HAND OUT

BAHASA DAN SASTRA INGGRIS

KELAS XII

Circumstances, Finite Clause and non-Finite Clause, Noun Clause, to infinitive, gerund
A. KOMPETENSI DASAR
3.3 Menerapkan fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan teks interaksi
transaksional lisan dan tulis yang melibatkan tindakan memberi dan meminta
informasi terkait keterangan (circumstance), sesuai dengan konteks
penggunaannya.(Perhatikan unsur kebahasaan klausa finite atau klausa non-finite)
4.3 Menyusun teks interaksi transaksional lisan dan tulis yang melibatkan tindakan
memberi dan meminta informasi terkait keterangan (circumstance), dengan
memperhatikan fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan yang benar dan
sesuai konteks
B. Tujuan Pembelajaran
1. Mengidentifikasi clause finite and non finite dalam teks
2. Mengidentifikasi circumstances (kata keteranggan) dalam Teks
3. Menyimpulkan fungsi clause finite and non-finite clause dengan baik dan benar
4. Menyimpulkan fungsi circumstances dengan baik dan benar
5. Menyusun tha-clause berdasarkan topic yang diberikan dengan memperhatikan kaidah
kebahasaan yang benar
6. Menyusun circumstances (kata keteranggan) berdasarkan topic yang diberikan dengan
memperhatikan kaidah kebahasaan yang benar

RINGKASAN MATERI
i. Circumstance (noun) : a condition, detail, part, or attribute, with respect to time, place,
manner, agent, etc., that accompanies, determines, or modifies a fact or event; a
modifying or influencing factor
a. your overall circumstances or condition in life (including everything that happens
to you)
e.g.: whatever my fortune may be, deserved a better fate, has a happy lot, the luck
of the Irish, a victim of circumstances, success that was her portions
b. a person's financial situation (good or bad)
e.g.: he found himself in straitened circumstances
ii. Sometimes Circumstances mentions that are (adverb⁄kata keteranggan). an example;
 Tina sang beautiful last night
 They usually go to Singapore in June
 I left my money at home
 Bella didn’t come to school because she was sick
 you should check your handbag before going to school
iii. Types of circumstances or adverbs consist of
 Adverb
 Prepositional phrase
 Adverbial clause (clause keteranggan)
e.g.:
- she speaks English fluently (fluently menjelaskan speak)

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 - I often forget to bring my mobile phone (often jelaskan forget nya)
iv. All the kinds of adverbs
Frequency Manner Place Adverb of Adverb of
(seberapa (bagimana) (tempat) Time certainly (how completenes
sering) sure) s
 How often  How  Where  When  certainly  Completel
 Often  Quickly  Here  Today  definitely y
 Usually  Slowly  There  Yesterday  clearly  Practically
 Sometimes  Hard  Inside  Before  obviously  Almost
 Often  Carefull  outside  Now  probably  Nearly
 Never y  At home  Tomorro  rather
 Always  Seriousl  Everywhere w
 frequently y  after
 carelessl
y

Example;
1. Adverb of frequency
 I always get up 5 o clock in the morning
 We often have breakfast in the canteen
 My father is always happy when he sees me
 I go to the swimming pool twice a week
2. Adverb of manner
 The train runs past
 The boys always speaks loudly
 The girls is sitting quietly
3. Adverb of place
 We will sit on the chair
 The bought a box in the store
 They jump in to the river
4. Adverb of time
The school begins at 7 am
The sun rises in the morning
After studying Anissa sleeps
v. Prepositional phrase (frasa preposisi⁄kata depan)
 I put my money into the cupboard (prepositional phrase or adverb and into is
preposition)
 I can run for three kilometers (prepositional phrase or adverb and for is
preposition)
 I need some money for my school fee (prepositional phrase or adverb and for is
preposition)
vi. Adverbial clause (clause keteranggan)
Clause is a group of words that contains subject and verb than adverb clause also is
dependent clause it cannot stand alone than function the adverb describe to verb or
modifies to verb

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 Adverb Clause
Subordinate conjunction
Reason Time Contras or Purpose Comparison
opposition (tujuan)
(berkebalikan atau
perlawanan)
Because When Although So that As
Since While though Er-than
As As Whereas (biger than
By the time While or short
(that) than)
Since
Until
As soon as
Whenever
Every time
(that)
The first time
(that)
The last time
(that)
The next time
(that)
Example of adverb clause
1. I cannot buy a new car although I’m very rich
Subject: I
Verb: cannot buy
Subordinate conjunction: although
Adverb clause: although I’m very rich
2. I teach English because I love it
Subject: I
Verb: teach
Subordinate conjunction: because
Adverb clause: because I love it
3. I will work at my father’s office‚ when I graduate from my college
Subject: I
Verb: will work
Subordinate conjunction: when
Adverb clause: when I graduate from my college
4. I will introduce you to my parents when they are here
Independent clause: I will introduce you to my parents
Dependent clause: when they are here
5. They cannot play soccer‚ since it is raining
Subject: they
Verb: cannot play
Subordinate conjunction: since
Adverb clause: since it is raining

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 Finite vs. non-finite clause
A. Finite-Clause
A finite clause is a grammatical unit containing subject and finite verb. It can be an
independent clause, which can stand on its own as a sentence, or a dependent clause,
which can’t be a sentence. Examples of finite clause (each sentence contains two finite
clauses, one dependent and one independent).

Or other statements are a finite clause is one that includes a primary verb, a verb that can be
inflected for tense, and person and sometimes number. A finite clause includes a subject. It is an
independent clause, which can serve as a stand-alone clause (sentence), a coordinate clause, a
subordinate clause, or a supplementary clause‚ an example:
a) Verb can be inflect for tense
1. I eat an apple
2. She eats an apple
b) Verb can be inflect number (plural or singular)
1. The book is interesting
2. The books are interesting
c) Other example finite clause
1. I know that you met your old friend
I knew that you had met your old friend
She knows that you met your old friend
2. She eats an apple
I eat an apple
B. NONFINITE CLAUSES
A nonfinite clause is one that includes a secondary verb (a verb not inflected for tense, person
or number.) The verb form is infinitival, gerundial or past participial. A nonfinite clause
occasionally includes a subject. It is a dependent clause serving as the subject or as a
complement to the verb; to a preposition or to than other opinion describe a non-finite
clause is a grammatical unit that contains a non-finite verb. Since non-finite verb is
participle and infinitive form of verb, in other words, a non-finite clause contains a
participle or an infinitive as its verb. It usually doesn’t contain a subject, but may
sometimes. Non-finite clauses, like dependent clauses, can’t exist on their own and hence
are embedded into independent clauses.
Examples of non-finite clause:
1. I’ve plenty of work requiring urgent attention. [Non-finite clause with
participle requiring as verb]
2. I’ve plenty of work to finish. [Non-finite clause with infinitive to finish as
verb]
3. Finishing the work isn’t a priority at the moment. [Non-finite clause with
participle finishing as verb]
4. I want to eat an apple (to eat an apple; non-finite clause)
5. I need the teacher to check my work [dependent clause is non-finite clause]

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 6. I want her to buy pizza [non-finite clause]
7. I’ve never seen her study at home [non-finite clause]
8. I love watching Korean movie [non-finite clause)
9. Those are the books written by my brother [non-finite clause]

C. Types of non-finite clause

As we saw earlier, there are four types of non-finite verbs clause: participle and infinitive.
The four non-finite verbs clause form three types of non-finite clauses: gerund clause,
participial clause, and infinitive clause.
Note that non-finite clauses may also be classified as -ing clause (present participial +
gerund), -ed clause (past participial), and infinitive clause. The two classifications are one
and the same.
1. Gerund clause
A gerund clause functions as noun in a sentence. (They’re better known as gerund
phrase.) Examples:
1. Waking at 6 AM in the morning is the most unwanted thing I have ever done.
[Noun]
2. Weighing a pig won’t fatten it. Altering its diet would. [Noun]
2. Non-finite bare infinitive
I will go buy some books (verb1)
3. Non-finite to infinitive
I will go to buy some books (to follow verb1)
4. Non-finite present/past participle clause
A participial clause can be present participial or past participial clause. (They’re better
known as participial phrase.) In a sentence, it functions as an adjective or adverb.
Examples:
a. Non-finite present participle
 Josh had palpitations while addressing the meeting. [Present Participial
clause functioning as adverb]
 Look around and you’ll find many flatterers indulging in insincere
praise for selfish motives. [Present Participial clause functioning as
adjective]
 I see a girl buying so me books

b. Non-finite past participle

 Although groomed in the best possible way, the tycoon’s son struggled
to take the business any further. [Past Participial clause functioning as
adverb]
 Steve Jobs, credited with changing the fortune of Apple, made
quite a few comebacks in his life. [Past Participial clause
functioning as adjective
 Steve Jobs, credited with changing the fortune of Apple, made
quite a few comebacks in his life. [Past Participial clause
functioning as adjective
 I read a book written by Jimmy

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 D. Finite clause-non Finite clause

Finite Clause Non-Finite Clause

A finite clause may stand alone as a complete A non-finite clause can’t stand on its own. It
sentence. The clause has Subject and a verb rarely includes a subject, and the verb can’t
that can be infected (suffixed) for tense 3rd be inflected for tense person. A non-finite
person. The clause can be coordinated with clause may serve as a subject or a
or subordinated to another clause complement to a verb, a preposition of a
noun
Function: Function:
 Main clause  Subject
- Seanu raises his hand constantly - To speak in class is difficult for some
- He raises his hand constantly and he children
talks in class - Speaking in class is what he does best
 Sub-clause:  Verb Complement
- We know that Seanu raises his hand - He love to participate.
constantly. - He dislike sitting quietly
- Seanu raised his hand so that he could  Preposition Complement
ask a question. - Seanu smiled after answering the
- Seanu’s curiosity is due to the fact that question
he asks so many questions - Seanu is used to answering questions
- Other children are annoyed because - Seanu is interested in hearing the
Seanu raises his hand constantly answers
- The teacher ignores Seanu if he waves
his hand wildly
- Seanu who raises his hand constantly,
wants to be the center of attention
- We don’t know why Seanu raises his
hand constantly
 Supplementary clause  Preposition Complement
- Charlie likes the teacher’s attention, so - Prepared students excel in class
he raises his hand constantly - Students encouraged by their teachers
do well
Also observe the following clauses functioning as complement
Finite that-clause: He believes that he’s right
Finite wh-clause: He asked what I meant
He believed what I told him
I said how nice it was
Non-finite to-infinitive-clause: He wants to stay. (without dependent clause
subject)
He wants us all to stay. With dependent
caluse subject)
Non-finite-ing clause: He doesn’t like driving in fog. (without
dependent clause subject)
He doesn’t like her driving in fog. (with
dependent clause subject)

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The four main types of dependent complement clause are: that-clauses, wh-clauses, to-infinitive
clauses and –ing clauses. They are distinguished by their complementiser (subordinator) such as
that or a wh-word, and by their own structure.
That-clauses and wh-clauses are finite, having a subject and tense-modality features, while to
infinitive and –ing clauses are non-finite, and lack these distinctions. All of these types can be
used to complement verbs and adjectives.

1. Observe the meanings and pattern of that-clause functioning as complement bellow.

A that clause complement can be used to express factual/ non factual information which
reported, known, believed/ perceived; it can be used to make proposals and suggestions and to
describe situations that produce an emotive effect on the subject.
The choice of verb combines with the meaning to determine the structural pattern
 Verb + that-clause – I think it’s beautiful
Facts, beliefs, doubts, perceptions – I believe you are right.
These meanings are expressed by a that-clause containing an indicative. This represents an
indirect statement and follows verbs of certain types:
 Verbs of cognitions – knowing, doubting, perceiving – such as think, know, believe,
imagine, see, doubt with doubt , don’t know, the subdinator is if or weather.
- We know that you have lived abroad for some time
- He could see that she was not at all happy
- I doubt/ I don’t know if/ whether we’ll get there before dark
 Verbs of expectation – expect, hope, suppose and wish – which refer to potential situation
rather than facts, frequently take a modal auxiliary in the indicative that clause.
- I expect (that) you would like something to drink after your journey.
- I supposed (that) he must have lost his way.
Reports – Ratu says is ill
Reports encode things that people shave said. They are introduced by verbs of
communicating, such as say, announce, answer, explain, mean, mention, report, and
performatives such as admit and confess.
- The minister answered that he didn’t know
- You never mentioned that you were married
Proposals – the party suggests he call/sound call an election
Verbs such as propose, suggest, recommend, and demand aim at getting someone to do
something. The meaning in the complement clause is therefore potential, for which many
European languages require a subjunctive. English has traditionally two possibilities: an
uninflected subjunctive (e.g. be), common in American English, or should + infinitive,
common in British English. The same choices are open before an it + adj construction.
- It is right that this House debate this issue and pass judgment.
- He demands that she pay/ should pay him back
- The chairman proposed that a vote be taken/ should be taken
- They demand that apologies to the Iraqi people
Statement That-clause In (1) that is a good actor is a noun
(expression of an (Noun Clause) clause-it is used as the object of
idea/ fact) the verb think.
- He is a good 1) I think that he is a good actor The world that, when it introduces
actor 2) I think he is a good actor a noun clause, has no meaning in it

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- The 3) We know that the word is self. It simply marks the beginning
world is round of the clause. Frequently it is
round omitted as in (2) –especially in
speaking
- She doesn’t 4) That se doesn’t understand In(6): The noun clause (that she
understand spoken spoken English is obvious. doesn’t understand spoken
English 5) It is obvious that she doesn’t English) is used as the subject of
understand spoken English. the sentence.
- The 6) That the world is round is a The world that is not omitted when
world is fact it introduces a noun clause used as
round 7) It is a fact that the world is the subject of a sentence, as in (4)
round. and (6). More commonly, the word
it fictions as subject, and the noun
clause is placed at the end of the
sentence, as in (5) and (7).

2. Observe the meanings and pattern of Wh-clause functioning as complement below

The choice of verb combines with the meaning to determine the structural pattern.
Meaning and pattern of wh-Clause Complements
Wh-clause complements are usually either embedded interrogative clauses or nominal relative
clauses. The first express doubt or lack of knowledge, while the second contain factual
information. A third type with a to-infinitive complement, is an non-finite variant of types 1 and
2. A fourth type, the indirect explanative, is similar to the ordinary explanative and has an
intervening nominal group (NG) after verbs such as tell, but not after say. There are two main
patterns, which are controlled by specific verbs.
Pattern 1 has simply a wh-complement. Pattern 2 has an intervening noun group (a recipient).
Certain verbs such as ask can function in both patters a third type, with a to-infinitive
complement, is a variant on the types 1 and 2 and is very common, especially in spoken English.
 Indirect interrogatives
V + wh-clause – ask where the station is
The verbs ask, wonder, doubt, enquire, don’t know control indirect interrogatives. The
subordinator if is often used as an alternatives to whether in indirect questions where the
answer is either yes or no:
- We asked what we should do/ what to do
- The tourist enquired why the museum was closed
- Ratu wondered whether/ if her friends ha would recognize her.
As indirect interrogatives contain an embedded question, it is important to remember that
subject operator inversion does not normally occur in embedded questions, unlike the
obligatory inversion found in most independent interrogatives.
Compare:
Independent interrogative dependent interrogative
Where is the dining-car? Let’s enquire where the dining-car is
 Nominal relative
V + NG wh-clauses – Give them what they want
These verbs – common ones include advise, give, show, teach, and tell – can control
nominal relative clause complements,, which represent factual information and can be

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 distinguished by replacing the wh-word by a more general word, such as ‘the thing(s)/
person(s) that, and in some cases by a non-finite complement clause:
- He told me what I already knew. (the things which I already knew)
- Seanu will show you where you can send it/ the place where you can send it/ where to
send it.
- The instructor taught the dancers how they should breathe/ the way they should
breathe/ how to breathe.
As these examples illustrate, some verbs can conveys a similar meaning by non-finite
complement.
 Non-finite variants
V + NG wh + to-infinitive clause – ask (him) how to do it.
This combination provides a shorter variant of 1 and 2,with verbs such as ask, know, show,
tell, teach, and wonder. The NG recipient is obligatory with tell, show and teach, optional
with ask, and not used at all with know and wonder.
- We didn’t know where to go. (indirect interrogative)
- Tom told us what to do. (nominal relative)
 Indirect exclamatives
V + NG +what NG or how + AdjG- I said how nice it was
The embedded exclamative is introduced by either how adjective) or what (+ NG) after
two types of verbs: berbs of communicating such as say and tell, and mental verbs such as
believe and think.like ordinary exclamatives, it has an emotive quality:
- you’ll never believe what a good time we had
- I told her how sorry I was
Question Noun Clause
- Where does 1) I don’t know where she lives In 1): where she lives is the object of
she live? 2) I couldn’t hear what he said the verb know. Do not use question
- What did he 3) Do you know when they arrive? word order in a noun clause. In a
say? noun clause, the subject precedes the
- When do they verb
arrive?
S V S V In 4): the word order is the same in
- Who lives 4) I don’t know who lives there both the question and the noun clause
there? 5) Please tell me what happened because who is the subject of the verb
- What 6) I wonder who at the door is
Happened?
- Who is at the
door?
V S S V In 7): she is the subject of the
- Who is he? 7) I don’t know who she is? question, so it is placed in front of the
- Who are 8) I don’t know who those men are verb be in the noun clause
those men? 9) I wonder whose house that is
- Whose house
is that?

- What did she 10) What she said surprised me In 10): what she said is subject of the
say? 11) What they should do obvious sentence.
- What should Notice in 11): a noun clause subject
they do? takes a singular verb

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DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. Buku Paket Siswa Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris Kelas XII SMA
2. Internet :

https://id.search.yahoo.com/search?fr=mcafee&type=E210ID91215G0&p=
finitive+non+infinitive

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