General Methods of

Teaching
8601

IHSAN ULLAH
0000897478
BED 1.5 YEAR
AUTUMN 2024
Q NO:1 Highlight the Principles of Effective Teaching?

Principles of Effective Teaching:

Education fosters and enables the learning outcomes as they help student to grow through
effective teaching. Below are detailed principles for effective teaching:

 Student-Centered Learning
Education should be directed to learner’s necessities, potential, and passion. Individuality based
methods take caution to make sure that no student is left behind in his or her learning ability.
Example: It increases students’ engagement because they exercise their freedoms choosing what
to do hence, puts ownership responsibility on them.

 Clarity of Objectives
Every lesson should have a stated goal which should be realistic. This helps teachers to have the
understanding of what the learners are capable of performing, and the learners, in turn, are able
to understand why that lesson is being taught.
Example: The aim and objectives of this lesson are as follows: “At the end of this lesson, the
students should be able to: Solve quadratic equations”.

 Effective Communication
In their teaching process a teacher should be fluent and effective in their writing and speaking
skills. Gestures and eye contact make the conversation more effective.

 Engagement of Different Methodologies in Learning

For instance, integrating techniques such as talking and explaining, using examples, applying
games, and presentations and using multimedia addresses the problem of different learners.
Example: Teaching students through videos of the phenomena covered in the different scientific
lessons.

 Active Participation
A teacher is most effective when the learner is an active participant engaged through discussions
and or problem solving or through working with their hands.

 Adaptability and Flexibility

Teachers should be in a position to flex during the lesson depending with the challenges that are
inherent in the classroom.
Example: Breaking down a concept if students are unable to grasp the matter at hand.

 Establishing an Appropriate Classroom Climate

When environment is favorable students are always willing to work with others and the feeling
of being penalized for being wrong is almost non existing.

 Encouraging Critical Thinking

Open-ended questions and problem situations call for critical appraisal and evaluation of a
specific knowledge.

 The Issues of Values and Ethics Interconnectedness

Education should extend beyond the curriculum to give students moral and ethical personality.
Q.2: Write Down the Five Merits of Lesson Planning for Teachers. Why Does a Teacher
Need to Go Through the Pre-Planning Stage?

Five Merits of Lesson Planning for Teachers:

 Behavioral Teaching and Instruction

Lesson planning also offer a guide on how more content should be delivered to avoid leaving any
important area uncovered.

 Effective Time Management

It serves to discuss a certain topic or activity at a certain time while making sure all content is
covered.

 Confidence for Teachers

To sum up, highly prepared teacher is positive- emotional state that allows him/her to cope with
emerging difficulties in the class.

 Enhanced Student Learning

Planned lessons guarantee that every student has an opportunity to learn, and is done
systematically and in the most effective manner.

 Evaluation of Progress
Lesson plan contain formative and sumamtive assessments to check on the milestones of the
learners from time to time.

Why Pre-Planning is Necessary

 Understanding Learning Goals

Teachers should be able to match its goals with goals of curriculum in terms of what is expected
to be taught, what is taught and what is expected out of class.

 Preparation of Resources

This way time is created to source for teaching aids, worksheets, and any other working
documents that the teacher may require.

 Anticipating Challenges
Consequently, an aspect like challenging learning ability can be handled by the teachers since
they have an indicator of what might go wrong.
  Sequencing Activities
It orderly presents the concepts hence it helps students to progress systematically and thus
enhancing their prior knowledge.

 Improved Student Engagement

It is possibly to plan activities and the examples to correspond with the interests of the students
and hence motivating them.
Q.3: Define and Describe the Term Motivation. What Are the Different Types of
Motivation? Discuss in Detail?

Definition of Motivation
In this case, motivation is defined as the forces that compel individuals, learners or persons
towards certain action, learning or goal achievement. In the case of students learning, motivation
is paramount in ensuring students get to participate in the course as well as excel.

Types of Motivation

 Intrinsic Motivation
Volunteerism – motivation that comes from interest in the activity for pleasure.
Example: A reader will read novels because they like it.

 Extrinsic Motivation
Motive that operates from outside and includes such factors as grades, recognition, or prizes.
Example: A student works to get a trophy in a certain tournament.

 Achievement Motivation
Based on the achievement orientation and on the assumption of threats and pressures.
Example: A student wants to get the best grade in a subject

 Fear-Based Motivation
Which is normally motivated by fear of failure or fear of receiving unpleasant outcomes.
Example: Writing home work to escape demerits.

 Social Motivation
As encouraged by a peer or teacher.
Example: Especially, when student engages with a group project only with an intention of
seeking validation.
There is nothing as critical as motivation in the process of education.
According to studies, motivated students are more concentrative, secure better grades and are
more involved in the subject and activities in class.
Q.4: What is meant by Inductive Reasoning? Provide Examples of Its Application in a
Classroom Setting.

Definition of Inductive Reasoning:

Inductive Reasoning or argumentation is a theoretical process of use of individual facts or
examples and drawing of more generalized idea or hypothesis. This strengthens learners
understanding by allowing them to discover and come up with conclusions on their own through
research. To put it in other terms deductive reasoning works in the opposite way of inductive
reasoning wherein the specific is derived from the general.

Characteristics of Inductive Reasoning:

Observation-Based: Uses examples to come up with conclusion.
Encourages Creativity: Students are encouraged to embark on individual thinking and making
assumptions or guesses.

Examples of Inductive Reasoning in a Classroom Setting:

Mathematics:
Scenario: A teacher gives 2, 4, 6, 8 to his students as numbers and asks what pattern these
numbers display.
Inductive Process: Students notice that the next number is always two more than the previous
one.

Science:
Scenario: An experiment to demonstrate that objects which fall from the same height no matter
how hard you try will not fall at the same time is done by a teacher. Students notice that
everybody has the propensity to fall to the ground.
Inductive Process: From their own observations, students tend to generalize that there is a force
called gravitational force on all objects.

Language:
Scenario: The teacher presents several examples of the verb to be, for instance, “She is eating,”
“He is running,” “They are playing.
Inductive Process: Students identify the formation of the present continuous tense as involving
the use of a subject, is or are and the verb in- ing.
Art:
Scenario: Preceding the skills area, the teacher organizes a main activity where students watch
various paintings and then focus on similarities with a particular style, such as impressionism.
Advantages of Using Inductive Reasoning in Classrooms:
Encourages Active Participation: Transmission of knowledge is not the key methodology here –
it is active searching for the knowledge by the students.
Builds Analytical Skills: Students attune themselves to the patterns particularly through the
aspects of observe, to compare and find inference.
Promotes Retention: Discovery as a method of learning increases the rate of learning as students
have to be very much engaged in the process.
Q.5: What is an Activity? Discuss the Importance of the Activity Method. Name the
Different Types of Activities You Would Use in English?

Definition of Activity
They defined an activity as being any learning process that actively involve the students so that
they can learn by active participation and doing.

Importance of the Activity

 Enhances Understanding
Activities are used with an aim of minimizing the difference between concept and
implementation.

 Encourages Creativity

Activities such as writing or designing a project generates increase innovation.

 Improves Retention

Practical session helps in having better understanding of the facts.

 Develops Social Skills

Team activities foster the culture of team work, speaking and interpersonal relationship.

 Boosts Confidence

It connects those shy students to the class and makes them useful in expressing themselves in
appropriate ways.

Categories of the activities displayed in English lessons.

 Role-Playing
Example: Role playing in shops so that the learners can rehearse the actual dialogues that they
will be having with.read more learner skill assignments Tells you how the shops and storefronts
of retail businesses could be involved acting out a conversation effectively.

 Group Discussions
Example: Explaining the story’s theme to help the students to build up critical opinion.

 Creative Writing
Example: Using poems as well as writing short stories to kindle skills in writing language.
  Reading Aloud
Example: There is importance of pronunciation and fluency by reading.

 Word Games:

 Hobbies that can be intergraded into subject learning such as playing scrabbled or even
doing crossword puzzle.