WHAT IS PLANNING it is the process of setting future objectives and deciding

COMMERCE:-it refers to the exchange of goods and services, typically on large scale, CLASSIFICATION OF COOPERATIVES 1-Consumer cooperative:- owned and on the ways and means of achieving them . it means deciding in advance what is
between business or entities. It related to various activities buying and selling of goods operated by consumer who come together to buy goods and services in bulk, often secure to be done in the future for specific period and then taking the necessary steps to
and services. Commerce activities into two categories1. Trade. 2. Aids to trade*Trade better price and quality. 2-Producer’s cooperative:- formed by producer’s manufactures do the things decide upon NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANNING 1.
:-the buying and selling of goods and services either domestically or internationally 1) who collaborate to process, market or sell their products collectively3.Marketing co- Primary planning: • Precedes other managerial functions • Foundation for
Internal trade:-it refers buying and selling of goods and services within the borders of operatives:- when the produce’s from cooperative society for the purpose of arranging organizing, staffing , directing and controlling 2. Planning as process: >Involves
the country) Wholesale trade:-buying and selling relatively large quantity) Retail trade:- the sale of their output4. Housing co-operatives:- this society mainly operate in urban stages or steps Being with identifying mission and goals, end with
buying and selling relatively smaller quantity external trade:-(foreign trade)buying and areas , they are mainly formed to provide housing facility to its members5. Credit co- implementation arrangements 3. Perceived as planning:Managerial function
selling of goods and services across the boundaries of the country) Import trade:- when
operatives:- financial co-operatives where members pool savings and provide loan to across all levels. Varies in content and quality among different managerial
a country buying goods from another country b) Export trade:-when country sells goods
each other, promoting financial inclusion, it classified into two credit agriculture and levels 4. Future orientation:• Inherently future oriented • Address
to another country c) Re-export trade:-when goods imported from one country and the
non-credit agriculture societies6. Agricultural co-operative:- created by framers to pool uncertainties and unknowns unfolding in the future 5. Information
same are exported to another country AIDS TO TRADE:-It refers to various services,
resources for activities like purchasing supplies, processing and marketing agricultural basis:• Relies on information • Essential for diagnosing issues, developing
facilities, and resources the facilitate and support the smooth conduct of trade activities
products7.Farming co-operatives:-these society are most helpful to small and marginal alternatives, and making choices6. Rationality:• Purposeful and conscious
, it helps to overcome obstacles such as hindrance of time, place, knowledge, etc.1)
Transportation :- facilitate movement of goods from producers to customer , road, rail, farmers and enable them to get the advantages of large scale operations …Other managerial activity • Backward by adequate information, knowledge and
ports, airports etc.2) Warehousing:-storage facilities and warehousing services help to cooperative societies are:-processing co-operative, constriction, co-operatives, transport understanding 7. Formal and informal notion:-• Involves both formal and
good efficiently 3)Advertising:-promotion activities, advertising, and marketing informal elements • Formal: systematic , rigorous , informal: intuitive, verbal 8.
co-operatives, fishery co-operatives , diary co-operatives etc.. ****Requisites of an
strategies help business to reach their target audience.4) Banking:- access to financial Intellectual process: Requires conceptual skills Involves abstract and concrete
ideal form of business org.. the requisites of an ideal form of org are as follow. 1-ease
services, credit and banking facilities support the financial aspects of trade 5) Insurance:- thinking, anticipation opportunities, and analyzing alternatives 9. Pragmatic
of formation:the org should be simple to establish with minimal legal and procedural action orientationPrimarily pragmatic and action orientedEmphasizes thinking
trade involves risk, and insurance services provide coverage for potential losses due to requirements.2-scope of raising capital:it should provide opportunities to access
factors like theft, damage etc. business, features bu-it refers to organization or and desiring before acting10.Planning as a form of decision making:Involves
sufficient funds to meet operationaland expanision needs.3-extent of liability: limited problem- solving and decision makingDecision made organizational objectives,
individuals engaged in commercial, industrial or professional activities with the aim of
liability is preferred,as it protects owners personal assets from business debts.4-flexibility policies, programs and procedure 11.Planning premises• Based on
earning profit, it typically involve the production, purchase or sale of goods and services
in order to meet the needs of customer. business features.1.dealing in goods and
of operations:the structure should allow easy adaptation to change in market conditions assumptions about future events• Known as planning premises, derived through
services-business deal with goods and services,the goods may be consumer goods or business goals.5-stability and continuity-the business should remain operational forecasting12.Dynamism:• A dynamic process, involves continues assessment
shoe,bread,cloth etc.they may be producer”s good machinery ,equipment etc,also despite changes in ownership or management.6-effectiveness of management:an ideal and reassessment13. Level of planning: • Divided into corporate(entire
dealwith services transport ,banking, insurance 2-product5ion and or exchange- business organization ensures compenent and efficient decisio0n-making process7-extent of gvt organization) and functional(withinunits)planning• Further categorized into
activity should concern with the transfer of goods or exchange of goods between a buyer control and regulations-minimul interference from the gvt allows smoother functioning strategic (long term) and tactical/operational(short term)planning14.Types of
and a seller. 3-continuity and regularity in dealings-a single transaction shall not be and quicker decision-making .8-business secrecy: the structure should enable plans• Including objectives , strategic policies , programs, budgets, schedules,
treated as business it under taken continually or at least recurrently.4-element of risk- confidentiality of sensitive information.9-tax burden:a lower tax liability improves procedures, methods and rules• Categorized into single use plans(specific situations)
every business there is possibility to incurring loss,it is termed as risk.there are two kinds profitability and cash flow.10-ownership prerogatives should have sufficient control and and standing plans( stable, repetitive situationsIMPORTANCE OF PLANNING:1-
of risk1-risk whose probability can be calculated and can be insured.losses due to fire decision-making rights to manage the org effectively.*** criteria for the choice of org- Provides direction:Gives a clear sense of directionto organizational activities and
,theft,flood etc 2-risk whose probability cannot be calculated eg:changing the decision regarding the choice of org assumes importance at two stages of business A- managerial behavior, strengthens confidence in understanding the
technology,fall indemand,changing fashion.objectives bu-1-economic obj1-earning organization’s goals and chosen path. 2--Analysing alternatives: Allows
at the time of starting B-at the time of expanision. A-1-nature of the business-choose
profit 2-exploring market &creation of more customer 3-growth and expanision of managers to examine and analyze alternative courses of action, enhance
based on the type of activity e.gmanufacture,services etc.2-volume of business-small
businesss4-cost efficiency 5-onnovation and improvements in goods and ser human obj awareness of likely consequences for informed decision making.3--Reduce
business preferred simple structures,large scale business need more formal ones.3-area
1-employee satisfaction 2-employee development3-health and safety4-work place uncertainties: Forces managers to look beyond immediate concerns and gain
diversity and inclusion.social obj1-corporate social responcibility 2-ethical business of operation-local business need simpler forms, whileglobal ones requirscomplex setups control over environmental complexities 4-Minimize impulsive decision: Reduce
practices 3-sustainable practices .**** business vs pro vs employment basis mode of 4-desire of control:sole proprietorship offers full control,while partnership and impulsive and arbitrary decisions , promoting disciplined managerial thinking,
establishment-bu-enter preneneur”s decision and other legal formalities if companies share it.5-capital requirements:high capital needs suit partnerships or improves the organization’s capability to assume calculated risks within defined
necessary.Pro-membership of professional body and certificate of practice. em- companies,low needs favor sole proprietorships. 7-gvt regulations: simplestructures face limits. 5-Kingpin functions: Acts as a prime managerial function around which
appoinment letter and service agreement.b-nature of work bu-provision of goods and fewer regulations,complex ones need more compliance. B-the expanision programmes other functions are designed, organizational structure and functions are built
services to the public. Prorendering of personalized,expert services. Em performing may have the following implications. *need for large financial resources.*need for around planning. 6-Resource allocation: Involves judicious allocation of strategic
workas per service contract or rules of service. Qualification bu-no minimum internal reorganization and control *need for specializedservices like communicatio, resources for achieving organizational goals. Strategic resources includes funds,
qualification is necessary.pro-experise and training in a specific field is a must. Em- acounting ,marketing etc.*increase ingvt controls and regulations *increase in tax competent, executives, technological talent ,etc.7-Resources use of efficiency:
Qualification and training as per prescribed by the employerReward or return bu-profit liability *incresein the problem of control& coordination.***schemes of pub sector Contribute to the efficient functional of work units. Prompts managers to close
earned pro-professional fee. Em-salary or wages. Capital investment bu-it required as ente. maharatna scheme:-It is the classification or status granted by Public gaps, rectify deficiencies and reduce wastage for overall resource efficiency.;8-
per size of business. Pro-limited capital needed for establishment. Em-no capital SectorUndertakings(PSUs) based on their financial performance, market capitalisation Adaptive responses: Improves organization’s ability to adapt to change in the
required. Risk bu-profit are uncertain and irregular,risk is present. Pro-fee is generally
and other criteria. navaratna scheme:- It is another classification system for(PSUs)in external environment. Adaptive behavior is crucial for survival, especially in
regular and certain some risk. Em-fixed and regular pay no risk.******innovationI
India, initiated by government of India . this scheme was introduced to identify and technology, markets and products.9-Anticipative action: Goes beyond mere
refers to the process of imporoving or introducing new methods,idias,or products.it adaption. Stimulating proactive initiatives and crisis anticipation. Helps perceive
involves taking an existing concept and making it better,more efficient,or more valuable empower a select group of nine PSUs to enhance their efficiency , competitiveness and
opportunities ahead of competitors for competitive lead.10.Integration:Facilitates
to solve problems or meet need effectively eg:developing smartphone with advanced global reach. This companies are expected to be leaders in their respective sector.
effective integration of diverse managerial decisions over time. Provides framework
features like face recognition. invention:-invention is the creatio0n of something miniratna scheme:-the miniratna scheme launched in 1997 by the gvt of India provide for internally consistent major decision on organizational activities.** limitations
entirely new that did not exist before.often as a result of scientific or technical increase autonomy and financial power to Central Public Sector Enterprises(CPSEs) with ofplanning 1.Assumption : plans are based on forecast and assumptions, which
advancement. It involve generating a novel idea,process,or product eg:the invention of the goal of enhancing their efficiency and competitiveness. **organising refers to the might be inaccurate , affecting the plans 2. Incomplete information: planning
the telephone by graham bell. creativity-is the ability to generate boriginal it is the process involving the identification and grouping of activities to be performed,defining, often relies on incomplete or untimely information leading to decisions based on
foundation for invention and innovation. Eg:writing a unique story. INNOVATION and establishing the authority responsibility relationship. In simple the org is a group of partial knowledge3.Lack of control : managers have limited control over external
INVENTION CREATIVITY inn.Improving or applying new to existing idea products. people working together to achieve common,goals ,it involving arranging tasks,defining factors, and external events can influence plans unexpectedly 4. Difficulty
In.Creating something entirely new that did not exist before. C. Generating unique responsibilities and creating a structure that helps everyone work efficiently towards the adapting to change:- plans may become outdated in rapidly changing
original, and imaginative idea or concept. Inn.Innovation about changing A new to the objectives of the company or groups** chara org- group of people- an org forms when environments, making it challenging to adapt5. Fluid process:- planning is
world a pattern for something. In.based doing discovered or on created***inn.based on people work together for a common purpose 2- division of work- tasks are divided dynamic process because the future is always changing, making it hard to have
strategic marketing and primary technical skills.in.skillsscientific Generating unique a stable view of past, present and future 6.Delay in action7. Rigidity8.Plans
basedon skills and assigned to individuals.3- common purpose-the org has shared goals
original, and imaginative idea or concept.C.Creativity is a fuzzy ideas and cannot be remaining on paper9.Implimentation challenges at lower levels :- detailed plans
clarified until it is made into prototype C. based on thinking up new thing.TYPES OF separate from personal objectives.4-chain of command-hierarcy is formed, determining
the flow of aouthority and communications.6-dynamic org-interactions are influenced by at lower organizational levels may not align with boarder plans, causing
INNOVATION 1-Incremental innovation:-making small,gradual improvements to
sentiments,attitudes and behavior adding a dynamic element. impor organizing. 1- inconsistence and implementation difficulties the process of planning.1-
existing products, process , or services 2-Disruptive innovation:-it refers to the
facilate administration –enables management to align resources with objectives of Panning preparation: Planning doesn’t just happen, it needs careful
introduction of new product ,services or technology that significantly alter the existing
planning ,coordination and control.2-facilitate growth anddisresification- supports consideration. managementestablishes a planning culture through education
market landscape 3-Architectural innovation:-it involves takes the lessons ,skills and
and training.2-Internal assessment : Top management analyze the organization’s
overall technology and applying the same in the different market 4-Radical innovation:- organizational expansion and adaptabilty tochanging need.3-optimum use of resources-
current state , strength , weakness, and performance . Review financial ,
it usually gives birth to new ideas consuming the old one thereby creating a revolutionary it allows efficient use of technical and human resources fostering development 4-
manpower ,competitive positions and other key aspects.3-External analysis:
technology(crowd fund)**.make in india:-“Make in India” encourages industrialists to stimulates creativity –encourages creativity by providing clear roles and allowing Examines external factors like economic, social and technological trends .
setup their manufacturing units in India through foreign direct investment(FDI), so as to mangers to focus on important issues. 5-encourages humanistic approach-foster a team identifiesbopportunities and threats affecting the organization.4-Key area for
put India on a global map with respect to manufacturing .Make in India programmes oriented environment,job satisfaction and human centric approach to work.** steps
are:-FDI to invest in manufacturing sector-FDI to invest in defense sector License planning: Management evaluates the relevance of existing aspects based on
organization process:1determination of objectives:- identify objectives to guide the internal and external appraisals. Considering retaining, strengthening ,
manufacturing of foreign defense equipment under defense procurement(DPP)
**MADE IN INDIA:-it simply indicates that the product or its components were
organization and bring unity of direction.2-identification and grouping of activities:- modifying or exploring new directions 5-Alternative plans: Managers use
manufactured or produced within the geographical boundaries of India. This label is
classify the major activities to avoid duplication and clarify expectation.3-allotment of creative thinking to generate alternative plans, strategies and objectives.
often used to promote and support locally made goods , contributing the country’s duties:- assign speci8ic jobs to individuals based on their abilities and provide authority4- Evaluate these plans based on merits and demerits to make informed choice.6-
economy and emphasizing the origin of the product particularsFactors of production.** developingmrelationship:- establish clear structures of relationships, enhancing Medium and short range plans: Long range plans cover 1to 3 years , while shirt-
digital india The aim of this initiative is to transform Indian into a digital nation the accountability and facilitating delegation 5-integration of activities:- achieve unity range plans are for one year or less 7-Implementation arrangements:Effectively
objective of this is to reduce paperwork involved in getting many formalities complexed. through authority relationships and organized information system.** principles of implementing plans is crucial. Top management ensures cooperation ,
For example passport services, vote id , driving license and also connect rural sector to organisation:1-unity of objectives:- every part of the organization should be directed participation and commitment from managers at various levels. Speci7ies
urban sector. Digital India feature:1-Broadband connectivity-2Digital literacy, 3-E- toward achieving common goals. Clear formulation and understanding ofobjective are authority and accountability for resource allocation, decision- making and
governance 4-Universal access to phone5-Public internet access6-Information for AII 7- crucial for focusing efforts 2-division of work and socialisation:- tasks should be divided, communication forecasting as an element of planning Forecasting in planning
E-kranti ---Asper UNINDIA February 2019 programme which is extension of Digital allowing individuals to specialize in specific areas, promoting efficiency and quality is crucial for anticipating future conditions and events that may impact an
India development agenda. The government of India planning to invest in modernizing .coordination is vital to interrelate specialized functions.3-definition of job:- each organization. It involves estimating variables like economic, social , technological
classroom across India. Some other programmes :- internet sathi, government services and political factors. Managers use forecasting to gain insight into potential
position in the organization must have clearly defined duties and responsibilities to avoid
on your fingertip, DIGDHA,RAS, online market etc.***STARTUP INDIA :-it’s a challenges and opportunities. For businesses , it helps predict sales, profitability
overlapping functions and maintainclarity.4-Separation of line staff functions:-
programme of government of India with a major aim of building a sector ecosystem , technological changes and market trends. While forecasting is not perfect and
distinguish between functions directly contributing to the main objectives(line functions)
which is favorable for the growth of start-up business.it gives sustainable economic future events may deviate, it remains essential for informed decision making and
and support functions(staff functions) for better organizational efficiency5-chain planning, planning premises including external and internal factors, further
growth leading to large scale opportunities for employment Action plan of start-up
India:-1-Simplification and land holding2-Funding support and incentives3-Industry command or scalr principle:- maintain clear lines of authority from top to bottom, refine the process by converting forecasting into meaningful assumptions for
effi– academia prtnership and incubation.** INCUBATOR Incubator basically is an facilitating delegation of authority through levels foreffective decision making6-parity effective planning.types of planning 1. Strategic planning: Integrated
organization which shows the part to the start-up companies to speed up their growth of authority and responsibility:- ensure that responsibility ismatched with corresponding organization wide course action Originated from military campaigns Addresses
and success.****Socialresponsibility-means that individuals and companies have a authority empowering individuals to fulfill their assign tasks.7-unity of command:- every opportunities, threats, strengths, weakness Aims to improve competitive
responsibility to take steps in the besinterests of their environment and civilization as a individual should report to only one superior to prevent confusion, conflict and ensure a position Involves major measures and moves for growth, pro7itability and
whole.** corporate social responcibility-csr is how companies conduct their business clear reporting structure.8-unity of direction:- group activity with a common goal should marketshare2. Tactical planning:• Sub-plans to implement strategies • More
activities to have an overall positive impact on society it covers sustainability, social be managed by one person, fostering cohesive approach towards organizational specific, functional sub corporate • Concerned with detailed decisions and
impact and ethics.** Corporate ethics-it is a form of applied ethics or professional objectives.9-exception principle:-higher level mangers should focus on exceptional actions at lower managerial levels • Based on more information and less risky
ethics, that examines ethical principle and moral or ethical problems that can arise in a matters , while routine decisions are made at lower levels, maintaining efficiency10. span condition • Provide the basis for coordinated and time bound activities 3. Long-
business environment .business plan-a business plan is a road map that gives headings of supervision:- the number of subordinate a manager can effectively supervise should range planning: • Formulates long range objectives• Considers a fairly long time
for designing future course of action.** Paradigm shift-a fundamental change in the be balanced , considering factors like nature ofwork, managerial ability,-efficiency11. horizon • Varies based on enterprise characteristics • Guides critical goals and
basic concepts and experimental practices of a discipline. The paradigm shift in
principle of balance:-maintain a proper balance between variousaspects of the major decisions for the future 4. Short-range planning: Formulates short-range
corporate responsibility has changed over time due to factors like NGO influence , media
organization , avoiding undue importance in any one area 12. communication:- a good objective• Time span of one year or less• Action oriented detailed and
reach and corporate scandals. Globalization has shifted the role of governments, leading quantitative• Breaks down long-range plans into compact, actionable
communication network is crucial fororganizational effectiveness , ensuring smooth
to changing social expectations. Consumers now demand transpa rency beyond programms • Basis for coordinated performance and source allocation5.
philanthropy.this shift resulted in two types A change in business philosophy and focus 8low of information andunderstanding 13. flexibility:- a business organization structure
Operational planning:• Refers to tactical planning and short-range
on society. 1st shift: Philosophy of busi…-In the first shift in business philosophy should be adaptable to change in business nature and technological advancements, planning• Involves planning detailed operations at middle and supervisory
recognize that , business are more than just profit makers, the social institution with ensuring flexibilitywithout disrupting the basic design14. continuity:- the organization’s levels. principles of planning 1-principle Top management interest:Leaders
duties to society and the environment. It emphasize that society not just the entrepreneurs structure should be able to serve its objectives for a long period and organizational basis. should demonstrate genuine interest in planning and inspire theirteams to do
, decides if a business should continue based on fulfilling assigned duties.*Businessnow Traditional comm vs e comm.T.commerce meaning *It is a branch of business which the same Long range-view Decision should consider long-term effects after
expected to be accountable not only to society but also to the natural environment.This focuses on the exchange of products and services and includes all those activities which through analysis and objectiveconsideration of available facts Contribution to
shift reflects a growing awareness of the interconnection between business , society, and encourage exchange in some way or othere-comm means carrying out commercial objectives:Planning should purposefully contribute organizational objectives
the environment. 2nd shift: Towards society and Natural environment -In business transactionsor exchange of information electronically on the internet..Processing of Primary of planning: Planning is the foundational function from which all other
ethics , business need to consider different participants those inside the company like transaction *manual *automatic. accessibility Limited time 24*7. Physical inspection managerial functions 7low Flexibility: Adaptive plans helps organizations cope
stakeholders and employees and those outside like customer and community. And the *Goods can be inspected physically before purchase.*Goods cannot be inspected with unforeseen changes without abandoning predetermined plan6. Navigation
natural environment is also crucial part of this. However in reality business often change Regular monitoring of external events combined with plan review and
physically before purchase. Customer interaction.*Face to face.*Screen toscree.
prioritize shareholders and immediate impacts. The challenge is making sure business
marketing *One way marketin.* One to one marketing.Scope of business.* Limited to a revision, is crucial for goal achievement 7-Commitment: Planning should cover
balance their responsibilities to society and the environment with their financial goal.
particular area.* World wide reach.payment.*Cash,cheque,credit card.*Credit card, e- the necessary time period to ful7ill commitments made in decision8. Limiting
Corporate responsibility consist of: csr,corporate governance, environmental
wallet. ****CONTROL-CHAR-IMPORT controlling is the process of checking if factor:Managers must address limiting factors hindering the smooth progress
accountability.**Corporate responsibility Corporations have accountability to those
work is happening as per by the org.it ensure proper use of resources and helps achive towards achieving objective.
groups and individuals that they can influence ,i.e its stake holders,and society at large
benefits of csr better brand recognition, positive business reputation, increased sales and goal efficiently controlling compares actual performance with expected
customer loyalty, operation cost, media interes and good interest. Csr theory-csr is a standards,identifies any differences, and takes corrective action to fix them . define by
decision to improve the welfare of the community through discretional business breech-controlling is a systematic process to compare actual work with plans,track
practices and contributions to the corporation resourses.* stakeholder theory- it’s a progress,andlearn from experiences for future improvements.
theory of Organizational administration and business moral that argain with ethics and
qualities in dealing with everyday operations.Triple bottom line-it is a notion
whichmakes wider a business emphasis on the budgetary concern to involve social
andnatural contemplations. A triple primary concern estimates an organizations level
ofsocial oblication,its monetory worth and its natural effect.
 charec of controlling- 1-managerials function-controlling is the responsibility of all Delegation Delegation refers to the process of transferring responsibility for a task,
business ethics-is a type of connected morals that analyses to helps enter the foreing
market-it helps adapting to changes to the situation-customer satisfaction to help managers,not just the top executives.managers ensure their teams perform well to meet function, or decision from a superior to a subordinate, while the superior retains
business stay relevant-to redicing risk.** technological innovation Technological org goal. 2-forward-looking-control focuses on improving future performance by accountability for the outcome. Delegation of Authority Delegation of Authority is a
innovation in business involves the development and application of new technologies learning from past performance managers take corrective actions to avoid repeating formal process where a manager transfers some of their decision-making powers and
to create improved products, services or process, it’s about utilizing maximum mistakes.3-continuous activity-control is an ongoing process,not a one time responsibilities to their subordinate. It helps in distributing workload and fostering
advancement in technology to gain competitive edge, enhance efficiency , and meet task.managers regularly monitor and guid employees to meet goals. 4-linked to employee development while maintaining the manager's accountability. Elements of
the involving needs of the market.Examples:- introduction of new software, planning-planning sets objectives are achieved without planning,control cannot Delegation 1.conferment of power of Authority: The right or power assigned to a
automation, artificial intelligence. process of innovation1-Idea generation and exist.5-action oriented—control lead to immediate actions to fix problems.for subordinate to make decisions and take actions necessary for completing a task. 2.
mobilisation:-a very first process of innovation, a new idea can be new or can be example,if salesare below target,corrective steps must be taken prompty** traditional Assignment of Responsibility: The obligation of a subordinate to complete the task
created to improve anexisting idea 2-Advocacy and screening:-advocacy involves assigned to them. 3. Accountability: The subordinate is held answerable to the superior
control techniques:Traditional control technique in management refers to established
promoting and supportingspecific ideas,screening where ideas are evaluated and for the performance and outcomes of the assigned task.**Principles of Delegation 1.
filtered 3-Experimentation:-this is the testing stage, where the selected ideas tested in method that have been used over anextended period to mange and regulate
organizational activities. Two notable traditional control techniques are:1. Principle of Functional Definition: The tasks, authority, and accountability of both
targeted market 4-Commercialisation:-the main aim of this step is to create a market
Budgetrycontrol:Definition:-involves setting performance targets through financial managers and subordinates must be clearly defined. 2. Principle of Unity of Command:
value for the idea and focus on its potential impact 5-Diffusion and implementation:-
plans(budget) and continuously comparing actual performance against the Each subordinate should receive instructions from only one superior. 3. Principle of
this steps involves 2stages diffusion and implementation, where in diffusion
organisation accept the innovation, in implementation when the idea developed or budget..Objective :- aims to achieve organizational goals by ensuring actual results Authority-Level: A manager should delegate authority only to the level that ensures
produced*** emerging trends in business include increased focus on sustainability, align with the planed financial estimates2. Standard costing:-Definition:- utilizes efficient task completion. 4. Principle of Result Orientation: Delegation should focus on
the rise of remote and hybrid work models, adoption of artificial intelligence and predetermined stands costs for each cost item, providing benchmark against which achieving results rather than just task completion. Importance of Delegation 1. Reduces
automation ,emphasis on digital transformation and the growth of e-commerce. actual costs are compared Objective:-enables the identification and analysis of Managerial Workload: Frees managers to focus on strategic and critical tasks. 2.
Automation:-it involves using technology to perform task with minimal human variations between actual costs and standard costs ,facilitating corrective action Encourages Employee Development: Builds skills, confidence, and decision-making
intervention. It aims to streamline process, increase efficiency and reducen the need moderntechnique: Modern techniques in management represents contemporary abilities in subordinates. 3. Improves Decision-Making: Decisions are made closer to the
for manual labor. This can range from basic repetitive task to more complex methods that have evolved in response ton changing business environments. Some key point of action, increasing efficiency. 4. Promotes Organizational Growth:Allows
work8lows, often utilizing technologies like robotics,machine learning,AI Blockchain managers to handle broader responsibilities and complex projects. 5. Enhances
modern techniques include:1. Break-Even Analysis :-Definition:- analysis the
:-blockchain is a secure and decentralised digital ledger that record the various Motivation: Employees feel valued and trusted when responsibilities are delegated to
relationship between costs, volume of sales , andprofit to determine the point at which
transactions across a network of computer.Artificial intelligence:- it is computer them. Barriers to Effective Delegation 1. Manager-Related Barriers: Fear of losing
technology that mimics the human intelligence , allowing machine to learn, reason and costs are covered and profitbeginObjective:- helps management understand the impact
of sales volumechanges on profitability and identifies the break-even point. 2. PERT( control or power. Lack of trust in subordinates. Insecurity about being outperformed by
solve problem. Machine learning:- machine learning is a type of technology that
Program Evaluation and Review Technique )Definition:- project management subordinates. 2. Subordinate-Related Barriers :Fear of failure or lack of confidence.
enables computers to learn from data and improve their performance on task over
time.Social shopping:-social shopping combines online shopping with social media, technique that analyses and represent the task required to complete project , Reluctance to accept more responsibility. Lack of necessary skills or knowledge. 3.
allowing users to discover and discuss products through social platforms. Robotics:- emphasizing the interdependence of activities.Objective:- aids in planning , scheduling Organizational Barriers:Poor communication systems. Lack of a delegation culture.
robotics is the field of creating operating and designing robots- programmable machine and controlling projects, particularly those non-routine or complex activities 3. Means of Effective Delegation 1. Clearly Define Responsibilities Ensure tasks and
that can performs task either autonomously or with human guidance E- tailing:- it’s a CPM(CriticalPath Method)Definition:-projectmanagement technique that identifies expectations are well-defined and understood. 2. Match Tasks with Capabilities Assign
electronic retailing , refers to the online selling goods and services by business directly the critical path, a sequence of tasks determining the minimum time needed forproject responsibilities based on the subordinate’s skills and expertise. 3. Provide Necessary
to consumers over internet. Retailentrepreneurship:- it is starting and managing completion. Objective:- facilitate better planning, coordination, and control ofprojects, Resources:Equip subordinates with the tools, time, and authority needed to complete
business in retail sector, involving activities such as selecting merchandise, managing focusing on key elements crucial for project success. 4. Statistical Quality tasks. 4. Foster Trust and Confidence:Build a supportive relationship to instill confidence
inventory andcreating marketing strategies for successful retail business.** features Control:Defini:-uses statistical methods to assess weather variation in product quality in subordinates.5. Regular Monitoring and Feedback Periodically review progress and
of e-commerce1-Online transaction:- conducting buying and selling activities provide constructive feedback. 6. Encourage Initiative :Allow subordinates to make
and due to chance or assignable causes.Objectives:- helps maintain and improve
electronically over internet2-Online catalog:-virtual display of product or services , decisions and take ownership of tasks.7. Promote Open Communication: Maintain a
allowing customers to brows and choose item3-Electronic payment:- facilitating online product quality by distinguishing between inherent process variation and systematic
and deviation 5.Management Audit: Defin:-impartial examination of management’s clear line of communication for guidance and problem-solving.** Motivation is the
payment methods, including credit cards,digital wallets, and other electronic
overall performance , assessing organizational structure , objectives , plans , policies psychological process that arouses, directs, and sustains an individual's behavior towards
transaction options4-Security measures:- implementing secure protocols and
encryption to protect customer information during transaction5-Mobile and resource utilization Objec:- provides a comprehensive evaluation pf management’s achieving specific goals. It is the driving force behind a person’s actions, influenced by
responsiveness:- ensuring the platform is optimized for mobile devices effectiveness, aiding in strategic decision-making and continues improvementThese internal needs or external incentives.Theory of Motivation Motivation theories explain
toaccommodate the growing tender of mobile commerce6-User accounts:- allowing modern techniques reflect advancements in management practices, emphasizing data- why individuals behave in particular ways and how they can be encouraged to act
customers to create accounts, mange preference andtrack order history7-Review and driven decision –making , project management efficiency, and quality control in effectively. Theories of motivation are categorized into:1. Content Theories: Focus on
rating:- provide platform customers to leave review and rating for product or services8- dynamic business environment.*** INFORMAL &FORMAL definition-*for-a what motivates individuals (e.g., Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Two-Factor
Personalization:- offering personalized recommendations and content based consciously planned structure representing officially established relationship to Theory).2. Process Theories: Focus on how motivation occurs (e.g., Expectancy Theory,
oncustomer preference and behavior9-Shipping and logistics integration :- integrating achieve org goal**inf-spontaneously arising relationship based on personal attitudes Equity Theory)*.M.C. George's Participation Theory mcgpt highlights the role of
system for ef8icient order fulfillment , shipping and tracking10. Customer support:- emotions and interests. structure *for-hierarcy within defined positions, role and employee participation in decision-making and organizational processes. Key aspects
implementing online customer support through chat,email or other digital channel*** include: 1. Involvement Enhances Motivation: Employees feel valued and more
relationships represented inchart and formal document. *inf-no-hierarchical,
A logistic and supply chain business involves the management of the movement, motivated when they are involved in decisions. 2. Improves Accountability: Participation
resembling a complex social network with unwritten norms. Purpose*for-realizing
storage and distribution of goods from the point of origin to final destination. This fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility. 3. Reduces Resistance: Involving
includes coordinating various activities such as transportation , warehousing, inventory specific well-defined enterprises objectives.*inf-created by manner for social and
psychological satisfaction. Activities *for-differen tiated and integrated around employees in decisions minimizes resistance to changes. 4. Boosts Morale:
management, and order fulfillment, the goal is to optimize efficiency, reduce costs and
enterprises objectives, formalized into work units or departments.*inf-no specific Collaboration strengthens morale and teamwork. Maslow's Needs Priority Theory
ensure timely delivery of products throughout the supply chain** Franchising is a
business arrangement where an individual( franchisee)operates a business using the formalized activities arise from interactions and sentiments. Membership *for- Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs explains human motivation as a progression through five
brand and systems of another( franchisor) in exchange for fees and royalties. benefits individuals belong to one work group and work under one superior.*infindivuduals can levels of needs:1. Physiological Needs: Basic survival needs like food, water, and
franchising the franchisor capitalrequirements will be lesser because franchisee be part of multiple groups according to personal choice.orientation *for-dominantly shelter.2. Safety Needs: Security, stability, and freedom from harm.3. Social Needs:
provides capital for opening each franchised channel --Better management,Less economic and technical,focused on productivity,profitability,and efficiency. *inf- Belongingness, love, and social connections.4. Esteem Needs: Recognition, respect, and
employees,Speed of expansion,Reduce attachment in day-to -day operation,Risk and predominantly psychosocial,centered around individual and group satisfaction. Norms self-esteem.5. Self-Actualization: Fulfillment of personal potential and self-growth.
accountability,Increasing brand support,Consumer faithfulness, fairness Worldwide of behavior*for-prescribed manner enforced by rules&regulations. *info-behavior is Maslow’s theory suggests individuals must satisfy lower-level needs before pursuing
,Publicity growth.**** and A partnership is a type of business where two or more more natural ,influenced by group norms.****Departmental organization VS Public higher-level ones **.Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory Herzberg’s theory
people work together to run a company and share its proBit and losses, in a partnership corporation VS Government company formation-d- Created by the government divides factors influencing job satisfaction into two categories:1. Motivation Factors:
each person involved called partner , these partners contribute money, skill, or property Lead to job satisfaction.Include achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement,
attached to specific ministry*P- Comes into existence by a special Act of Legislatureb.
to the business FEATURE1. Plurality of persons 2.Contractual relationship work itself and personal growth.2.HygieneFactors:Prevent dissatisfaction include
3Profitsharing 4.Existence of business 5. Principal- agent relationship 6. Unlimited *G- Formed by a Ministry under the Companies Act. Management *d- Managed by
the concerned Government.Ministry.*P- Managed by Board of Directors nominated by company policy,administration, inter personal relation with supervisor,peers,
liability classificationspartners1. based on the extent of participation1-Active
the GVT.*G- Managed by board of directors, including members nominated by the subordinates ,,salary, working conditions, company policies, and job security.** types
partner(working partner)2- Sleeping partner :-if the partner is not actively associated
GVT and elected share holders.CAPITAL-*D- Provided wholly by the GVT from of motivation 1. Positive and Negative Motivation Positive Motivation Encourages
with theworking of the partnership firm2. based on the profit sharing 1-nominal
partner :- is someone who is officially recognized as a partner in partnership but has budgetary appropriation.*P- Fully subscribed by the GVT.*GMinimum 50% owned individuals to take action by offering rewards or recognition.Example: Promotions,
invested little or no capital and is notactively involved in day -to day operations or by the GVT. Scope of private participation. *D- No scope forprivate participation *P- bonuses, or appreciation for good performance.Negative Motivation Motivates
management of the business, they may have nominal or symbolic role ,often for legal No scope for private participation *G- Allows private participation in shares capital individuals by using fear of consequences or penalties. Example: Fear of job loss,
or formal purposes without significant contribution to the business.3-Partner in pro0it:- and affairs.. Flexibility *D- Subject to GVT control budget, accounting and audit demotion, or reprimand for poor performance.2. Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation
a partner who share the profit of the business without being liable for losses3. based procedure *P- Subject to some restrictions by the GVT not subject to budget audit and Extrinsic Motivation Arises from external factors like rewards, recognition, or
on the behaviour and conduct exhibited:-1-partner by estoppel:- a person who accounting procedure.P- Some freedom from GVT control not subject to audit , budget punishments. Example: Salary hikes, trophies, or disciplinary actions.Intrinsic
behave in the public in a such a fashion as to give an impression that he is one of the andaccounting. LEADERSHIP DEFINITION.leadership is the ability to guid, Motivation-Originates from internal satisfaction and personal goals.Example: Pursuing
partners in partnership firm3-partner by holding out:-when an individual represent influenced,and inspire individuals or groups toward achieving common goals.a leader a task because it aligns with one’s passion, curiosity, or self-fulfillment.3. Financial and
themselves either intentionally or unintentionally as partner in a business 4. based on Non-Financial Motivation Financial Motivation Involves monetary rewards to
uses their vision,communication skills,and decision-making capabilities to motivate
liabilities:-1 limited partner:- the liability of such partner limited to the encourage desired behavior.Example: Bonuses, commissions, profit-sharing, or salary
extant of capital contributed by him.2-general partner(unlimited partner):- his liability and direct their team’s needs,and organizational goals. STYLE. Leadership styles
describe how leaders approach decision –making,interaction with team,and overall increments. Non-Financial Motivation Includes non-monetary benefits to motivate
is unlimited he is entitled to participate in the management of the business
management,here are 3 common styles.1-autocratic or authoritative style-defi:in individuals.Example:Recognition,flexibleworkhours, career development opportunities,
.***company form of organisation It refers to a legal entity where a group of people
this style, the leader makes decisions independently without consulting the team.they or a pleasant work environment.** five marketing concepts, 1. Production Concept
know as share holders , pool their resources to achieve common business goals. This
form of organization is characterized by limited liability for its owners and a separate maintain strict control and expect compliance with their instructions. Features: The production concept believes that customers prefer products that are easily available
legal existence from its shareholders. Companies can be public or private and they can centralized decision-making *little to no input from team members. *focuson and affordable. Companies prioritize efficient production and large-scale distribution.2.
take various legal structures such as limited liability companies (LLC) or corporation efficiency and displin. Advan: quick decision making *clear structure and authority. Product Concept This concept emphasizes that customers value products with superior
features-1-Incorporation 2-Artificial person:- a company regarded as a artificial Disdav:can demotivate team members. *may lead to resetement and reduce creativity quality, performance, and innovative features. Organizations focus on creating the best
person as it is created by law and can be effected only by law 2-Separate legal entity:- 2-democratic or participative style- defin:this style involves collaboration between possible products. 3. Selling Concept-The selling concept is based on the idea that
a company has distinct entity separate from its members3-Common seal4-Perpetual the leader and the team. The leader encourages input and values team members customers need to be persuaded to buy through aggressive marketing and promotional
succession:-a joint stock company has continues existence until its legally dissolved 5- opinions while making the decision. Feau:shared decision-making process. *open efforts, especially for products not actively sought by consumers.4. Marketing Concept
Separation of ownership and management6-Minum2 members maximum no limit The marketing concept focuses on identifying and meeting customer needs and wants
communication and mutual respect. *focus on team engagement. Adv:promotes
7Limited liability 8-Transferability of shares9Rigidity of object:- the company cannot better than competitors. It emphasizes customer satisfaction as the key to achieving
creativity and innovation. *builds team morale and satisfaction. Disva:slower decision-
take up new business without changing the object clause11. Statutory regulation.** organizational goals. 5. Societal Marketing Concept -This concept integrates the interests
classi companies 1. on the basis of mode of incorporation:-1statutory company:- its making *may not be effective in crisis situations.3-laissez-fair or free-reinstyle-defi:in
this style, the leader provides minimal guidance, giving team members the autonomy of society, the environment, and customer satisfaction. It aims to fulfill customer needs
created by a special act of legislature or parliament. These companies are established
to make decisions and complete tasks. FEATU-hands-off approach *delegation of in a way that benefits both the organization and society at large.*** Marketing Mix for
for fulfill specific [public purposes and often operate in industries where public interest
involved.2.registered company:- a company which is incorporated through registration authority *emphasis on trust and independence. Adv:encourages innovation and self PCs focusing on the 4Ps:1. Product- Includes the physical hardware (e.g., desktops,
with the Registrar of companies under the Companies Act. All companies established motivation. Disad:canlead to confusion and lack of direction.*may result in lower laptops) and related software that make up the PC offering. Features such as processing
under the private sector belongs to this category 3-chartered company:-a company productivity if team members are not selfdisplin.****qualities of a effective leaderan speed, storage capacity, graphics performance, durability, and design play a crucial role.
which is incorporated under a special Royal Charter granted by the Monarch is called effective leader possesses a blend of traits and skills that enable them to inpire and Brand reliability, after-sales service, and warranties are also part of the product
“Chartered Company”2. based on the liability1-unlimited companies:-a company in guide their team toward success. Below are 10 essential qualities.1-mental and physical strategy.2. Price-Pricing strategies can vary based on the target market (e.g., premium
which the liability of the members is unlimited is called unlimited companies, at the health-good health ensures resilience,energy,and the ability to make sound decisions PCs for professionals or budget PCs for students).Common strategies include:Cost-based
time of winding up they have to pay debts from their necessary personal assets.2- under pressure.2-empathy-empathy helps build strong relationships ,fosters trust,and pricing: Setting a price based on production costs plus a markup. Value-based pricing:
companies limited by guarantee:- in some companies members give guarantee for the improves team moral.3-self confidenceconfidence inspires trust in followers and Pricing based on the perceived value to customers. Competitive pricing: Aligning prices
debts of the company up to a certain limit in addition to the share held by them2- with competitors. Discounts, installment plans, or bundled offers (e.g., free accessories
enables the leader to face challenging with conviction.4-awarness of other opinions
companies limited by shares:- in this the liability of the members is limited the or software) may be used.3. Promotion-Communication strategies to create awareness
amount of shares held by them3. on the basis of the ownership1-private limited about himself-the self-awarness allows leaders to adjust their behavior, improving,
interpersonal relationship and effectiveness. 5-objectivity-ensures fair treatment of and persuade customers to buy PCs. This includes:Advertising: TV, online ads, social
company:-a private limited company means a company restrict the right to transfer it
team members and rational problem solving. 6-knowledge and intelligence-enables media campaigns, and influencer marketing. Sales Promotions: Discounts, trade-in
shares, members minimum2 maximum 200, and prohibited any invitation to the public
leaders to make informed decisions and provide valuable guidance to their team. 7- offers, and seasonal sales. Public Relations: Sponsorships and partnerships with
to subscribe for anu shares or debenture of the company. 2-public company:- a
company which shareholders have the right to transfer the share, member of decisiveness-decisiveness prevent delays and helps maintain momentum toward goals. educational institutions or tech events.Direct Marketing: Email campaigns, personalized
shareholders mimmum7 maximum no limit,3-government company- a company 8-ability to communicateensure that expectations,feedback, and vision are understood offers, and product recommendations.4. Physical Distribution-Ensuring that PCs are
which is not less than 51% of the paid up share capital is held by the Central by the team. 9-sense of purpose and responsibility-keeps the team focused and available to customers at the right time and place.Channels include: Retail Stores:
Government , or by State Government4. on the basis of the jurisdication1-national motivates them to work toward shared objectives. 10-other qualities enthusiasm, Electronics stores or brand-exclusive outlets.Online Platforms: E-commerce sites like
company:- when operation of the company confined within the boundaries of the adaptability ,Integrity creativity, patience,sense of direction.** pricing methods 1. Amazon or brand websites. Distributors and Dealers: Partnering with wholesalers or
country in which its registered2-multinational company:-when the operation of the Cost-Oriented Pricing -itfocuses on determining the cost of production and then adding local dealers for wider reach.Efficient supply chain management ensures timely delivery
company are extended beyond the boundaries of the country which is registered.it also a markup to ensure profit. Types of Cost-Oriented Pricing 1. Cost-Plus Pricing: The and inventory availability.
called “transnational company” .** cooperative organization is a business or price is set by adding a fixed percentage (markup) to the total cost of production.
group of where members collectively own and operate it for mutual benefit , sharing
Example: If the production cost of a product is ₹500 and the markup is 20%, the selling
decision making and often distributing profit based on participation. features:-1-
Voluntary association- a group formed by individuals pursuing a common goal,where price will be ₹600. 2. Target Profit Pricing:The price is set to achieve a specific profit
membership is open to all ,regardless of caste,creed, religion, color, or gender. margin. Example: A company calculates the price required to sell 1,000 units to
Members join and leave freely, without coercion or initimidation. 2-Autonomy any achieve ₹50,000 in profit.2. Demand-Oriented Pricingv-it considers consumer
stability-it is self sufficient, self renewing, and self controlling within its jurisdiction.3- demand and willingness to pay as the basis for setting prices. Types of Demand-
Democratic management- 4-capital:-capital procured from members In the form of Oriented Pricing 1. Differential Pricing: Different prices are charged for the same
share capital, the major part of capital raised by loan from the government and the apex product based on factors like customer segment, location, or time.Example: Airlines
cooperative institution 5-Government control- in india all cooperative societies are offering different ticket prices for economy and business class, or discounts for early
registered under cooperative society act. 6-Service motivthe primary objective of any bookings.2. Perceived Value Pricing:Pricing is based on the value perceived by
coorperative society is to provide service to its members.other three form of customers rather than the actual cost. Example: Luxury goods like branded watches or
organisations the primary objectives is to earn profits.7-Limited return on capital-in designer clothes are priced high because of their perceived exclusivity.3. Competition-
this system profit are distributed among the shareholders,but the rate of dividend paid Oriented Pricing involves setting prices based on what competitorsarecharging rather
to the shareholders is limited to 9%. 8-Distribution of surplus:-surplus proportion to
than focusing solely on costs or demand.
members based on they have done with the society.