1.​ How do psychologists define intelligence?

Psychologists define intelligence by higher-level abilities (such

as abstract thinking, mental representation, problem-solving, and decision making), the ability to learn,
emotional understanding, creativity, and adaptability to meet the needs of the environment have all
been used to characterize intelligence in various ways.
2.​ What are the qualities of a good psychological test? The qualities of a good psychological test, there are
three important principles in the evaluation process are reliability, validity, and standardization. In fact,
these three are crucial to science as a whole.
3.​ What are typical IQ tests like? Typical IQ tests assess a variety of cognitive abilities and generate a score
that is used to assess a person's capabilities and potential. A normal IQ exam lasts between one and two
hours and comprises 25 to 50 multiple-choice questions.
4.​ How do IQ scores relate to gender, age, and occupation? IQ scores relate to gender, age, and occupation
by an individual's IQ might fluctuate, it is generally recognized that IQ remains steady over the lifespan
in a community. This isn't to say that our talents don't alter as we get older. Your IQ is assessed in
comparison to others your age.
5.​ What does IQ tell us about genius? An IQ test of 140 or above implies genius or near-genius status,
while 120-140 suggests "extremely excellent intelligence." "Superior intellect" ranges from 110 to 119,
whereas "regular or ordinary intelligence" ranges from 90 to 109.
6.​ What causes mental retardation? Mental retardation is caused by, fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal
alcohol impact; brain damage induced by the use of prescription or illicit substances during pregnancy;
brain injury and disease; and genetic abnormalities including Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome
are all causes of mental retardation.
7.​ How do heredity and environments affect intelligence? Many scientists think that IQ has a response
range, which refers to the restrictions imposed by genetics on IQ. The maximum and minimum IQs
that a person can achieve are determined by hereditary factors. The environment determines where a
person's IQ falls between these parameters.
8.​ How have views of intelligence changed in recent years? A new definition of intelligence has gained
traction in recent years, one that encompasses a far broader variety of mental talents among the
components of human cognition. This conceptual shift portends far-reaching social and educational
ramifications.
9.​ Are IQ tests fair to all racial and cultural groups? IQ tests fair to all racial and cultural groups are
further, given the history of IQ testing being used to promote dubious and often racially motivated
notions about what various groups of people are capable of, some experts argue that such exams cannot
objectively and equitably evaluate an individual's ability.

1.​ achievement test: An achievement test is designed to measure a person's level of skill, accomplishment,
or knowledge in a specific area.
2.​ aptitude test: aptitude test, an examination that attempts to determine and measure a person's ability to
acquire, through future training, some specific set of skills (intellectual, motor, and so on).
3.​ Cohort: A group of individuals who share a similar characteristic or experience. The term usually refers
to an age (or birth) cohort, that is, a group of individuals who are born in the same year and thus of
similar age.
4.​ Collectivism: Collectivism refers to a worldview in which social behavior is guided largely by goals that
are shared by a collective, such as a family, tribe, workgroup, or political or religious association.
Interdependence and group solidarity are valued.
5.​ content validity: The extent to which a test measures a representative sample of the subject matter or
behavior under investigation.
6.​ cross-sectional studies: The cross-sectional study definition in psychology is research that involves
different groups of people who do not share the same variable of interest (like the variable you're
focusing on), but who do share other relevant variables.
7.​ crystallized intelligence: The use of crystallized intelligence involves the recalling of pre-existing
information as well as skills.
8.​ Down syndrome: A chromosomal disorder characterized by an extra chromosome 21 and manifested
by a round flat face and eyes that seem to slant (the disorder was formerly known as mongolism).
9.​ emotional intelligence: Emotional intelligence (otherwise known as emotional quotient or EQ) is the
ability to understand, use, and manage your own emotions in positive ways to relieve stress,
communicate effectively, empathize with others, overcome challenges and defuse conflict.
10.​ Epigenetics: Epigenetics is the study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that
affect the way your genes work. Unlike genetic changes, epigenetic changes are reversible and do not
change your DNA sequence, but they can change how your body reads a DNA sequence.
11.​ factor analysis: Factor analysis is a type of statistical procedure that is conducted to identify clusters or
groups of related items (called factors) on a test.
12.​ fluid intelligence: Fluid intelligence is the ability to think abstractly, reason quickly and problem solve
independent of any previously acquired knowledge. Whilst it is considered separate from crystallized
intelligence, they are closely interlinked and due to the multiplicity of tasks, we utilize both in many of
the same situations.
13.​ Flynn effect: The “Flynn effect” refers to the observed rise over time in standardized intelligence test
scores, documented by Flynn (1984a) in a study on intelligence quotient (IQ) score gains in the
standardization samples of successive versions of Stanford-Binet and Wechsler intelligence tests.
14.​ general intelligence (g): General intelligence can be defined as a construct that is made up of different
cognitive abilities. These abilities allow people to acquire knowledge and solve problems. This general
mental ability is what underlies specific mental skills related to areas such as spatial, numerical,
mechanical, and verbal abilities.
15.​ Grit: A personality trait characterized by perseverance and passion for achieving long-term goals. Grit
entails working strenuously to overcome challenges and maintaining effort and interest over time
despite failures, adversities, and plateaus in progress.
16.​ growth vs. fixed mindset: A fixed mindset means you believe intelligence, talent, and other qualities are
innate and unchangeable. If you're not good at something, you typically think you will never be good at
it. By contrast, a growth mindset means you believe intelligence and talent can be developed with
practice and effort.
17.​ Heritability: Heritability is a measure of how well differences in people's genes account for differences in
their traits. Traits can include characteristics such as height, eye color, and intelligence, as well as
disorders like schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder.
18.​ intellectual disability: Intellectual disability (or ID) is a term used when a person has certain limitations
in cognitive functioning and skills, including communication, social, and self-care skills. These
limitations can cause a child to develop and learn more slowly or differently than a typically developing
child.
19.​ Intelligence: The ability to learn or understand or to deal with new or trying situations: reason also: the
skilled use of reason.
20.​ intelligence quotient (IQ): intelligence quotient: a standard measure of an individual's intelligence level
based on psychological tests. In the early years of intelligence testing, IQ was calculated by dividing the
mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100 to produce a ratio IQ.
21.​ intelligence test: An individually administered test used to determine a person's level of intelligence by
measuring his or her ability to solve problems, form concepts, reason, acquire detail and perform other
intellectual tasks.
22.​ longitudinal studies: In a longitudinal study, researchers repeatedly examine the same individuals to
detect any changes that might occur over a period of time. Longitudinal studies are a type of
correlational research in which researchers observe and collect data on a number of variables without
trying to influence those variables.
23.​ mental age: mental age, intelligence test score, expressed as the chronological age for which a given level
of performance is average or typical. An individual's mental age is then divided by his chronological age
and multiplied by 100, yielding an intelligence quotient (IQ).
24.​ multiple intelligences (Gardner): Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences proposes that
people are not born with all of the intelligence they will ever have.
25.​ normal curve: A frequency curve where most occurrences take place in the middle of the distribution
and taper off on either side. Normal curves are also called bell-shaped curves. A "true" normal curve is
when all measures of central tendency occur at the highest point in the curve.
26.​ predictive validity: Evidence that a test score or other measurement correlates with a variable that can
only be assessed at some point after the test has been administered or the measurement made.
27.​ Reliability: Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure. A test is considered reliable if we get the
same result repeatedly
a.​ Test-retest: Test-retest reliability is a measure of the consistency of a psychological test or
assessment.
b.​ split-half:The split-half method assesses the internal consistency of a test, such as psychometric
tests and questionnaires
28.​ savant syndrome: Savant syndrome is a rare condition in which persons with various developmental
disorders, including autistic disorder, have an amazing ability and talent.
29.​ standard deviation: A standard deviation is a number used to tell how measurements for a group are
spread out from the average (mean or expected value).
30.​ Standardization: To bring into conformity with a standard especially in order to assure consistency and
regularity trying to standardize testing procedures There ought to be a law standardizing the controls
for hot and cold in hotel and motel showers.
31.​ Stanford-Binet: The scale yields a standard score with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 16.
32.​ stereotype threat: Stereotype threat is defined as a “socially premised psychological threat that arises
when one is in a situation or doing something for which a negative stereotype about one's group
applies” (Steele & Aronson, 1995).
33.​ Sternberg’s three bits of intelligence (triarchic theory; analytic, creative, practical): The theory, proposed
by psychologist Robert J. Sternberg, contends that there are three types of intelligence: practical (the
ability to get along in different contexts), creative (the ability to come up with new ideas), and analytical
(the ability to evaluate information and solve problems).
34.​ Validity: Validity refers to how accurately a method measures what it is intended to measure.
35.​ Wechsler adult intelligence scale (WAIS): The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is an IQ test
designed to measure intelligence and cognitive ability in adults and older adolescents.
36.​ Alfred Binet: Binet was tasked with finding a way to distinguish children with cognitive impairments
to ensure they received the educational services they needed. He worked with Simon to devise
intelligence tests, the first of which was introduced in 1905, known as the Binet-Simon Scale.
1.​ Francis Galton: His psychological studies also embraced mental differences in visualization, and he was
the first to identify and study "number forms", now called "synaesthesia". He also invented the word
association test and investigated the operations of the subconscious mind.
2.​ Howard Gardner: Howard Gardner is a developmental psychologist best-known for their theory of
multiple intelligences. He believed that the conventional concept of intelligence was too narrow and
restrictive and that measures of IQ often miss out on other "intelligence" that an individual may possess.
3.​ Charles Spearman: Charles Spearman was well known as the pioneer of factor analysis as a statistical
technique to reduce and interpret data. He was the first psychologist who used the application of
mathematical models for analyzing and interpreting the complexities present in the human mind.
4.​ Robert Sternberg: The theory, proposed by psychologist Robert J. Sternberg, contends that there are
three types of intelligence: practical (the ability to get along in different contexts), creative (the ability to
come up with new ideas), and analytical (the ability to evaluate information and solve problems).
5.​ Lewis Terman: Lewis Terman played an important role in the early development of educational
psychology and his intelligence test became one of the most widely used psychological assessments in
the world. He advocated for support and guidance for kids identified as gifted in order to nurture their
talents and abilities.
6.​ David Wechsler: He described intelligence as “the global capacity of a person to act purposefully, to
think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment.” He developed the Wechsler-Bellevue
Intelligence Scale, which quickly became the most widely used adult intelligence test in the United
States.