a construct.

A concept is more general than a construct.

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17 Question
With Poppers idea of falsification in mind, when is a theory scientific?

Select one alternative

When it is has been proven to be true using empirical data.

When it is testable using empirical data.

When no one has been able to show that it is false.

When there are no alternative hypotheses that can be true.

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18 Question
How would you characterize the following research question? “How do subsidiary managers
approach non-routine problem solving processes?”

Select one alternative:

Correlational and normative.

Cognitive and exploratory.

Normative and descriptive.

Descriptive and exploratory.

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19 Question
How would you best characterize the following research question?

“The aim of this paper is to examine the communication process of organizations by investigating
the potential relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the quality of their
financial reporting.”

Select one alternative:

Descriptive.

Causal.

Correlational.

Exploratory.

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20 Question
In conducting an instrumental case study, you are primarily interested in capturing:

Select one alternative:

A specific phenomenon present in the case.

A specific organization studied in the case.

All three answers.

A specific instrument used by individuals in the case.

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21 Question
According to Van der Ven (2007), there are several critical steps in crafting a research question.
Which are the most important steps?

Select one alternative:

Arguing, grounding, operationalizing and defining a question.

Situating, grounding, diagnosing the problem and selecting a question.

Problematizing, operationalizing the measurment and defining a question.

Identifying, measuring and selecting a question.

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22 Question
Which of the following is not a philosophy of social science tradition in business studies?

Select one alternative:

Relativism.

Realism.

Falsificationism.

Pragmatism.

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23 Question
A longitudinal study is a study that:

Select one alternative:

Is used to capture an isolated incident at one given point in time.

Is used to map change, and assess the most desired outcome of that change.

Is used to map change, and to understand the mechanisms whereby change happens.

Is used to capture causal-effect relationships at a specific point in time.

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24 Question
The interview method is best motivated by:

Select one alternative:

Good access is provided to interviewees (persons who will be interviewed).

The researcher wants to get deep knowledge about a certain phenomenon.

The researcher lacks a precise research question.

It is always appropriate to make in qualitative research as it is the most dominating way of

collecting data.

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25 Question
What counts as evidence in an academic argument?

Select one alternative:

All three answers.

Findings from previous research and investigations.

Own research, data and analyses.

Authoritative statements and established knowledge.

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26 Question
How would you best characterize the following research question?

“This paper aims to map the experiences of “extreme sporting managers” views on their
leadership practices.”

Select one alternative:

All three answers.

Descriptive.

Normative.

Causal.

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27 Question
According to Rennstam & Wästerfors (2018), what are the three most common types of
problems that qualitative researchers encounter in their research?

Select one alternative

Problem of access, chaos, and authority.

Problem of representation, authority and trustworthiness.

Problem of access, recaller bias and representativeness.

Problem of chaos, representation and authority.

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28 Question
Engaged scholarship can be practiced in many different ways and for different purposes. Van der
Ven (2007) describes alternative forms of engaged scholarship. Informed basic research is best
described as:

Select one alternative:

Undertaken to diagnose and treat a problem of a specific client.

Undertaken to examine normative questions dealing with the design and evaluation.

Undertaken to describe, explain or predict a social phenomenon.

Undertaken to jointly participate in knowledge-development activities.

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29 Question
What kind of data can be collected through a survey?

Select one alternative

Quantitative data only.

Qualitative data only

None of the three answers

Both qualitative and quantitative data

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30 Question
What are the most important features of a qualitative case study?

Select one alternative:

- A collection of information from a sample of individuals in an organization.

A clear focus on an organization and an intense examination of its aims and goals.

A method of gathering information using relevant questions from a sample of people with
the aim of understanding populations as a whole.

A clear focus of a bounded situation or system, and intense examination of the setting.

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31 Question
Does argumentation play any role in presenting research?

Select one alternative:

Absolutely not. You make neutral observations based on your data and possibly the theory
you are working with.

Absolutely not. Argumentation implies emotion, which translates to subjective conclusions.

A guiding principle of science is to avoid subjective conclusions.

Of course. You argue for your claims based on your data, your logic, and possibly the
theory you are working with.

Of course. Argumentation is in some cases more important than the evidence from data.
Data is meaningless without interpretation and argumentation.

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32 Question
What can NOT constitute a source of primary data for an empirical investigation?

Select one alternative:

Blogs.

Literature review.

Reports from consultancy firms.

Articles in popular magazines.

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33 Question
Replicability is important in some research. Why?

Select one alternative

In order for readers to judge the quality of the measures used in the study.

Because it is a means to compare results with similar studies.

All three answers.

In order for others to be able to conduct a similar study.

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34 Question
Ontology, epistemology, and methodology are connected. The assumptions we make regarding
how we perceive reality provide guidance on how we acquire knowledge about reality, and thus,
what kind of methods we apply. In the process of gaining knowledge through scientific methods,
we often shift perspectives depending on the research question.

From a constructivist (anti-positivist) perspective, is it possible for an excellent researcher to be

objective?

Select one alternative:

It depends on the research question.

Yes.

No.

It depends on the research methodology.

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35 Question
Is theory the outcome of data analysis when applying an inductive approach?

Select one alternative

Yes.

No.

Only when you are also being productive.

Only when you are also being abductive.

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36 Question
What is methodology?

Select one alternative:

Includes techniques for collecting and analyzing data.

Includes a way of conducting research.

Includes choices of epistemology and ontology.

All three answers.

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37 Question
Variance and process approaches are two main types of research in business studies. What
characterizes these two approaches?

Select one alternative:

A variance approach is characterized by studying interrelations between events seeking

answers to how things develop and change over time, whereby a process approach is
characterized by analysis of variables seeking answers to what causes what.

A variance approach is characterized by investigating a single situation given that it is the

best solution, and a process approach is characterized by comparing multiple cases
seeking the best solution to a problem.

A variance approach is characterized by comparing multiple cases seeking the best

solution to a problem, whereas a process approach is characterized by investigating a
single situation given that it is the best solution.

A variance approach is characterized by analysis of variables seeking answers to what

causes what, whereas a process approach is characterized by studying interrelations
between events seeking answers to how things develop and change over time.

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38 Question
When drawing on existing theoretical frameworks and a priori ideas in the coding:

Select one alternative:

You first search unconditionally in the text as a whole to get a pre-understanding of the
data, and then you apply the theoretical framework to your data to see if the data confirms
the theory.

You create a better coding because you draw on already accepted, established, and
sometimes even famous theories.

You get help with structuring your coding/analysis, but you risk “boxing in” or “shoehorning”
your answers, while missing out on other patterns and explanations.

You get a better way of describing your findings because structure always is preferred over
lack of structure.

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39 Question
In which of the four forms of engaged scholarship is the researcher least involved in practice?

Select one alternative:

Action research.

Design and evaluation research.

Informed basic research.

Collaborative basic research.

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40 Question
In her study of board meetings Pernilla realizes that some of the board members seem to be
more active than others in the discussions, and seem to be given much more space (relative
others) to talk and to present their views and opinions. Particularly, she notices, female board
members are called on much more often than men to provide input on financial statements. What
additional information would she have needed/could she have collected to be able to do a
trustworthy analysis of power structures during board meetings?

Select one alternative:

Interviews with all board members.

Getting background information on all board members.

All three answers.

Taking field notes on who said what and when.

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41 Question
Which answer would best fit the inductive approach?

Select one alternative

The researcher, through a literature review, finds that there is a lack of theory explaining a
certain phenomenon.

The researcher is testing a theory by collecting data that is found to be most suitable given
the existing theory.

The researcher is using an approach where he/she structures the findings according to
existing theory.

The researcher draws on an existing theory, but not much empirical research has been
done in the area.

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42 Question
What is the key principle for first order analysis?

Select one alternative

An analysis focusing on quotes and examples from the data.

An analysis focusing on experiences and beliefs of informants.

An analysis focusing on theoretical labels and concepts.

An analysis focusing on the terms and labels that are found in the empirical data.

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43 Question
Abductive reasoning can best be described in the following way:

Select one alternative:

A longitudinal process of data collection and analysis.

A constructivist approach building on induction.

A positivistic approach building on deduction.

An iterative process between data and theory.

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44 Question
Three different activities are suggested by Rennstam & Wästerfors (2018) to address problems
related to working with qualitative data. Which?

Select one alternative:

Coding, reducing and presenting.

Coding, restructuring and arguing.

Sorting, restructuring and presenting.

Sorting, reducing and arguing.

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45 Question
Validity and reliability are important in science. With respect to measurement, what are they?

Select one alternative:

Validity refers to how we design measures in a questionnaire, and reliability refers to how
consistently we construct the questions.

Validity refers to using established measures, and reliability refers to the consistency of
using established measures.

Validity is how well a measure reflects what it intends to measure, and reliability is about
the consistency of measurements.

Validity is how well a measure reflects what it intends to measure, and reliability refers to
whether the measurement is consistent with previously used measures.

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46 Question

Epistemology concerns how scientists acquire knowledge. Which of the following statements is
correct?

Select one alternative:

The positivist perspective is characterized by objectivity, that the researcher and what they
are studying are not independent of each other, and data is primarily quantitative.

The constructivist perspective is characterized by objectivity, that the researcher and what
they are studying are independent of each other, and data is primarily quantitative.

The positivist perspective is characterized by objectivity, that the researcher and what they
are studying are independent of each other, and data is primarily quantitative.

The constructivist perspective is characterized by objectivity, that the researcher and what
they are studying are not independent of each other, and data is primarily qualitative.

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47 Question
Reliability in quantitative research is best described in the following way:

Select one alternative:

Clearly stated sample.

Clearly stated variable measurements.

All three answers.

Replicability.

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48 Question
Constructs can have theoretical definitions and operational definitions. What is the purpose of
operationalizing a construct?

Select one alternative:

Operationalization specifies how a construct will be measured.

Operationalization specifies constructs within the accepted structure of hypotheses.

Operationalization specifies the theoretical domain of a construct.

Operationalization specifies how a construct will be analyzed.

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49 Question
What is epistemology?

Select one alternative:

How we view the nature of reality.

How we argue for methodological choices.

How knowledge is acquired.

How theory is developed.

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50 Question
What is ontology?

Select one alternative:

Assumption about the nature of research.

Assumption about the nature of knowledge.

Assumption about the nature of theory.

Assumption about the nature of reality.

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