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Steady-State Conduction: One Dimension: Pilani

The document discusses the concept of critical thickness of insulation for pipes and spheres, explaining how insulation affects heat transfer and the conditions under which it can either increase or decrease heat loss. It also covers the analysis of heat loss in plane walls and cylinders with heat sources, providing equations and examples for calculating temperature distributions and heat loss. Additionally, problems related to real-world applications, such as insulated pipelines, are presented to illustrate the principles discussed.

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Pratyush Prem Kumar Kattula
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1 views19 pages

Steady-State Conduction: One Dimension: Pilani

The document discusses the concept of critical thickness of insulation for pipes and spheres, explaining how insulation affects heat transfer and the conditions under which it can either increase or decrease heat loss. It also covers the analysis of heat loss in plane walls and cylinders with heat sources, providing equations and examples for calculating temperature distributions and heat loss. Additionally, problems related to real-world applications, such as insulated pipelines, are presented to illustrate the principles discussed.

Uploaded by

Pratyush Prem Kumar Kattula
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BITS Pilani

Pilani Campus

Steady-State Conduction: One


Dimension
Critical Thickness of
Insulation
• Let us consider a layer of insulation which might be
installed around a circular pipe. The inner temperature of
the insulation is fixed at Ti, and the outer surface is
exposed to a convection environment at T∞.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Critical Thickness of
Insulation
• To determine the outer radius of the insulation r0, which
will maximize the heat transfer
• The maximization condition (as the second derivative is
negative)

• The quantity ro – ri is called the critical insulation


thickness

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Critical Thickness of
Insulation
• If the outer radius is less than the value given by critical
r0, then the heat transfer will be increased by adding
more insulation.
• While the use of thicker layer of insulation increases the
resistance to heat transfer, it also increases the outer radius and
hence the area of heat transfer
• For outer radii greater than the critical value an increase
in insulation thickness will cause a decrease in heat
transfer.
• The central concept is that for sufficiently small values of
h the convection heat loss may actually increase with the
addition of insulation because of increased surface area.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Critical Thickness of
Insulation
• It should be noted that a critical insulation thickness may
not exist for an insulated pipe.
• If the values kc and ho are such that the ratio kc / ho turns out to
be less than ri (which is the radius of bare pipe), then the critical
insulation thickness, ro – ri becomes negative

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Critical Thickness of
Insulation for Sphere
• Let us consider a layer of insulation which might be
installed around a sphere. The inner temperature of the
insulation is fixed at Ti, and the outer surface is exposed
to a convection environment at T∞.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Heat loss without and with
insulation
• Consider a pipe of 5 cm diameter and at 200 ˚C. There are two
options for insulating material (asbestos (k = 0.17 W/m C) and fibre
glass (k = 0.05 W/m ˚C). The pipe is exposed to the room air at 20
˚C with h = 3 W/m2 ˚C. Calculate the heat loss per unit length for
following cases
• Without insulation

• Asbestos insulation with thickness of 2.5 cm. r0 = k/h


= (0.17/3) m
= 5.67 cm
Outer radius < r0

• Fibre glass insulation with thickness of 2.5 cm r0 = k/h


= (0.05/3) m
= 1.67 cm
Outer radius > r0

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Heat Source System


Plane Wall with Heat Sources
• Assumptions
• Plane wall with uniformly distributed heat sources.
• The thickness of the wall in the x direction is 2L,
• The heat generated per unit volume
• No thermal conductivity variation with temperature.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Plane Wall with Heat Sources

• For the boundary conditions we specify the temperatures


on either side of the wall, i.e.,
• The general solution
• Because the temperature must be the same on each
side of the wall, C1 must be zero
• The temperature at the midplane (x=0) is denoted by T0
and from Equation
• The temperature distribution is therefore

or
parabolic distribution

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Plane Wall with Heat Sources

• An expression for the midplane temperature T0


• At steady-state conditions the total heat generated must
equal the heat lost at the faces

• The temperature gradient at the wall is


obtained by differentiating Equation

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Plane Wall with Heat Sources

• The equation for the temperature distribution could also


be written in the alternative form

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Problem

• A plane wall 6.0 cm thick generates heat internally at the


rate of 0.3 MW/m3. One side of the wall is insulated, and
the other side is exposed to an environment at 93◦C. The
convection heat-transfer coefficient between the wall and
the environment is 570 W/m2 ◦C. The thermal
conductivity of the wall is 21 W/m ◦C. Calculate the
maximum temperature in the wall.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Cylinder with Heat Source

• Assumption
• Cylinder of radius R with uniformly distributed heat sources and
constant thermal conductivity.
• Cylinder is sufficiently long that the temperature may be
considered a function of radius only

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Cylinder with Heat Source

• The boundary conditions are:

• Heat generated equals heat lost at the surface:

• Temperature function must be continuous at the center


of the cylinder

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Cylinder with Heat Source

• The final solution for the temperature distribution is then

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


For Hollow Cylinder with
Uniformly distributed heat source
• The appropriate boundary conditions:

• The general solution:

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Problem

• A steel pipeline, 2-in. schedule 40 pipe (i.d. = 52.5 mm and


pipe wall thickness = 3.91 mm), contains saturated steam at
121.1 oC. The line is insulated with 25.4 mm of asbestos.
Assuming that the inside surface temperature of the metal
wall is at 121.1 oC and the outer surface of the insulation is at
26.7 oC, calculate the heat loss for 30.5 m of pipe. Also,
calculate the kg of steam condensed per hour in the pipe due
to the heat loss. The average thermal conductivity of steel and
asbestos is 45 and 0.182 W/m.K, respectively. The latent heat
of steam at 121.1 oC = 2199.5 kJ/kg steam. If the atmospheric
air is at 20 oC, then estimate the heat transfer coefficient for
the heat transfer from the insulation surface to atmospheric
air.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


THANK
YOU
19

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