Activity -1

Objective - To verify that the relation R in the set L , of all lines in a plane, defined by R = {(l,m) :
l Is perpendicular to m} is symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.
Material required - coloured paper, scale, pencil, adhesive etc.
Method of construction - Take a piece of coloured paper and draw lines such that some of
them are parallel, some are perpendicular to each other and some are inclined.
Demonstration -
1. Name the lines l1, l2…...l8.
2. l1 is perpendicular to each of the lines l2,l3,l4.
3. l6 is perpendicular to l7.
4. l2 is parallel to l3, l3 is parallel to l4 and l5 is parallel to l8.
5. (l1,l2), (l1,l3), (l1,l4), (l6,l7) ∈ R
Observation -
1. In figure no line is perpendicular to itself, So that the relation R ------------- reflexive.
2. In figure , l1 ⊥ l2 . Is l2 ⊥ l1 ? --------------.
∴ (l1,l2) ∈ R ⇒ (l2,l1) -- - R
Similarly l3 ⊥ l1 . Is l1 ⊥ l3 ? ---------------.
∴ (l3,l1) ∈ R ⇒ (l1,l3) ---- R
Also l6 ⊥ l7 . Is l7 ⊥ l6 ? ---------------.
∴ (l6,l7) ∈ R ⇒ (l7,l6) - -- - R
∴ the relation R ------IS- symmetric.
3. In figure, l2 ⊥ l1 and l1 ⊥ l3. Is l2 ⊥ l3 ? ------- .
I.e. (l2,l1) ∈ R and (l1,l3) ∈ R ⇒ (l2,l3) ------ R
∴The relation R ------------ transitive.
Application - This activity can be used to check whether a given relation is an equivalent
relation or not.
 Activity -2

Objective - To verify that the relation R in the set L , of all lines in a plane, defined by
R = {(l,m) : l Is parallel to m} is an equivalence relation.
Material required - coloured paper, scale, pencil, adhesive etc.
Method of construction - Take a piece of coloured paper and draw lines such that some of
them are parallel, some are perpendicular to each other and some are inclined.
Demonstration -
1. Name the lines l1, l2…...l8.
2. l1 is perpendicular to each of the lines l2,l3,l4.
3. l6 is perpendicular to l7.
4. l2 is parallel to l3, l3 is parallel to l4 and l5 is parallel to l8.
5. (l2,l3), (l3,l4), (l7,l8) ∈ R

Observation -
1.In figure every line is parallel to itself, So that the relation R -------
2.In figure observe that l2 l l l3 . Is l3 II l2 ? ----------------.
∴ (l2,l3) ∈ R ⇒ (l3,l2) -- - - R
Similarly l3 ll l4 . Is l4 ll l3 ? ---------------.
∴ (l3,l4) ∈ R ⇒ (l4,l3) -- -- R
Also l5 ll l8 . Is l8 ll l5 ? ---------------.
∴ (l5,l8) ∈ R ⇒ (l8,l5) -- - - R
∴ the relation R -------IS symmetric.
3.In figure, observe that l2 ll l3 and l3 ll l4. Is l2 ll l4 ? ------- .
I.e. (l2,l3) ∈ R and (l3,l4) ∈ R ⇒ (l2,l4) ----∈ R
 ∴The relation R ----------- .
Hence the relation R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. So R is an equivalence
relation.
Application - This activity is useful in understanding the concept of an equivalence relation.
 Activity -3

Objective - To demonstrate a function which is not one-one but is onto.

Material required - coloured paper, scale, pencil, adhesive etc.
Method of construction -
1. Take two rectangular strips of coloured paper and paste.
2. On left side of strip mark three points and name them 1,2,3.
3. On right side of strip mark two points and name them a,b.
4. Join the points as shown in figure.
Demonstration -
1. Take the set X = {1,2,3}.
2. Take the setY = {a,b}.
3. Join corresponding element of X to the elements of Y as shown in the figure.
Observation -
1. The image of the element 1 of X in Y is ---------.
The image of the element 2 of X in Y is ---------.
The image of the element 3 of X in Y is ----------- .
So, figure represents a ----------------- function .
2. Every element in X has ----------Unique-- image in Y. So, the function is --------------.
(one-one/not one-one). .
3. The pre-image of each element of Y in X ---------------- (exists/does not exist) .So, the
function is ---------------- (onto/not onto). .
Application - This activity can be used to demonstrate the concept of one-one and onto
function.
 Activity 4

Objective: To draw the graph of sin x -1 , using the graph of sin x and demonstrate the concept
of mirror reflection (about the line y = x)
Material Required: white paper, geometry box, adhesive etc.
Method of construction:
1. Take a cardboard of suitable dimensions, say, 30 cm × 30 cm.
2. Paste the white sheet.
3. Draw two perpendicular lines on the white paper as two rectangular axes, name them
X/OX and Y/OY. (see figure)
4. Graduate the axes approximately as shown in Figure by taking unit on X-axis = 1.25
times the unit of Y-axis.
5. Mark approximately the points

in the coordinate plane and name the points N1 , N2 ,N3 andN4.

6. Repeat the above process on the other side of the x-axis, marking the points

And name the points N1/ , N 2/ ,N3/ and N4/.

π π
7. Draw graph of sin x from − to
2 2
8. Draw the graph of the line y = x (by plotting the points (1,1), (2, 2), (3, 3), ...etc)
9. From the nails N1 , N2 ,N3 and N4 , draw perpendicular on the line y = x and
produce these lines such that length of perpendicular on both sides of the line
y = x are equal. Name these, I1 , I2 ,I3 and I4 .
10. Repeat the above activity on the other side of X- axis and name the points I1/ , I 2/
I and I4/.
, 3
/

11. Join the points on both sides of the line y = x that will show the graph of sin-1 x.

Demonstration
Put a mirror on the line y = x. The image of the graph of sin x in the mirror will represent the
graph of sin-1 x showing that sin-1 x is mirror reflection of sin x and vice versa.

Observations
1. The image of point N1 in the mirror (the line y = x) is _________.
2. The image of point N2 in the mirror (the line y = x) is _________.
3. The image of point N3 in the mirror (the line y = x) is _________.
4. The image of point N4 in the mirror (the line y = x) is _________.
5. The image of point N1 ′ in the mirror (the line y = x) is _________.
6. The image point of N2 ′ in the mirror (the line y = x) is _________.
7. The image point of N3 ′ in the mirror (the line y = x) is _________.
8. The image point of N4 ′ in the mirror (the line y = x) is _________.
9. The image of the graph of six x in y = x is the graph of _________, and the image of the
graph of sin-1x in y = x is the graph of __________.

Application

Similar activity can be performed for drawing the graphs of cos-1 x, tan-1 x etc.
 Activity 5
Objective: To find analytically the limit of the function f(x) at x = c and also to check the
continuity of the function at that point.
Material Required: paper, pencil, calculator
Method of construction:

Demonstration
 Observations

Application

The activity is useful in understanding the concept of limit and continuity of a function at a
point.
 Activity 6
Objective - To construct an open box of maximum volume from a given rectangular sheet by
cutting equal squares from each corner.
Material required - coloured paper, scale, pencil, scissors, adhesive etc
Method - 1.Take a rectangular sheet of size 20cm x 10 cm and name it as ABCD
2. Cut four equal squares of each side x cm from each corner.
3. Repeat the process by taking same size of paper and different values of x.
4. Make an open box by folding it flaps.
Demonstration-
1. when x=1,volume of box =144cm3
2.when x=1.5,volume of box =178.5 cm3
3. when x=1.8,volume of box =188.9 cm3
4. when x= 2 ,volume of box =192 cm3
5. when x=2.1,volume of box =192.4cm3
6. when x=2.2,volume of box =192.2 cm3
7. when x=2.5,volume of box =187.5 cm3
Observation -
1. V1= Volume of open box (when x=1. 6 )= 190.1
2. V2 = Volume of open box (when x=1. 9)= 192.19
3. V3 = Volume of open box (when x=2.2)= 192.19
4. V =Volume of open box (when x=2.1)= 192.44
5. V4 =Volume of open box (when x=2.4)= 188.69
6. V5 = Volume of open box (when x=3.2)= 156.67
6. Volume is V1 is ______________than volume V
7. Volume V2 is _________than volume V
8. Volume V3 is _________than volume V
9. Volume V4 is _________than volume V
10. Volume V5 is _________than volume V
So Volume of the open box is maximum when x = ____________
Application - This activity is useful in explaining concepts of Maxima/ minima of functions.
 Activity 7
Objective - To verify that amongst all the rectangles of same perimeter ,square has maximum
area.
Material required - coloured paper, scale, pencil, scissors, adhesive etc
Method - 1. Take coloured sheets
2.Make rectangles each of perimeter 24 cm but of different dimensions as follows:
R1:6cmx6cm
R2:8cmx4cm
R3:10cmx2cm
R4:9cmx3cm
R5:7cmx5cm
R6:11cmx1cm
3. Cut out the rectangles and paste them in the file
Demonstration -
Area of rectangle R1 =6x6=36 cm2
Area of rectangle R2=8x4=32 cm2
Area of rectangle R3 =10x2=20 cm2
Area of rectangle R4=9x3=27 cm2
Area of rectangle R5=7x5=35 cm2
Area of rectangle R6=11x1=11 cm2
Perimeter of each rectangle is is same but their area are different
Observation - 1. Perimeter of each rectangle R1 to R6 is 24 cm
2. Area of rectangle R2 is ___________than area of rectangle R1
3. Area of rectangle R3 is ___________than area of rectangle R1
4. Area of rectangle R4 is ___________than area of rectangle R1
5. Area of rectangle R5 is ___________than area of rectangle R1
6. Area of rectangle R6 is ___________than area of rectangle R1
7. Rectangle R1 has dimensions _________cm x __________cm
8. Of all the rectangles with the same perimeter, the square has maximum area.
Application - This activity is useful in explaining the idea of maximum of a function.
 Activity 10

Objective - To explain the computation of conditional probability of a given event A, when event
B has already occurred ,through an example of throwing a pair of dice.
Material required - White paper colours ,pencil ,scale, dice ,glue
Method - 1. Take a white paper .
2. Make a square with the pencil and divide it into 36 units
3. Write pair of numbers as shown in the figure.
Demonstration - 1. Figure gives all possible outcomes of the given experiment .It represents
the sample space .
2. Suppose we have to find the conditional probability of an event A if an event B has already
occurred, where A is the event “a number 4 appears on both the dice “and B is the event “4 has
appeared on at least one of the dice”.We have to find P(AIB)
3. From figure number of outcomes favourable to A = 1.
Number of outcomes favourable to be B = 11.
Number of outcomes favourable to A∩B = 1
Observation - 1. Outcomes favourable to A : _________,n(A) = __________
2. Outcomes favourable to B : ________________________________,n(B) =
_________________
3. Outcomes favourable to A∩B : __________________,n( A∩B)= _____________
4.P( A∩B) = ___________
5.P(AIB) = ______________.
Application - This activity is useful in understanding the concept of conditional probability,
which is further used in Baye”s theorem.