Market economy – private. Non Market economy – government.

Mixed economy – Govt + private

Production + consumption + capital formation

Macroeconomics + John Maynard Keynes + firm, government , household, external sectors.

Microeconomics + small economics unit + individual household

Microeconomics + price theory + macro variable remain constant

Macroeconomics + income and employment theory + micro variable remain constant

Positive economics + actually solved – Normative economics + suggestion of economist

Central problem of economy – what to produce + how to produce + for whom to produce

Production possibility frontier – same resource + two products + technology constant

Production possibility frontier - slope downward (produce more +reduce other) + comcave shapes (increase marginal
rate of transformation) + PPF (Inefficient) + decide combination of goods and services

Marginal rate of transformation – number of unit of one good + forgone to produce one unit of another good

Indifference curve – graphics representation of two goods + equal levels of satisfaction and utility + convex + slopw
downward + never intersect.

Engel curve – quantity of same good + levels of money. - Kuznet curve – inequality + economics growth

Budget line – combination of two goods + slope downward+ straight line + slope of budget line (price ratio + constant)

Perfect competition – large buyer and sellers + identical + freedom

Monopoly – single sellers + not identical + restrictions entry + price discrimination.

Monopolistic competition – large buyer and sellers+ similar not identical + free enter (not easy as perfect competition) +
heavy selling cost.

Oligopoly – few large seller + change in price (one firm influence) + exist barrier to entry+ demand curve in certain.

Duopoly – Two dominate. Monopoly – Single dominate

Law of demands – Higher price + lower be demand ( price of commodities and other related good)

Giffen goods + Veblen goods + not obey law of demands

Price elasticity of demand – rate change in price. - Zero price elasticity demand - Change price + no demand

Substitute good – goods increase + commodity increase - Complementary goods – increase + decrease

Normal goods – Good increase + increase income. Inferior good – demands fall +increase income.

Giffen goods – consume more + price rise. - Veblen goods – increase price + encourage buy more.

Isocost line – combination of input + given budget. - Isoquent line – Change resource + same resource

Increasing return to scale – output increase at a higher. Constant return to scale – same rate. Diminishing – lower rate.

Invisible Hand – Adam Smith + free market + self interest individual +laizzer faire economics policy+ competition +
supply+ self interest

Laizzer faire – free market capitalism

Paradox of Thrift – John Maynard Keynes – Personal savings csn be detrimental to economics growth.

Adam Smith – Father of economics + capitalism

John Maynard Keynes. – Father of macroeconomics.

Pareto efficiency – someone better off without making other wors

NATIONAL INCOME

NI – Value of final good and services normal resident + flow concept + Factor costs + Market price - GDP = GVA

GDP growth rate + indicate performance – GDP per capita + comparison of other countries.

Factor of Production – land + rent – labour + wage – capital + interest – Entrepreneurship + profit.

Estimated national income

1st attempt + Dadabhai Naorajio in 1868 + PCI 20/

1st attempt method + Dr.VKRV Rao +1931-32 – primary sector + secondary sector + 62/-

PC.Mahalanobis + National income committee + 1951 + PCI 225.

NSO 2019 – CSO +NSSO +MOSPI + Rangarajan commission + NSC 2015

Market price - Indirect taxes + subsidy. Factor cost – incurred by firm when producing goods and services.

Depreciation or consumption of fixed capital – loss Value fixed asset

Net factor income from aboard – earn by normal resident + temporary resident

NI + Resident Status - Transfer Payment + unilateral payment (no exchange of good and services in the economy

Tranfer payment + not included in NI – Personal income + taxable.

Capital Output Ratio – needed to produce one unit of one good + level of investment

Higher ratio + more capital required + less efficiency or productivity + low capital desire

Flow + monthly/yearly. Stocks + Day

GDP + measure finals goods and services (border) + Depreciation

GNP + estimated to total value final product and services (owned country)- National + Depreciation.

National income + equal to NNP at factor cost

GDP > GNP : Employment + inflation + Tax revenue + Export.

Real GDP – Inflation adjusted + value of all good and services + expenditure approach.

Nominal GDP – Market Value + Change in physical price + change in price.

GDP Deflators – Best indicator of inflation.

Nominal GDP + current price – Real GDP + Constant price + Better indicator of economic growth.

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Potential GDP + Highest level of output

GDP Gap - Sustainability + Full employment + technology framework + Steady currency.

Personal income – earned + unearned income

Personal income – received + income and transfer receipt + Interest national depth

National income – generate + Undistributed profit of the company and corporate Taxes.

Personal Disposable income – remain income + after deduction of all direct tax.

National Disposable income – income from all sources + consumption expenditure + savings.

Gross National Disposable Income – measure final consumption + Gross savings

Various Estimated of National Income

Advance estimate – NSO + 2 month before + 7 January - Provision estimated – NSO + 2 months after + 31 May

First Revise estimated – NSO + 10 month after + 31 January + Quick revise estimated.

Second Revised estimate – NSO + 1yr + 10 months after + 31 January + succeeding year

Third Revised estimate – NSO + 2 yr + 10 month after + 31 January after 2 succeeding year

Method of Computing National Income (GDP)

Product Method + Output + Value added

Income method + Distribution – compensation to employees + Operating surplus + Mixed Income.

Expenditure method + total outlays method

GDP + GVA – Basics Price + 2015 NSO

Production of taxes + Production subsidies – independent volume of production + paid or received per unit product.

GVA – Values of all good and services + deduction value of intermediate good and services + input or supplier side +
sector wise approach + Basic price.

GDP – Value of final good and services boundary country + output or consumer sides + Market approach

Green GDP + 1993 + United Nation + Environment conservation.

PCI compare based + Purchasing power parity + economics productivity and standard of living + Basket of Good(price of
goods compared).

Shapes of Economics Recovery

Z + Quick rise – V + Back to normal - U + Low growth rate – W + Growth + fall + rise + fall again (not recover yet)

L + Low Stagnant - K + Recover quickly and fully (not suffer during recession).

Economics growth + Short term + Quantitative + narrow + production + Developed country + GDP/GNP,Percapita

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Economics Development + Continuous development + Quantity + Quality + Optimum distribution and utilisation +
Developing countries + HDI/GII/GDI/GNHI.

Composite development index + Raghuram Rajan Committee + 2013 + 10 Sub components : Month per capita +
education + healthy + household + poverty rate + frmal illiteracy + % STLSC + Urbanisation + financial inclusion +
connectivity

Pillars of Human Development – Equality + Sustainability + productivity + Empowerment

HDI + UNDP (1990) : IHDI + GDI + GII + MPI – 0 and 1 : Low + 0.550 - medium + 0.550 to 0.699 – High + 0.700 to 0.799 –
Very high + 0.880 above – long and healthy life + life expectancy at birth – knowledge + expected year of schooling +
mean year of schooling – Decent Standard of Living + Gross National income per capita (PPP).

Planetary Pressure adjusted HDI – Country per capita carbon emissions + materal foodprint + measure amount of
resources to make goods and service for human pressure.

Gender Inequality Index – Reproductive health + Empowerment + Labour market participants.

World Happiness Index + United Nation Sustainable Development Solutions Network (annually – 2012) + 1-4 : GDP per
capita + Social support + healthy life + freedom + generosity + corruption.

International Happiness Day + 20 March

Gross National Happiness Index + 33 indicator : Good governance + sustainable socio economics development + culture
preservation + environmental conservation.

Madya Pradesh + Happiness Department

Organization for economics co operation and Development (OECD) BETTER LIFE INDEX + 11 Topic : Housing + income +
jobs + community + education + environment + Civic engagement + health Life satisfaction + safety + work life balance

The Physical Quality of Life Index – Basic literacy rate + infant mortality + life expectancy at one age - overseas
development council + Morris David Morris.

Sustainable Development Report 17 + SDSN + Bertelmann Stiftung + international spill over Index + Higher spills over (
positive)

Inclusive development index + World economic Forum.

POVERTY

NSSO + Published poverty estimated – NSO + poverty estimated compiled

International Eradication of poverty + 17 October

India, Brazil and South Africa (IBSA) + USD 1 million annually + South South cooperation

World Bank + Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report 2020

Head Count Ratio (HCR) / Poverty Incident Ratio + %People BPL. - Poverty Gap + average shortfall poverty line

Square Poverty Gap Index – Degree of Poverty for given area

Multi Dimensional Poverty Index (MPI) – Household + individual + acute poverty + 3 dimension + 10 indicator + 1/3rd

MPI + UNDP + OPHI 2010 - 3 Dimension : Education + health + standard of living

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Method to estimate absolute Poverty

Uniform Reference/Recall Period (URP) – 1993-94 + NSSO + All items + 30 days recall period.

Mixed Reference Recall/Period (MRP) – 1999+2000 + 5 Non foods item (clothing, footwear, durable good, education,
medical expenses institutions) + 365 days (current method)

Modified Mixed Reference Recall/Period (MMRP) – 2009- 10 + 2010 -11 + Rangarajan committee + most suitable +
World Bank 2015 also support.

URP + Highest – MRP + Middle – MMRP + Lowest

Pre Independence estimated Poverty

1st estimated Poverty – Shri Dadabhai Naoraji – 16+35 PCI + 1867 – 68 Price + subsistence based Poverty line.

1944 Bombay Plan + 75 Per capita per year.

Tendulkar Committee 2009 + per capita + calorific value + Both Urban and rural poverty.

Rangarajan committee 2014 + Monthly expenditure (Family 5) + Calories + Protein + Fat + Separate rural and urban

BPL Census in Rural areas + Ministry of Rural Development – 1st BPL (1992 + 8th Five Year Plan) – 2008 + N.C Saxena
Committee + automatic inclusion & exclusion (2011 census)

BPL Census in Urban Area 2012 + Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation + S.R.Hashim committee

Automatic Exclusion – 4 dwellings rooms + four wheeler/motor cycle/computer or laptop/internet + refrigerator +

Automatic Inclusion – Vulnerability - Scoring index + 0-12.

Sen Index of Poverty – Amartya sen 1976 + extent + Severity + inequality – 3 Element : HCR + Poverty Gap Index + Gini
Coefficient

Randomised Controlled Trial – Test if effectiveness various policy to alleviate poverty.

Bare Necessities Index – Economics survey 2020-21 + 26 indicator - 5 dimension : water + sanitation + housing + micro
environment + other facilities.

Universal Basic Income – Economics survey 2016 – 17 + Periodic cash payment + without means test or work
requirements + right to Basic income to cover their needs

Gini Coefficient 1912 – mathematics terms + 0 (same) and 1(other lost) - Higher is the Gini Coefficient + Higher levels of
satisfaction

Lorenz Curves – Percentage of income earned + percentage of people + graphics representation of Gini Coefficient.

Hoover index (Robin Hood Index + Schutz Index) – income inequality

Labour Force – Actually + willing to work + not related wage rates + number person (1 man day + 8hrs)

Workforce – Actually work

Method to measure Unemployment in India

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M.L.Dantwala Committee + Planning Commission 1960 : Principal + Weekly + Daily

Usual Principal Status – 1 yrs + Lowest estimated of unemployment

Current weekly Status + 1 hr. Current Daily Status + 4 hr + Unemployment Highest - 1 – 3 hrs + Half day employees.

Type of Employment

Structural employment - Skill mismatch + long-term

Disguise employment – not contribute in production process (agriculture)

Frictional employment – Market Conditions (industrial)

Cyclical Unemployment – Business activities + Short term (Developed country)

Chronic employment – long terms - Technological unemployment – Casual Unemployment – seasonal Unemployment

Periodic Labour Force Survey (annually) – Labour Satisfactic indicator + NSO - 1st PLFS – 2017 – 2018 + Education level

EUS + Ministry of labour and unemployment

Computer – Assisted Personal interviews (CAPI)

PFLS : Quarterly Data + Urban + current weekly Status - Annual Data + Urban + Rural + Usual Status (principal status +
subsidiary status )

Time Use Survey 2019 + Ministry of Statistics and programs + Time disposition different activities + participants of paid
and unpaid (men + women) activities .

Aatmanirbhar Bharat Rogjar Yojana (ABRY) – Employment generate of COVID 19

Employees Deposit Linked Insurance (FDLI) – Financial assistant

SMILE + Ministry of Social Justice and empowerment

PM – DAKSH + Mobile App + Skill development scheme

INFLATION (Year on Year Basis + Price Index)

Creeping inflation – 2+3% + manage - Walking Inflation + 3-10% - Galloping inflation – 10 + 50 % - Hyperinflation +
50% above + money stop functioning.

Type of Inflation

Demand pull Inflation – Aggregate demand and Consumption – increase private and government spending + lower rate
of savings by household + depreciation in local exchange rate + reduction in tax + increase in money supply and Bank
credit

Cost Push Inflation – Supply shock inflation + factor of production of goods and services – increase in direct tax +
increase in import price + higher cost of capital and interest rates.

Structural inflation – Bottleneck inflation + longer period + Backward agriculture + Inefficient distribution and suppy

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Build in Inflation – workers begin demands huher wages

Wholesale price Index + monthly Basis + 697 commodities(Primary articles ,Fuel ansld power, Manufacturing) + not tak
account services + not included indirect tax + ex factory Price + less affected fiscal policy .

Wholesale price Index + 1942 + Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion + Ministry Commerce and Industry

Base Year - Percentage change in price + less monsoon + less natural disaster + less inflation

Consumer Price Index – Retail price on monthly basis + Both goods and services + homogeneous group of consumer +
linking rural and consumer + Reflect the cost of living two concerned.

CPI Rural + 448 + housing not included – CPI Urban + 460

Dearness Allowance + CPI used. – Headlines inflation + CPI Combined

GDP Deflators - GDP current price + GDP Constant

Headlines Inflation – CPI Combined + volatile and non volatile

Core Inflation – Analysis inflation data + exclude category + CPI + remove temporary and Short term shock

Refined Core Inflation – Excluding main fuel items

Causes of Inflation (Aggregate demand or Fall Aggregate Supply)

Demand side – Rise in NGO expenditure + increase deficit financing

Supply Side – Erratic agriculture production + Hoarding + Higher Minimum Support Price

Inflation Tax – Holdiing Cash in inflation scenario + Rising price + decrease purchasing power + currency losing value.

Inflation Premium – Opposite Inflation tax borrower + Reduction in real rate of return.

Phillips Curve (1958) – Rate of inflation + Rate of unemployment

Measure To check inflation (Desired inflation 3-4%)

Fiscal – Government revenue + Government expenditure : Reducing Private spending + Decrease NGO expenditure +
avoid deficit financing

Monetary (RBI) : Quantitative – Selling Gsec OMO + Increase Cash reserved Ratio + increase Statutory liquidity ratio +
Increase Bank rate + increase Repo rate and Reverse repo rate

Qualitative : Margin + Moral + Fiscal policy + normalisation

Deflation – Decrease price levels + Higher supply of goods and services + not enough money supply + causes by supply
and demand + Unemployment + increase money of value

Inflation becomes negative + deflation + recession + negative growth of money

Check Deflation – increase government spending + lower bank and repo rate + print more money + Decrease Taxes to
boost Demand

Disinflation – Rate of change inflation over time + Declined inflation + Remain Positive + 0 but never become negative.

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Stagflation – Zero economics growth + Inflation occurs simultaneously.

Reflation + Inflation return - Skew Inflation + Some commodities and other

Housing Price Index – 10 Major Cities +RBI

INDIAN TAX STRUCTURE AND PUBLIC FINANCE

Fiscal Policy – Higher economics growth + Price stability + Reduce inequality

Fiscal Policy – Government receipt + Government revenue + Public Debt

Consolidated Fund of India – Government of India account + Credited to Debited + Approval of Parliament (266)

Contingency fund of India – Emergency expenditure + Disposal of President of India + Approval of Parliament + Finance
Secretary

Public Account of India – Provident Fund + Small savings + not approval Parliament

Government Receipt : Revenue Receipt + More than once + Regular and Recurring in nature – Capital Receipt + Only 1

Tax Revenue : Progressive + Increase + Direct Tax + income tax - Regressive Tax + Rate decrease with an increase tax

AdValorem Tax + Percentage of the Value - Specific Tax + Unit + Size + Weight

Direct Tax + Same person + Reducing Inflation + income + corporate + property + Minimum Alternative Tax + Security
Transaction + Professional Tax

Indirect Tax + Another Person + Promote Inflation + GST + State + Excise duty + Custom Duty

Google Tax Or Equalization Levy (2016) + Rajan Committee + Finance Act + 6% to non resident + 12 Digital service +
Exceed 1 lakh (Financial year)

Double taxation Avoidance Agreement + Non resident services Provider canno claim Tax Credit

Direct Tax Proposal (Union Budget 23-24)

Default regime + association of individual + Body of individual + artificial Jusical Person

Income limit(no tax) + 500000 to 700000 - Rate of Surcharge + 24% Tax payer + Exceed 5 crore

Standard deduction + 50000 (NewTax regime) + Non resident able pay tax – Tax Holify + 1 April 2024

Benefit for carry forward and set of loss + 10 years – No written agreement + 15 days payment

Agniveer Fund (EEE) Corpus Fund + Seva Nidhi (30% Basic Pay) - Tax exemption + 2022

Direct Tax Code (DTC) Bill 2020 + Replace IT act 1961 + Wealth Tax 1957 + Flat Tax rate 30% on business income of
company + widen tax slabs (individual) + fresh slabs (minimum income limit 2lakh ) + Remove Several tax deduction

Prohibition Of Benami Transaction (Amendment) Act 2016 + Black Money + Money laundering

Goods and Services Tax (GST) + Kerkar Task Force + indirect tax

National level Goods and services + 1 April 2010 ( budget speech 2006-2007

One Nation One Tax system ,Goods and services (indirect tax) + 1 July 2017
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Central GST Act 2017 (intra State) + Integrated GST Act 2017(inter State Trade) + The GST (Compensation to State) Act
2017 + UT GST Act 2017 – State GST (Intra State + CGST)

GST – Consumption Base Tax + GST council + Finance Minister + Basic Costume Duty + Business annual turnover up to 40
lakh (exempt from GST)

Central Tax + Excise + Custom + Services - State Tax + Sales + Purchase + Entertainment + Luxury + Octroi + Mandi

Input Tax Credit – Already paid + Remove cascading effect + help lower price of final product + All levels : raw material
suppliers + manufacturing + distribution or retailer – not allowed on goods and services for personal use.

CGST – Goods and services + 1st utilised for payment of IGST

GST Council + Finance Minister + Union MOS (Finances) + Finances Minister of all States + Quorum 50% + Resolution 75%
- Voting : Central 1/3rd + State 2/3rd .

GST Council Decision Made + Annual turnover 1.5 crore + Service opt turnover 50 lakh + Reimbursement scheme -

GST Council Decision Made - 90% taxpayer (Below 1.5 crore + State) - 10% Taxpayer (Below 1.5 crore + Central) + Divide
Equally Central and State + 5% + Cloud Chickens and Food delivery + 1st January 2022

Compensation to Mechanism of State – Loss of revenue to State for period of 5 yrs + Base revenue of all taxes (2015-16)

+ Assumption of 14% Growth Rate

GST Network (GSTN) – Special Purpose Vehicle + Section 25 non profit private limited company + fully GOI 2018 + Equal
shares

Other Indirect Taxes Not Replace By GST ( GST replace CENVAT)

Basic Custom Duty + 5 – 40% + product to product - Surcharge on Customs Duty + Tax on Tax

Custom Cess + Tax on Tax + Specific Purpose - Motors Vehicle Tax – Stamp duty - State Excise duty – Tax on
Manufacturing - Excise duty liquor – Petroleum products - Anti Dumping and Safe Guarding Duties + Above Custom
Tarriff Act 1975 – Toll Tax + Entertainment Tax + High speed petrol + Natural Gas + Aviation Turbine Fuel + Tobacco

Recent Reform in GST

Rationalization of GST + Higher GST to Lower GST - Raising exemption limit for GST Registration + 20 to 40 lakh (annual
turnover in case of goods)

Composition scheme – 1.5 crore + 50 lakh crore (manufacturing and supplier of goods and services)

Input Tax Credit – E voice + Register + Aggregate turnover exceed 50 crore

E Way Bill + GST regime + Movement of goods + Mandatory + Consignment of good of value exceeding 50000 for sale
beyond 10km + valid for 1 day for upto 200 km for travel.

National Anti Profiteering Authority + Chairman (1+4) + Reduce GST or benefit + Reduction in price by supplier of good
and services + Order of NAA = High Court.

Harmonised Systems Nomenclature (HSN) + Services Accounting Code (SAC) + World Custom Organization 1988 +1st
January 2022 + Good are classified under.

Advance Rulings + Written interpretation of Tax law + FDI + Reduce dispute

Self Invoicing + Purchase from unregistered supplier + Reserve Charge

Revenue Neutral Rate + Not decrease current revenue Central and State + Match the Current revenue generation with
under GST

Inverted Duty Structure in The GST Regime – Rate of Tax input purchased more than rate of Tax + Outward supplies.

Circular Trading In GST – Invoice transaction multiple Company + Without actual supply .

Sin Goods + Harmful Society. - Sin Tax + Harmful Health

Tax Elasticity – Change in tax collection due to tax rate - Laffer Curve + Graphical representation of Tax Elasticity.

Tax Buoyancy – Responsiveness of Tax revenue Growth to change in GDP + Measure Responsiveness and efficiency of
revenue mobilisation + Better indicator to measure tax Responsiveness

Pigouvian Tax – Pollution or consequences for society (Negative externalities) + SinTax (Tobacco Products)

Tobin Tax – Penalizing Short term currency Speculation + Place on tax on all spot Conversion of currency +
Environmental and Basic Human Needs

Tax Haven – Tax Levied at low rate or not at all + Lead loss of revenue for government, money laundering etc

Transfer Pricing + Company transact each other - Tax Evasion + Avoid Paying

Tax Avoidance + Unfairl Advantage. - Tax Deducted at Source + Payment of specified nature to any person.

Presumption Taxation + Expensive + Trouble some affairs for small business

Arm Length Price + Unrelated sellers + Free transact or Trade.

Tax Shelter + Current or Future Tax liabilities minimised + Tax Minimised strategy + Qualified retirement account +
insurance products, Partnership, Municipal Bond,Real estate investment

Commodities Transaction Tax (2008-09 Budget) + Exchange Traded Commodity derivative + Securities Transactions Tax
or STT.

Angel Tax(2012 Union Budget) + Income tax payable on capital raised by Unlisted Company + Address Money Laundering

Capital Gain Tax + Positive Diffrence between the sale of price of assets + Original Purchase Price.

Grandfathering Clause + New clause or New Policy added to law.

A Good Tax System : Fairness + Adequacy + Simplicity + Transparency + Administrative Ease.

Tax Payer Charters (2020-21 Union Budget) : Fair and reasonable manner + Honest + Fair and impartial appeal + Review
mechanism + Accurate and Complete information + Time Bound manners + Correct amount of tax dues + Privacy +
Confidentially of information + Raise Complaint and grievances redressal mechanism + Fair and impartial approach.

Financial Secrecy Index 2003 + Tax Justice Network + Independent international network

Non Tax Revenue (Source)

Interest receipt : The Central Provide loans to State Government /UT/States Assembly – Central Government(Non Tax
Revenue receipt)
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Dividend and Profit receipt : In public sector enterprises (51% Share) + Froms revenue to Central Government.

Grant in aid or external assistant : Foreign + International Monetory provide to Central Govt (Non Tax revenue receipt)

Fee – Licence and Permit – Escheat(Legal heir) - Special Assesment – Fines and Penalties.

Profit from printing currency notes and minting coins(10$ = 2$ + 8$ Share between RBI and Central)

Non Tax Revenue UT = Central Government.

Capital Receipt

1.Debt Creating Capital Receipt - Loans taken by Central Government form foreign Government (Capital Receipt)

G-Secs – Borrowing from Market by sale of Government securities through RBI(Capital Receipt)

National Small Savings Fund – Raise Money from Public through Small savings Scheme.

NSSF – Public Account of India + Invested in G-Secs + By Central Government(Capital Receipt)

2.Non-Dept Creating Capital Receipt

Recovery of loans and advances – Loans repaid by State Government to Central Government(Capital Receipt) + Not
burden of debt om Central Government.

Disinvestment – Central Public Sector Enterprises + Non Debt creating capital receipt for Central government

Disinvestment + Department of investment and Public Asset Management (DIPAM) Under Ministry of Finance + Sale or
liquidation of assets by Government (Usually Central public sector enterprises) + Not all disinvestment is privatisation +
Reducing Fiscal Burden on the exchequer , encourage private, shifting investment Non strategic investor to strategic
investor.

Financial Instrument used by DIPAM to achieve the above disinvestment target or simply, Various Method of disinvet

Initial Public Offer + Unlisted CPSE. - Follow on Public Offers + listed CPSE

Offer for Sale + Allow auction of Share on the Platform by Stock Exchange.

Employees of Share. - Buyback of Shares.

Strategic Disinvestment + Upto 50% or such higher percentage as competent authority.

Institutional Placement Programme (IIP) + Only institutions can participate in offering

Exchange Traded Fund + Simultaneous sale of GOI in various Undertaking across diverse sectors + Single Offering.

CPSE -ETF + 11 CPSE Stock. - Bharat 22 ETF + 16 CPSE Stock + 3 PSU Bank Stock + 3 Private Sector Stock

Two ETF : Debt ETF + Financial Sector ETF (Union Bugd 2020-21) + Maximum disinvestment collected through ETF

Disinvestment Proceed collected Credited to the National Investment Fund

Public Expenditure
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1.Revenue Expenditure + Recurring Type + Not impact assets liability status + Not increase the Long-term efficiency of
firms + Permanent + High revenue expenditure indicates Poverty and backwardness of economy.

2.Capital Expenditure + Tangible or non tangible assets or Payment of Liabilities. + impacts asset liability Status + Focus
on GDP Growth + Non recurring + Improve productive capacity + High capital expenditure indicates lack of private
investment. - Plan Expenditure + Under Five Years Plan.

Tax Expenditure + Raise Revenue + Potential Revenue Forgone.

The Range of Special Taxation : Special Tax Rate + Exemption + Deduction + Rebates + Deferral + Credit effect the
amount of revenue collection (Tax Preference)

Statement of Revenue Forgone + Budget 2007-08.

The Element of Tax Expenditure : Corporate Sector + Individual Taxpayer + Charitable entities

Type of Budget

Balanced Budget – Raises moderate the level of aggregate demand + Recommended full achieve Full employment.

Deficit Budget – Recommended When State of depression and aggregate demand needs to increase(DevelopingCountry)

Surplus Budget – Recommended When Inflationary Gap + Aggregate demand needs to be induced.

Type of Deficits

Budget Deficit (or Government Deficit) + Total Budget Expenditure of Government larger than budgeted receipt.

Revenue Deficit + Excess of Revenue Expenditure over Revenue receipt

Effective Revenue Deficit (Union Budget 2012-13 + Difference between revenue Deficit + Grant in aid by Central
Government to State (For Creation of Captial Assets).

Fiscal Deficit + Difference between Government earn and Total expenditure + Indicate Borrowing Requirment of
Government from all sources + Determine actual liabilities of Government + Important policy parameters to measure
fiscal Performance.

Primary Deficit + Indicate Borrowing Requirment excluding interest payment + Government total expenditure exceed
total revenue + Excluding interest payment + Difference between Fiscal Deficit and interest payment by Government +
Indicate total Borrowing

Monetised Deficit + Borrowing by Central Government from RBI through printing fresh currency against special securities
+ increase Level of Inflation.

Implications of Fiscal Deficit – Borrowing from RBI + Results in general price level + Inflationary spiral + Affected GDP
growth + Spent on payment of interest or Borrowing by Central Government + High Fiscal Deficit leads to crowding out
effect + Reduce availability of funds Private inventor + Credit worthiness or credit rating of Government also get lowered

Central Government largely used Instrument : G-Secs + Treasury Bill + Cash Management Bill + Access to Ways and
Means Advance facility from RBI(incase of Fiscal Deficit)

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Deficit Financing – Financing Budgetary Deficit through Public loans and creation of New money (excess of current
revenue and Public Borrowing).

Objective of Deficit Financing – Remedy for depression + Grant subsidy + To increase aggregate demand + For payment
of interest + To overcome the deficit Financing looses of public sector enterprises + For implementing anti poverty
programme.

Adverse effects of Deficit Financing – Inflation + Effect on savings and investment + Inequality + Deficit in balance of
payment.

Government cover the deficit in following ways – Running Down its accumulated cash reserves from RBI + By issuing
new currency itself (Monetised Deficit) + By Borrowing from RBI and RBI giving loans Government by printing more
currency .

Fiscal Consolidation – Tax Revenue reform + Abolition of wealth + Rationalisation of tax exemption + Efficiency of tax
collection + Tax Stability + Imoroebmen of Stable capital receipt In terms of divestment and privatisation + Digitisation.

FBRM Act + N.K. Singh Committee 2016.

Major Recommendation of The N.K Singh Committee

Debt and Fiscal Responsibility Act + Debt as the new Fiscal Policy parameters + Reduce overall Government debt to 60%
by 2022-23 with 40% percent threshold for the centre + 20% for State Altogether + Reduce the fiscal Deficit to 2.5% GDP
by 2022-23 + Reduce revenue Deficit by 0.25% every year + Reach 0.8% by 2022-23 + Autonomous Fiscal Council
(Recommending changes in fiscal strategy) + Debt rule (Reduce debt GDP ratio to 40%).

Other Important Terms Related To Public Finance

Crowding Out – Less availablity of fund for Private Sector + Investment suffer and growth decelerate.

Fical Cliff – Sudden less cash due to high Tax + Reduce Public Expenditure

Fiscal Drag – Inflation or income growth moves taxpayer into higher tax bracket + Automatically fiscal stabilizer + Control
rapidly expanding high inflation economy for overheating.

Progressive taxation – Individual automatically move into higher tax bracket bcz of inflation or increase income + Into
Fiscal Drag.

Off Budget liabilities – Money liable to be paid by a government to various entity as a policy matter.

Fiscal slippage – Actual fiscal Deficit more than what expected

Fiscal Stimulus – Use of monetary Policy + change to Kickstart economics growth during recession.

Fiscal Marksmanship – Precision or accuracy

Fiscal Space – Budgetary room allow Government to provide resource for Public Purpose + Medium Term Expenditure

Global Minimum Corporate Tax + Minimum tax rate of 15% + 136 agreed countries

Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement + BEPS

Automatic Exchange of Information + Bulk taxpayer information + Residence Country

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Project Insights 2016 – Union Finance Ministry + Monitor high value transaction + Detect tax evaders + Curb circulation
of Black Money + Deduce mismatch.

Budget + Finance Minister + 1st February + 2017-18 onwards Railway Budget + Separate main budget 1924 by Acworth
Committee + Merged with Union Budget 2016 by Bibek Debroy Committee + Budget Division of Department of
Economics Affairs, Ministry of a Finance preparation of general budget

Budget Estimate + Coming. - Revised Estimate + Current. - Provisional Estimated + Previous

Annual Financial Statement + Place Before Parliament

Procedure of Laying Budget - President Recommendation Introduction and consideration of Lok Sabha + Laid before lok
Sabha + Budget Speech by union Finance Minister + Presentation of Finance Bill + 1st General Discussion then details
discussion + Voting for demand for grants + Appropriation Bill and voted upon + Legally authorising Central Government
to spend money from Consolidated Fund of India + Appropriation Bill and Finance Bill sent to Rajya Sabha for discussion
+ Finance Bill sent to President of India assent (Not Power to reject it)

Advancement in Budget presentation + 1st February + 2017-2018.

Zero Base Budgeting + Prepared from scratch base to zero (New Zealand)

Performance Budgeting Since 1968 + 2007-08 onwards + Merged with Outcome Budget.

Outcome Budget + Developed Linkage + Prepare Outcome Budget while preparing budget detail since 2005-06.

Gender Budgeting Since 2005-06 – Part A + Women 100% allocation of funds – Part B + Pro women 30%

Chakraravyuha + Marketism without exit

Finance Commission + Articles 280 and 5yrs + Strengthening Cooperative federalism + Quality of Public Spending +
Protect Fiscal Stability.

15th Finance Commission 2017 + 5yrs 2020-21 – Extended by 2025-26 – Chairman and 4 Other member : Judge of high
court + Specialised knowledge of finance and accounts + Wide exp in financial matters and administration + Special
knowledge of economics

Government makes excess Expenditure during a recession + Adopt a tighter Fiscal Policy during economic boom

Tax Administration Reform Commision 2013 + Tax law and Tax Policy + Dr.Parthasarathi Shome summited report 2014.

Central Board of Direct Taxes + Apex Authority for tax Administration Pertaining to direct Tax (Income tax in India) +
Statutory Body + Central Boards of Revenue Act 1963 + Administer by Department of Revenue under Ministry of Finance

Central Boards of Revenue Under Central Boards of Revenue Act 1924 + Direct Tax and Indirect Taxes

Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customer + Under Department of Revenue, Finance Ministry, GOI + Administrative
Authority + Central Boards of Revenue Act 1963 : GST, Central excise, custom in India.+ Department of Revenue Under
Ministry of Finance + Policy and implementation of Custom duties, Central excise Duties, smuggling and narcotics +
Subordinated Under Custom House, Central Goods and Service Commissionerate and Central Revenue Control
Laboratory

ECONOMICS PLANNING IN INDIA

Imperative Planning – Direction + Command + One Central Authority + Maximum fulfill Target

Indicative Planning – Flexible + Govt as facilitator + Private sector + Mixed economy

Fixed Planning – 4/5/6/7/8 + Physical Target + Total Outlays

Decentralised Planning – Grassroot + Centre and State + Market Mechanism

Rolling Plan – Every Three Year + Annual Budget + Revise every year + Perspective Plan + No fix date + Janata
Government

Core Plan – Submit + Stae to Central.

Evolution of Indian Economic Planning

M.Visvesvaraya 1934 + Agriculture to Industrialisation + Double National Income (10 yrs) + Planned economy of
India(1934)

FICCI Proposal 1934 + End laizzer faire + capitalist class + National Planning Commission

Congress Plan 1938 + National Planning Committee + Jh Nehru.

Bombay Plan 1944 + Top 8 industrial of Bimbay + Agriculture restructuring : Abolition of zamindars + Rapid
Industrialization + Development of essential and consumer goods + small medium + cottage industries

Gandhian Plan 1944 + Achariya Shriman Narayan Agarwal + Economics Decentralised + Small scale + Cottage industries

People Plan 1945 + M.N.Roy (10 yrs) + Agriculture development + Equal Balance Agriculture and Industry

Planning Advisory Board 1946 + Interims Government of the time + Plan Future Projects

Economics Programme committee 1947 + All India Congress Committee + Private and Public + Urban and Rural
economics + Planning Commission

Sarvodaya Plan 1950 + Jayaprakash Narayan + Agriculture and Small Cottage industries + Freedom from foreign
technology

Planning Commission 1950 + Niti Aayog 2015

Planning in Pre 1991 + Public + Private + Heavy industry + Small industries + Trade strategy + Restrictions foreign

Post 1991 + Fiscal Deficit + Revenue deficit

Harrod Domar Model (1st FYP) + Capital accumulation dual character : Increase National income (Demand Side) +
Production capacity (supply side)

Nehru Mahalanaobis Model (2FYP) + Consumer Goods sector + Capital Goods sector + Investment in heavy industries +
Russian Strategy + Self reliant and overcome capital constraints + Long term strategy + 2FYP and 5FYP

Gandhian Strategy + Achariya Shriman Narayan Agarwal + Cultural of level masses + Baisic Minimum Standard +
Scientific development of agricultural + Cottage + Village Industry + Employment orientation Planning +

New Economics Policy + Private + Free market + FDI + FII + Export + Minimal restrictions on import + PPP

Liberalisation + Privatization + Globalization Strategy (LPG) + P.V.Narasimha and Manmohan Singh + Ended licence
permit Raj + FDI + Export Promotion Policy + indicate planning

Sick Public Sector Enterprises + Baord for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction

Miniratna + Navratnas + Financial Autonomy + Public Sector - Disinvestment + Selling Gsec in Public Sector Enterprises

15
Providing Urban Amenities In Rural Areas Strategy (PURA) + Brainchild of APJ Abdul Kalam : Physical + Electric +
Knowledge + Economics connectivity – Population 5000 + 400 Sq km + 75% Male non farmers

PURA 2.0 + 2012 + PPP Mode + Census Town

Niti Aayog (1st January 2015) + Non constitutional + non statutory Body + advisory Body + No finance role + Non binding
Government + Minsitery of Finance

Composition of Niti Aayog – Chairperson(PM) + CEO + 4 Full time member (PM+ Union COM) + 2 Part time member
(rotational basis) + Secretary (necessary)

Governing Council of Niti Aayog – CM + Lt.Gov - Knowledge and Innovation hub(12-14 vertical) + Team India
hub(Central and State) + DMEO + NILERD .

7 Pillars of Niti Aayog – Pro people + Pro Activity + Participation + Empowering + Inclusion + Equality + Transparency

Objective of Niti Aayog – Cooperative federalism + Village to Higher levels + Bottoms up Approach + Section at risk +
National Security Interest + partnership (national + international) + Intersectoral + inter departmental issues + Art of
resources centre + Plan + Policy framework + Implementation programme + socio economics indices

National Development Agenda Replace Five Years Plan + Niti Aayog

Vision Document – 15 yrs + 2017-2018 – 2031 -32 + Sustainable Development

Strategy Document – 7yrs + 2017 – 2018 – 2023 – 24 + Long term

Action Document – 3yrs + 2017-2018 – 2019 – 20 + Action

Three Years Action Plan Documents of Niti Aayog

Reduce Fiscal Deficit + Doubling Farming income + jobs + Urban and Rural Development (rehio strategy) + Transport
Infrastructure (PPP) + Electricity all Household (2022) + LPG(2022) + Eliminations of Black carbon (2022) + 100 smart City
+ National Science and technology and innovation Foundation + Strategic Disinvestment of 20 CPSE + Tax system +
Judicial + Education + Health + Welfare + Environment.

Niti Aayog Performance Evaluation

Price Support Scheme (PSS) or Market Assurance Scheme + Price Deficiency Payment Scheme + Pilot on Private
Procurement Stockist Scheme + Contract farming + Doubling Farming income + Agriculture Expirt policy + Gramin
(22000) + Land leasing act 2016 (Niti Aayog) + Agriculture Marketing and Farmers Friendly Reform Index + Ayushman
Bharat Scheme + Performance graded autonomy framework + Accreditation framework + Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat +
SAATH + DSSS(Centre + State) + State Human Development Report

National Nutrition Strategy + Niti Aayog

National Council on India Nutritional challenges + MoWCD + Chairmanship of Vice chairman of Niti Aayog

National Technical Board of Nutrition + MoWCD + Chairmanship of member of Niti Aayog

National Medical Commission + Niti Aayog - National Commission for Homoeopathy + Niti Aayog 2018

16
National Minerals Policy + National Energy Policy 2018 + Transforming India Gold Market + Aspirational District
Programme (117) + Atal innovation Mission + Building inclusive and sustainable India + Niti Aayog 2018

2021 Statement of Intent + India and Germany + NTI – BMZ Dialogue on Development Cooperation

2021 Statement of Intent + World Food Program + International Years of Millet

2021 Statement of Intent + Niti Aayog + UNICEF + Focus on Children.

Composite Water Management Index + June 2018 + Niti Aayog + Ministry of road transport and High , Shipping and
Water Resource

Composite Water Management Index + 2019 + 9 themes + 28 performance key indicator : Gujarat top

School Education Quality Index + 30 critical indicator

India Innovation Index - 5 Enablers : Human Capital + Investment + knowledge Worker + Business Environment + Safety
and Legal Environment – Performance Dimension : Knowledge output + Knowledge diffusion.

Sustainable Development Goals 2020 -21 + United Nation + 115 indicator + National Indicator Framework +Mospi

SDG Urban + Niti Aayog + Indo German Co-operation + 56 Urban Area.

State Health Index + Niti Aayog June 2019 - District Hospital Index + ISI

State Energy and Climate Index + 27 indicator + 6 Broad Categories : Access , affordability and Reliability + Clean Energy
initiative + Energy efficiency + Discom , performance + Environment substantially + New initiatives.

India Energy Dashboard 2.0 + Niti Aayog + single window access + Energy + Electric + Coal + Petrol.

Geospatial Energy Map of India (GIS) + Niti Aayog + ISRO + Support Energy + Picture of all energy resources + primary
and secondary sources of energy + energy installation + District wise data on renewable energy power plant ans resource
potential + 27 thematic layer + investment + disaster management + Planning on energy sector.

Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) + National Data and Analytics Platform + Niti Aayog 2022

Planning Commission + Fund + Dictum to State + Top down approach + Decision Centralised + 8 Full time member +
Deputy Chairperson + Member Secretary + Reports to National Development Council + CM and Lt.Gov + Imposed Policy

Niti Aayog + No fund + Consultant to State + Bottom up Approach + Cooperative federalism + 4 full times member + 2
rotational basis + Vice chairman + CEO + Governing Council + CM and Lt.Gov + Advisory Body.

Healthy Cities for All 2030 + 500 Haalthy Programme + 5 year’s

MONEY AND BANKING

Flat Money + Government authority. - Seigniorage + RBI + Printing currency notes + source of surplus or profit.

Mo + Reserve Money - M1 + Narrow Money - M3 + Broad Money + Widely Used. - M2 and M4 + Rarely used

Money Multiplier + Broad Money to Reserve Money

Crypto Currency + Digital Money + Decentralised ledger based + Block chain Technology + April 2018 Banned

Non – Fungible Token + irreplaceable + unique crypto Currency + Block chains + evidence of ownership ofr and digital
asset + not exchange Equal Value + unbreakable into smaller + not medium of commercial transactions + Traded and sold
in digital market
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Stable Coin + Crypto Currency + stable asset + same consistent value as Government + Private business

Banking of Hindustan 1770 - Calcutta + 1806 – Bombay + 1840 – Madras + 1843 – Quasi Central Bank

Imperial Bank of India + 1921 - State Bank of India + 1955

Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance 1922 + Hilton Young + Operation of money management in 1926.

Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

RBI + Hilton Young Commission + 1935 + RBI Act 1935 + Nationalised 1949 + Act 1948 (fully GOI) + RBI Act 1934 +
Banking regulation act 1949.

RBI – 1st Governor + Sir Osborn Smith(1935 – 37) - 1st Governor Indian + C.D.Deshkumkh(1943 – 49)

Manmohan Singh + RBI Governor + Prime minister. - RBI Headquarters + Mumbai 1937 + 4 Zonal office + Emblem Tiger
and Palm tree

RBI Roles – Monetary Policy + financial system + payment system + foreign exchange + currency + National objective +
short term loan to Government + 1 rupees note (GOI) + Minimum Reserve systems (1957) - Gold (115 crore) and Foreign
currency + 200 crore + Gsec + Lender of Last Resort (schedule commercial Banks + RBI) + Foreign exchange reserves +
Controllers and supply + Regulation of Bank

RBI + Central Board of Director + 21 Members

Official member : Governor + 4 Deputy Governor + 5 yrs

Non official Director : 10 Director + 4 yrs - 1 Director + 4 local Board of RBI – 2 Government nominated

RBI Governor – Shri Shakitanka Das – Deputy Governor + Shri T.Rabi Sankar + Shri Mahesh Kumar Jain + Dr.M

D.Patra + Shri M.Rajeshwar Rao.

RBI 4 fully owned Subsidiary

Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation + Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited

Reserve Bank Information Technology Private limited + Indian Financial Technology and Allied Services

Indian Coinage Act 1906 + Demonination of 1000 + Currency note 10000 - 1 Rupees + signature of finance secretary

Two of currency printing owned by the GOI + Nasik(Western) + Dewas (Central India) + Mysore(Southern India) + Salboni
(Eastern India). - Two are owned by RBI (Bharatiya Reserve Bank Nkte Mudran limited)

Coins Four Mints – Mumbai + Hyderabad + Calcutta + Noida.

Monetary Policy India + Macroeconomics tool + RBI + supply of money + economics growth

Instrument Credit Control

Quantitative – Bank Rate + RBI long terms loans to schedule commercial Banks + without any approval security + 25
Basis Point + Above repo rate.

Liquidity Adjustment Facility – Monetary Policy tool + Narasimham Committee Report(Banking sector reforms 1998) +
Borrow money from RBI (Repo rate) or to make loans +

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Reverse Repo Rate – RBI borrow fund from commercial Banks + short term.

Marginal Standing Facilities (MSF) 2011 + RBI + SCB current account with RBI + Short term loan(upto 2%) + Net demand
and time liabilities + minimum MSF 1 crore + 25 Basis Point

LAF (Deficit mode) + Net borrower from RBI. - LAF (surplus Mode) + net Lender to RBI

Reason of LAF Deficit – Increase in BOP deficit (capita + current account) + Substantial of Money + Insistent RBI + Lower
deposit growth.

Open Market Operations (OMO) + Buying and Selling of Gsec (open market + public) + RBI+ Reduce money supply
(withdrawing cash balance) + economic control and inflation.

Operation Twist By RBI + incentive long terms investment + lowering long interest rates + through Open Merk Operation
+ selling short term security to buy long terms interest + 1st experiment United States in 1961.

Reserve Requirements

Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) + Percentage of a bank Total Demand and Time liabilities + RBI not interested + SCB with RBI +
RBI act not prescribed any range for fixing CRR + average basis during the fortnight + 95% CRR Balanced average
requirements + Decrease money supply + RBI increase CRR

Incremental Cash Reserve Ratio – RBI 2016 + Manage excess liquidity + incremental 100 %

SCB not required to maintain any incremental CRR

Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) + Percentage of net Demands and time liabilities (Cash or Gold) + Credit to Government
(Purchase Security) + Range 0-40 % + Reduce inflation RBI increase SLR + Increase economics growth RBI Decrease SLR.

If Bank fails to maintain the required SLR + Pay penal interest at 3% above bank rate

MCLR – Minimum Interest rate Below (which Bank cannot lend) + RBI + 1 April 2016 + replacing base rate structure.

MCLR + Require bank to charge interest rates based on marginal cost or incremental cost incurred by Bank to obtain fund

Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) + RBI + Regulate supply of money + SCB with RBI(cash) + Able to earn money + Short to
medium term tool of RBI

Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) + RBI + Regulate supply of money + SCB (cash +gold) + Govt approve security + Long term

Qualitative Instrument of Credit Control – Margin Requirements + Rationing of Credit + Moral Persuasion + Consumer
credit regulation.

Quantitative Easing (QE) + RBI Purchase longer term security from open market + inject money in the economy

Consolidated Sinking Fund(CSF) + State with RBI + Repayment of liability + Central account section of RBI Nagpur.

Pandemic Risk Pool + IRDAI 2020 + Mr.Suresh Mathur + Protection of castastorphic risks + General insurance committee

Monetary Policy Committee 2016 + RBI Act 1934 + Statutory + Institutionalise Framework + Inflation targeting +
Objective Economics Growth + RBI contain annual inflation 4 %(+ 2%) March 2026 + RBI answerable if inflation eceedr 3
months.

Composition of MPC + 6 members – 3 members + RBI (Governor + Deputy Governor + 1 official by RBI) – 3 others (GOI) +
4 yrs + not reappointment (MP,MLA,MLC, Public Servant cannot Member of MPC).

RBI Governor + Ex officio Chairperson of MPC + Meet atleast 4 times in a year

19
Monetary Policy Report + RBI + every six months + explain inflation dyanmic(6 months) + projection of inflation +
Growth (6-18 months) – Financial Stability Report + RBI

Major Act Administered By The RBI + RBI + Banking regulation act + Foreign exchange management 1966 + Public dept
1944 + Government security 2006 + SARFAESI Act 2002 + Credit Information Company act 2005 + Payment and
Settlement Act 2007 + Factoring Regulation Act 2011.

Commercial Banks – Schedule Commercial Banks (2nd schedule) + Banking Regulation act 1949 + Financial assistance at
bank rate ,repo rate,MSF etc + Maintaining + CRR + SLR. - Non Schedule

Criteria for Recognition as Scheduled Commercial Bank + Paid up capital and reserve of not less than 5laksh + Satisfy RBI

All Bank are Scheduled Bank except for few local area bank and few urban cooperative bank (UCB)

SCB 5 Categories - State Bank of India + Nationalised Bank + Indian Private Bank + Private Sector foreign Bank + RRB

State Bank of India + Amalgamating 1921 + Nationalised 1955 + Headquarters Mumbai (Dinesh Kumar Khara) + Largest
Bank (23% market shares) + not included in the list of Nationalised Bank

Nationalised Bank + Banking Regulation act 1949 + 14 Bank Nationalised 1969 + 6 Bank (200crore) 1980 + Punjab
National Bank 1993

12 PSB (11 National Bank + SBI) + Punjab + Baroda + India + Central + Canara + Union Bank + Overseas Bank + Punjab &
Sind + Indian + UCO + Maharashtra + Bank SBI.

Private Sector Indian Banks + Private Stockholder + Old Private Sector Bank 1969 + New Private Sector Bank 1991

Private Sector foreign Bank + RBI 2005 + Trade finance + external commercial Borrowings + wholesale lending +
investment banking + treasury service.

Regional Rural Bank + 1975 + RRB act 1976 + M.Narasimham Working Groups + Agriculture and other rural sector + SCB

Regional Rural Bank - Central (50) + State (15) + Sponsor Bank (35) + onwed fund + deposit, borrowing from NABARD +
sponsored Bank + SIDBI + National Housing Bank - RRB + supervised NABARD + 43 RRB.

Yes Bank – 2004 + Rana Kapoor and Ashok Kapur + RBI control 2020 + 7 investor (12000 cr) + Prashant Kumar (CEO).

Cooperative Bank + Banking regulation act 1949 + Banking Law Cooperative society Act 1955 + Production, Marketing,
Distribution, processing, servicing and Banking + one member one vote + No profit no loss + Customer owner +
Agriculture and rural sector + 1st Government sponsored + Support + Subsidies

Cooperative Bank 3 Tiers Short term Credit - State + District + Primary -

Cooperative Bank Long term Credit – Land Devlopment Bank + Cooperative and Rural Development Bank

Regulation of cooperative bank

2020 + RBI + banking regulation act 1949 – Punjab + Maharashtra – Apply – Urbana Cooperative bank + multi state
cooperative bank (1966) + Audit + RBI norms – permission of RBI for CEO

Urban cooperative bank + N.S.Vishwanathan + 4 tired regular framework

UCB – 100+1000+10000 (deposit more then equal) - UCB minimum net worth + 2 core ( tier l + single district)

Minimum capital weight risks asset ratio (CRAR) – 9 %for Tier l - CRAR – UCB + 12% ( capital structure)

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Financial Sound and Well Managed + Net NPA + 3% - no default maintenance of crr/slr + sound internal control system +
crore banking solution

Banking regulation act 1949 + September 2020 - not apply to primary cooperative credit society (Pacs) + Principal
business long terms financing for agriculture development

NABARD + Apex development bank + Mumbai. + Rural infrastructure development fund

Capital of NABARD – 30000 crore 2018 - NABARD + supervisor RRB.

NABARD + B Sivaram committee + 12 July 1982 replace – agriculture credit development + rura planning and credit cell
+ agriculture refinance and development corporation

NABARD + Apex financing agency + various development in rural areas+ financial institutions

NABARD – State cooperative agriculture + rural development bank + state cooperative bank+ RRB + commercial bank (
approval by RBI) + NABARD fully own GOI – 2018

SIDBI + 1990 + Independent financial institutions + MSME + Lucknow – credit + approach.

Industrial Finance Corporation of India + 1948 + Medium to Long term finance + Public Limited Company 1956 + Non
deposit taking Non banking Finance Company with RBI.

Export import Bank + 1982 + International Financial wing IDBI + Central government : Rediscount Export Bill + Buyer
credit to foreign importer + financing Export orientation insudtry

National Housing Bank + 1988 + Act 1987 + Ministry of Finance + Apex Financial Institution + Headquarters Delhi + RBI

MUDRA BANK + 2015 + loan low rates to Micro Finance Institutions + non Banking financial institutions + Credit to
MSME + Refinance support to MSME.

Eligibility for MUDRA BANK + Small manufacturing untis + services sector units + shopkeeper, fruits/vegetables vendor +
truck operators + Food services unit + Repairs Shops + machine operator + Small industry + artisans + food processor and
other (Rural and Urban).

Shishu + Loans upto 50000 - Kishore + 50000 to 5 lakh. - Tarun + 5 lakh to 10 lakh.

Locals Area Bank 1996 + Small private Bank + limited Area of operations (rural and urban) + 3 Three contiguous District +
Minimum Capital 5 crore + Minimum Capital Contribution 2 crore + 40% Net Bank Credit + Convert to Small finance Bank

Neo Banks + Fin tech firm + Digital presence + Savings loan + instant loans + credit card + mutual fund and fixed deposit +
investment advisers license + wealth management + (Small SCB or SFB)

Non Banking Financial Companies + 100 FDI 2016 + 50 % of the Total asset and Gross income + cannot accept demand
deposit from Public + Not all NBFC regulate by RBI.

NBFC – Investment and Credit Company + Business of Lending and investment

NBFC – Infrastructure Finance Company + Non deposit accepting loan company + Minimum 75% total assets deploy +
Minimum net worth 300 core.

NBFC – Systematically Important Core investment company + Enquity shares + preference share + Debt or loans of
group company + investment in equity share 60% Total asset + Asset Size 100 crore + Acces Public Fund.

Infrastructure Dept Fund – NBFC + Long term + Rupees or dollar domiao bonds + 5 yrs maturity.

NBFC – Micro Finance Institutions + Non deposit taking NBFC + Recommendation of Malegam Committee.

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Mortgage Guarantee Company + 90% of Business turnover mortgage Guarantee business or 90% gross income mortgage
Guarantee

NBFC + Cannot accept demands deposits + not payment and settlement system + Cannot issue cheque Credit + Deposit
insurance facility not available + not required maintain reserve Ratio + regulate undet Company act 1956 or Company
amendment act 2019 + 100 % foreign investment Bank

BANK + Banking Regulation Act 1949 + Foreign investment 74% private Sector Bank.

Liquidity Debt Mutual Fund + Primary sources of short term fund + Private Sector.

NBFC + Chief Risk officer + Ombudsman Scheme D + NBFC ND + Resolving grievances.

NBFC 4 layer regulatory framework – Base + Middle + Upper + Top layer + 180 to 90 Days.

Shadow Baking + Operator partially outside traditional commercial Banking – Commercial Banks monitor by RBI.

Primary Dealer + RBI 1995 + Deal Gsec (Central + State ) + Deal primary and secondary market of Gsec.

Primary Dealer function + Underwriting + Broking services + Buy/bid sell ask quote for treasury bills and dated security.

Primary Dealer Egibility + Subsidiary of SCB + Indi Finance Institutions + Corporate Board + Company Board (Company
Act 1956)

Primary Dealer + Register as NBFC (1yrs) + submission application to RBI + Decision Authorise by RBI

Primary Dealer - Current account Facility of RBI + e Kuber facility for primary auction + LAF of RBI + OMO by RBI +
Permission to borrow and lend in the Money market.

Differentiated Banking + RBI + Recommendation of Nachi Mor Committee 2013.

Differentiated Banking + Small Finance Bank + Payment Banks

Small Finance Bank + SCB + Private Financial Institution + Public Limited Company (Act 2019) + Licence (Banking
regulation act 1949 + Governed by RBI Act 1935 - NBFC + MFI + LABS Conversion SFB.

RBI + On Tap Facility 2019 + Accept application and Grant licence for SFB throughout the year.

Eligibility Promoter SFB resident + 10 yrs experience - Minimum Paid up capital for SFB + 100 crore

Small Finance Bank - 75% loan + Priority Sector Landing – 50% + Advance (upto 25lakh)

Small Finance Bank + Commercial Banks (current account, savings account, Fixed deposit, recurring deposit) + loans +
Deposit and loans

Payment Bank + Maximum Balance 200000 /- + ATM/Debit Card, payment, remittance service + Non Bank Prepaid
Payment Instrument + Maintain CRR with RBI (outside Demand and time liabilities) + Invest at least 75% Demand deposit
balance in SLR eligibility G sec/Treasury bills.

Payment Bank + Current account + Savings account + cannot accept fixed deposit + cannot credit card + can Debit card +
cannot loans + can invest depositor money in Gsec only + Payment and remittance + Maximum Balance 2 lakh +
Maximum leverage 3% (liabilities not exceed 33 times of its net worth).

Digital Payment Security Control 2021 + Common minimum Standards + Applicable for : Schedule Commercial Banks,
small finance Bank, Payment Banks, Credit card issuing NBFC, third party payment, payment operator and gateway.

Bank Board Bureau + P.J. Nayak Committee + 2016 + Chairman + 6 member + Public Sector Bank+ Indradhanush Plan
(Revival of PSB) + Headquarters Mumbai + Raising fund and issue of stress asset.

22
Financial Services Institutions Bureau (FSIB) + Appointment of Committee of the Cabinet + In place of BBB +
Recommended person for Appointment (Director,Non executive chairperson on Board of financial services institution) +
Promote Public Sector financial institutions + advice Performance.

Composition of FSIB + Retired official Banking + Business knowledge of financial sector + 25 yrs experience public
administration with banking and financial sector.

Ex-officio Member : Secretary in charge of DFS + Public Enterprises + IRDAI + Deputy Governor + 3 person PSB and FI + 3
Person PSI.

National Payment Corporation of India (NPCI) + RBI + Indian Bank Association + Payment and Settlement act 2007 + Not
for Profit Company 2008 + Headquarters Mumbai

UPI + NPCI + RBI. - Rupay Card + NPCI 2012 + Debit Card.

99 Services + NPCI + Unstructured Supplementary Services Data (USSD) Channel

BHIM App + NPCI based on UPI + Digital Payment + Sent to non UPI linked account (using IFSC and Account number)

Bharat Bill Payment System + Multiple Payment + Instant Confirmation of Payment.

National Automated Clearing House + Web Based solution + interbanks + high volume + electronic transactions

Banking Code And Standard Boards of India 2016 + Committee on Producer and Performance Audit of Public Services +
S.S.Tarapore + Independent Industry Watch dog + Mumbai + Independent and autonomous body + Society Registration
Act 1860 + Open to SCB ,RRB, Select Urban Co operative Bank .

Advisory Board for Banking Fraud 2019 + Central Vigilance Commission + RBI.

Antedated Cheque + Earlier than the date + Valid up ti 3 months + Future Date.

Stale Cheque + Payment after 3 months + Not honoured by Bank.

Demand Draft + Prepaid Negotiable Instrument + direct payment from one bank to another Bank

Negotiable Instrument + Act 1881 + Promissory note + Bill of exchange + Cheque Payable

Debit Card + Savings Bank Account + Current Bank Account - Credit Card + Central Bank of India

ATM – Onsite + Closed - Offsite + Other place

White Label ATM – Non Bank + Payment and Settlement Act 2007 + Purchase of Reload Voucher for Mobile not
permitted at WLA + Debit Card + Credit Card + Prepaid

Brown Labet ATM – Services Provider - Point of Sale Mechanism + Computerized Replacement of cash register +
Credit and Debit Card.

Merchant Discount Machine + Fee paid by merchant to a bank + Debit card and Credit card + Rate of MDR revised by RBI
+ Rupay and BHIM UPI Platform.

Indian Financial System Code (IFSC) + RBI + 11 Digit Alpha numeric code (1st + entity – 5th + 0 – Last 6 + Branch) +
National Electronic Fund Transfer + Real Time Gross Settlement + Centralised Funds Management System.

MICR Code + 9 digit code + Electronic Clearing System - 3 digit + City code – middle 3 + Bank code – Last 3 + Branch Code
+ Written At bottom of cheque.

SWIFT Code + Financial and non financial institutions + International organisation for standardization + World wide
interbanks Financial Telecommunication + Transferring Money between Bank + international wire transfer.

23
Core Banking Solutions + Over all Bank customer – E kuber (CBS platform of RBI conducted auction of Gsec).

Know Your Customer + Adhaar Number + Points of times not exceed 50000 + Total credit in 1 year not exceed 1 lakh +
Total withdrawal in a month not exceed 10000 + Foreign remittance cannot Credit.

Legal Entity Indentify + 20 Character Alpha numeric code + Based on ISO 17442 + International Organisation for
Standardization.

Zero Rupee Note + NGO 5th Pillar + Bribery and Political corruption.

Legal Entity Indentify + Global Legal Entity Indentifier Foundation + RBI + Payment and Settlement Act 2007

Digital Lending + Automatic lending Process + Seamless digital technologies in custom acquisition + Credit assesment +
loan approval + disbursement + recovery + assixi customer service.

Non Performing Asset + Not Producing any income + Interest or prinpcia amount pending 90 Days or more –
Substandard and Doubtful Standard + 12 month’s .

Impact of Non Performing Asset + Scarcity of fund + shareholder + Hurts iver all Demand + Low economics growth +
Higher inflation.

Reason for Rising Non Performing Asset + Falling Debt + Lack of due diligence + Delay project + Bank do note have larger
buffer set a side.

Asset Reconstruction Company + Narasimham Committee 1998 + Financial Institution Buy NPA or Bad Asset from Banks
and financial institutions + Help to concentrate in Banking activities + SARFAESI Act 2002 + State and Private owned

National Asset Reconstruction CO.LTD (NARCL) + RBI + Minimum net own fund 100 crore + Capital adequacy ratio 15% -
SBI,PNP, ICICI,IDBI + 1st ARC in India.

Bad Bank + Chief Economic Advisers Arvind Subramanian 2017.

SARFAESI ACT 2002 + Recover bad loans effectively + Tackle the problem of non performing asset

PCR + percentage of bad asset own fund

Gross NPA + Total amount default by borrower within period + lead effect on the company goodwill + lowe its equity
value

Net NPA + Deducting provision for unpaid debt from GNPA + Actual loss of organisation + lead to low profitability and
liquitty in cash reserves.

Prompt Correction Action 2002 > 2017 + RBI + Bank weak financial - 3 Parameters : Capital + Asset quality + Profitability.

Imp Prompt Correction Action – Prevent bigger crisis + financial performance indicators of banks + Prevent bank failut
and systematic crisis + Mandatory action Plan (RBI) +

11 PSB + PCA 2018 – PCA Framework for NBFC + 1ST October 2022. - Banking Stability Indexed + RBI

BASEL NORMS – Bank for international Settlement +Global Standard + Minimum Capital requirements for commercial
Banks +foreign Bank + RRB

BIS + 1930 + Headquarters Switzerland + World oldest international financial organisation + 62 Central Bank

Basel – l Norms – Basel Committee Banking Supervision (BCBS) + Capital measurements system + Credit Risk + Minimum
Capital requirements at 8% of Risk weighted Asset

Basel – l – 1999 + RBI maintain CRAR or CAR of 9% by every SCB. - CRAR – Proportion of bank total risk weighted asset

24
Basel – ll Norms – 2004 + minimum captial requirements 8% risk asset (operstional risks ,Market risk and capital Risk) +
Supervisory review + Market Decipline + Gradual approach + SCB.

Basel – lll Norms – 1 January 2013 + Total CRAR 9.5% + All commercial Banks (Both schedule and non schedule) +
Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) + Counter cyclical Capital Buffer (mandatory capital) + Reduce distress economics and
discriminate.

Liquidity Coverage Ratio – Basel lll Norms + Amount of High Quality Liquids Assets (HQLA) + outlaws for 30 days.

Liquidity Coverage Ratio – Amount of HQLA + Financial Institution as proportion of Total Net Cash flow amount + to
meet Short terms financial obligations and disruption.

Banking regulation act 1949 + Required to hold liquid asset to maintain SLR

RBI Allowed banks to use progressively increasing propirtu of the SLR security for + HQLA for LCR.

Bank + LCR 100% + 1 January 2019.

Systematically Important Financial Institution (SIFI) + Too Big too fail

G SIB + Financial Stability Board + Basel Committee on Banking Supervision.

D SIB + RBI 2014 + Too Big too fail + exceed 2 % GDP – SBI,ICICI,HDFC + DSIB + RBI.

Credit Rating of Bank of India + Recommendation of Padmanabhan Committee + A to E + CAMEL Rating Model ( Capital
Adequacy Ratio,Asset quality, Manegement effectiveness, Earning, Liquidity, System and Control.

Financial Inclusion + 1956 Nationalisation of life insurance company + GIC 1972 + Nationalisation 1969 + 1980 Financial
Inclusion + Lead Bank scheme 1969 (Public and Private) + Banking Ombudsman 1995.

Lead Bank scheme 1969 (Public and Private) + Individual levels + Services Area approach 1989 + All SCB and RRB ( free
to lend in rural and semi urban) + Lead Bank every district by RBI + SBI act as a lead Bank in Maximum numbers of Dixtr
in India.

Banking Ombudsman 1995 + Complain of Bank customer + RBI + Applicable to Commercial Banks,Regional Rural Bank,
Schedule Commercial Bank + No fee + Not binding on the party

PMJDY 2014 – Financial Inclusion. - PMSBSY - Renewable 1 year accidental death cum disability cover 2 lakh to all
subscribe (18-70) + 12 pernum per subscriber.

PMJJBY – 1 year term Life insurance of 2 lakh to bank (18-50) + Premium 330 per annum per subscriber.

Atal Pension Yojana – (18-40) + 1000-5000 + 60 yrs.

PMMY - 2015 + Finance Self employment and small business enterprise – micro enterpreneur upro 10 lakh.

NAMCABS – Training of Banker + Credit issues of MSME – Interest Subvention Scheme - To reduce cost of Borrowing

KCC 1998 – Cash Credit facility (oral,tenant farmers,share cropper, animals Husbandry)

Small Finance Bank And Payments 2015 – Small savings account + Remittance service + Credit facilities (migrant
labour,small and marginal farmers,micro and Small industries and unorganised sector entities.

Priority Sector Lending – All Schedule Commercial Banks + Foreign Private Bank + 40% of their Adjusted Net Bank Credit.

Regional Rural Bank + Cooperative Banks and Small Finance Bank + 75 % of ANDC for PSL.

National Strategy for Financial Inclusion (2019 – 24) January 2020 + Financial Institution Advisory Committee of RBI – 6
Strategy : Universal Access to Financial Service + Providing Basic bouquets of financial services + Access to livelihood and
25
Skill development (NRLM,NULM,PMKVY) + Literacy and Education + Consumer protection and grievances redressal +
Effective Coordination.

National Strategy for Financial Education (2020 – 25) – Next 5 yrs + Manage the risk at various stages of life +
Consultation with RBI,SEBI,IRDAI,PFRDA - 5C : Content, Capacity, Community, Communication and Collaboration +
Financial literacy + integrated + Code of conduct + Monitoring And Evaluation Framework

Account Aggregator - RBI + 1 financial institutions + Data can’t shared without consent + 8 Bank + voluntary consumer.

FINANCIAL MARKET

Money Market – Broader + Short term (maturity 1 yr) + No fixed Place – Participants : RBI,Banks,NBFC, mutual fund,
insurance company, financial institutions, insurance company

Call Money + 1 Day + Interbanks Market – Notice Money + 2 -14 Days – Term Money + 15 – 1 year – Coupon Rate +
Fixed maturity security fixed at the time of issue .

Treasury Bill + Short term finance Requirements + RBI sell T bill (Central Government) + issues at discount and redeemed
at per face value + risk free + highly liquid + State not T Bill + Minimum amount 25000 or multiple of 25000.

Treasury Bill – Buyer : RBI + Commerical Bank + NBFC + LIC + UTI + GIC

Three Types of Treasury Bill – 91 days + 182 days + 364 days.

Bank can keep T Bill + SLR Requirements – T Bill to RBI + Received loan under repo.

Cash Management Bill (CMB) 2010 – Short terms security sold by RBI + Temporary needs of central government +
tenure less than 91 days + Short term cash flow mismatch of government + Part of SLR Requirements

Ways and Means Advance (WMA) – RBI + Government of India + Temporary loan by RBI to Government (Central and
State) + Replace ad hoc T Bill System + Mismatch expenditure and receipt + Tenure 90 days (90+ overdraft) + Repo Rate

Certificate of Deposit + Schedule Commercial Banks + RBI + Short term fund (Bank owned) + Minimum amount 1 lakh or
Multiple + Tenure 7 Days and less 1 yr + Issue at discount value + Cooperative Bank and Rural Bank cannot issue CD +
Bank cannot provide loans against CD.

Commercial Paper 1990 + Short term Money Market instrument + unsecured promissory note + privately Place +
Maturity 7 Days and upto 1 year + Minimum amount 5 lakh or multiple + Good credit rating allowed to issue CD + To
Protect investor form financial stress company.

Money Market Reform – Sukhamoy Chakravarty Committee 1985 + Narasimham Committee 1991 : Interest Rate
regulate + Electronic transactions + Money Market Mutual fund + Discount and Finance House of India (RBI+Public Sector
Enterprises + Financial Institution) + Liquidity Adjustment Facility (Absorption and or injection of financial resources by
RBI) + New Market instrument.

Capital Market – Savings and capital form investors company + Long terms needs of borrowers (1 yr + ) - Debt(Bond,
debentures) + Equity (shares)

Capital Market – Primary Market + Second Market

Primary Market – Fresh capital or fund raised + Initial Public Offer + New issues market + Buying of security +
Management of Company (SEBI requirements) + No fix place + Major intermediate : Merchant Bank,Under writer,
Debentures trustee, portfolio manager etc.

Prior permission from security and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) For IPO

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Secondary Market – Existing security of company Traded + Stock market + Public Traded Company raise additional fund +
Suitable for Investors + Regulate by SEBI + Buying and Selling of security + Determine by demand and supply of the
market + Specific place + Major intermediates : Broker and Jober etc.

Financial Instrument In Capital Market - Shares + Debentures + Bonds + Mutual fund + Derivatives

Shares – Offer for sale to raise capital – Equity shares (earning Profit + real owner) + Preference share ( earn their holder
only dividend + no voting right.

Debentures – Debt instrument fixed rate of interested + media or longterm + fully repayable maturity date + offer high
rate of interested than Fixed deposit + Interest rate also depends upon credit rating agency.

Feature of Debentures - medium to long terms + specific amount of interest + Form a part of company capital structure
+ not as share /equity capital + Transferable + The Holder not get any rights + The interest paid on debentures is charge
against profit of the company + reduce gross profit.

Type of Debentures – Convertible + Non convertible – Redeemable + Irredemable Debentures.

Bonds – Debt Instrument + Borrow fund for a defined of time at floating or fixed interest rates + to raised fund to meet
its expenditure requirements.

The Bond Yield + Effective returns that it earn + face value and coupon payment + Bond can purchase in market value
(lower or higher than face value) also called Actual purchase price of Bond.

Factor can effect the actual price of bond and bond Yields : Inflation + Open Market Operations by RBI (sell or purchase
of bond) + Fiscal policy of the Government + Yield from cimoeti instrument.

Zero Coupon Bond + Not pay interest

Inflation Indexed Bond + Constant Returns + inflation protection to both principal and interest payment + Gsec + Govt
Market Programme + Maintaing Statutory liquidity ratio by Banks.

CIB – Inflation protection only principal and not to pay interest.

Municipal Bond 1997 – Fixed Income Instrument (Debt security by Government or semi government) – General
Obligation Bonds + Enhancing Civic amenities – Revenues Bond + specific purpose

Bangalore Municipal Corporation + First Urban local body - Ahmedabad Municipal Bond 1998 + First make Public offering

Pune Municipal corporation 2017 + First locals body - Municipal Bond on National Stock Exchange + Indore 2018

SEBI + Urban Local Bodies 2015 + Raise funds by issues municipal Bond

Municipal Bond Egibility – Not negative net worth 3 previous year + Bond rated by credit rating agency + no default loan
in past 1 yrs.

Masala Bond – Rupees demoninated bonds + Raise money from overseas market – First Masala Bond + International
Fiance Corporation (IFC) in 2014 + To raise 1000 crore fund infrastructure project in India.

Masala cannot be used for Investing in capital market, purchasing land etc.

Masala Bond - Maturity + Minimum maturity period 3 years - 50 million per financial year + 3 year maturity - Above 50
million per financial year + 5 year maturity.

Masala Bond can issue + Any Corporate + Real estate investment trust (REIT) and infrastructure investment Trust (InviTs)

Indian banks can also issue bond form of – Perpetual Debt instrument qualifying for inclusion + Debt Capital Instrument
+ Member of Financial Task force SEBI + Member of international Organisations of Securities Commission.
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Government Security (Gsec) – Tradabi Instrument + Central or State Government + Knowledge debt obligations

Gsec – Short term + less than 1 year (T Bill) - Long term + More than 1 year (Government Bond)

Central Government - T Bill + Bond or Dated security - State Government + Only Bonds or Dated security (State
development loan) + Risk free gilt edged instrument.

Gilt Account + Holding Government Security permit by RBI

The Foreign Exchange Managements Act 1999 + Gilt Account + Person living outside in India.

G Security + RBI auction – Auction held on + E kuber + RBI + Core Banking Solution.

RBI + Retail Retail Direct system (Allow investors to invest in G secs) by creating Gilt Account + Central Bank.

Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme + Holding physical Gold + RBI (Central Government) + Demoninated in Gold + Fixed Price
(investors can buy through bank,post office + secondary market through stock exchange) + Fixed tenure 8 yrs
(redemption allow after 5 year from issuance) + Transfer to other investors.

Sovereign Gold Bond – Rupees based on simple average of closing price of gold 999 purity by India Bullion and Jewellery
association + non resident Indian Cannot invest + minimum amount up to 20000 + Demonination 1 gm + Maximum
investment in a year 4 kg for individual + minimum investment 1 gram of gold + RBI fixed price of Bond + Offer interest
2.5 % per annum principle Investment amount + interest on bond taxable.

Sovereign Blue Bond + Republic of Seychelles + Marines and fisheries project.

Convertible Bond – Both dept and equity + Pay lower rate of interest

Mutual Fund – Collected from investors + Invested in financial assets+ Money distributed after deduction.

Net asset value represent current market Mutual fund

Type of Mutual Fund – Equity Fund + invest entire money - Debt or fixed income fund – Hybrid or Balanced fund +
Both dept and equity

Money Market or short term Fund – T Bill + less + Safe + offer1-2% higher return than savings Bank – International fund

Equity Linked Savings Scheme – Allow individual to claim a deduction upto 1.5 lakhs from total income tax act 1961 +
Tax saving instrument + savings and investment in equities.

Total Expenses Ratio + Total cost + managing and operating Mutual fund + SEBI

Derivatives – Derived for one or more underlying asset or security + Contract two or more parties + Determined by
fluctuations + Protect from fluctuations ans uncertainties + Risk managemn + SEBI regulate

Derivatives + traded Over The Counter (OTC) + At an exchange

OTC Derivatives + derivative In existence and unregulated + Greater risk for counterparty than standardised derivative.

Derivatives – Forward + Future + Options + Swaps

Forward – agreement or contract + Two Party + To buy or sell particular Asset certain price and Date + unregulated +
traded OTC.

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Future – Regulate and Traded on stock exchange + obligations to perform the contract + standard contract between two
party.

Option – rights to buy/sell certain price + no obligation to buyer – Call option + buy + expected to rise – Put option + sell
+ pessimism.

Swaps – manage risk + interest rates risk + currency risk + pre agreed cash flow (determine notional principal amount)

Real Estate Investment Trust – Trust or asset management Company + Physical Real estate + reflect in NAV of REIT

Embassy Group and Blackstone + First REIT in India + Public Trade on major exchange + Publicly Register but non listed or
private – Two REIT + Equity and Mortag REIT

Exchange Traded Fund – Bought and sold throughout the day on stock exchange – Mutual fund + bought and sold based
on price at day end + All types of investment + low expense Ratio + less broker Commission.

CPSE ETF and Bharat 22 ETF – 16 CPSE + 3 Public Sector Bank + 3 Private Sector Company

India first international Debt ETF by + IDFC Mutual fund

Mutual fund – purchase only at the end of each trading day based on calculated price + Higher Minimum investment
requirment than ETF + actively manage + higher fee + higher expenses

Exchange Traded Fund – Stock throughout the day on stock exchange + less incase of ETF as compared to MF + passively
manage.

Gold ETF – cannot be used as calloteral for loan.

Sovereign Wealth Fund – invest in financial instrument (Bonds, Stock, Gold,Real estate) + Good returns + longterm
duration + Singapore Government investment corporation 1st SWF + The National Investment and Infrastructure Fund is
India 1st SWF.

ESG Fund – Sustainable Investing or socially responsible investing

Money Market – Short term (1yr or less) + Working capital requirement or cash flow Mismatches + TBill, Commercial
Paper, certificate of Deposit + larger amount + RBI, Commerical Bank, NBFC, Primary Deale,Bill Broker etc. + Lesser Risk
due to leaser maturity + without help of broker + Liquidity Adjustment (Borrowers and lenders) + closed linked with
Central + RBI

Capital Market – Longterm Fund (1yr +) + Long term commitment and needs + Equity, shares, preference, share
debentures,bonds etc + Small amount + Stock exchange, Commercial Bank + NBFC, insurance etc. + Default risk or
Market risk is higher + formal place + help of broker + Employment of capital + indirect influence of RBI + SEBI

SEBI + 12 April 1988 + Powers on 30th January 1992 + SEBI Act 1992 + Regulate Security Market + Protect interest of
investors + Controller of Capital Issues was Precceder of SEBI (Regulate capital market in india prior to SEBI)

Forward Market Commission 2015 + SEBI – SEBI responsible for commoditive derivative market.

SEBI + Chairman + 8 others members (Two from Ministry of Finance,one from RBI, five others members + atleast three
whole time member).

Function of SEBI – Stock exchange + Mutual fund + market participants + malpractice + investor Protection Fund

SEBI and Capital Market Reform – Issue of Capital and Disclosure Requirements Regulation 2018 + Utilisation of fund by
company raised through IPO above 100 crore + Single Trading license (Commodities + Shares) + Separation of

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chairperson and CEO (voluntary) + Independent Director + Party Transactions + SME,IPO and listing on stock
exchange,KYC for Foreign Portfolio Investors to promote foreign investment + Streamlining IPO.

Security Appellate Tribunal + SEBI Act 1992 + Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) + Insurance
Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) + 1 Presiding + 2 Member + Judge and deal + Appeals + Supreme court
directly.

Forward Market Commission + Forward Contract Act 1952 + SEBI 2015 + Chief regulator of commodity future market +
SEBI regulator for commodity future market.

Multi Commodity Exchange of India limited + Mimbai - National Commodity and Deriavti Exchange limited + Mumbai

National Multi Commodity Exchange of India limited + Ahmedabad.

Sweet Equity Rules : SEBI 2021 + SEBI Regulation 2014 - SEBI Regulation 2002 + Widened the scope employee

Sweet Equity Share – Non Monetary contribution + Commonly used by cash strapped start up and business owner +
Issue for the purpose of providing know how or making available intellectual property rights or Value addition

Maximum yearly limited of sweat Equity + 15% of the existing paid up equity share capital

Innovators Growth Platform + 15% + overall ceiling will be 50% of paid up capital + 10 years.

Stocks Exchange + Buyer and seller trade securities such as share,bonds, derivative,etc. + Imp for mobilising saving and
capital, raising fund for corporate and promoting economics growth.

Bombay Stock Exchange + Oldest Stock Exchange Asia + Stock exchange of Mumbai 1875 + Native shares and Stock
Broker Association + Trading is done equity, currencies,debt instrument, derivative and mutual fund.

BSE + India INX - India First international Stock exchange in + GIFT City, Ahemdabad.

SENSEX - Popular Index od BSE + free floati market capitalisation weighted stock market Index 30 well established
company + Base year SENSEX 1978-79 with base value of 100

SENSEX = Total weighted market capitalisation of 30 Blue chip companies/Index divisor.

National Stock Exchange 1992 – first Fully automated electronic exchange + india first dematerialised (non paper) Stock
exchange + Largest exchange + Headquarters Mumbai + Trading platform for all type security : Equity, Debt, corporate,
Government and derivatives) + Index of NSE is NIFTY + 50 Well established/stable company.

NPE – Allow new listing + IPO + Debt issuance + Indian Depository Receipt by overseas company raising capital in India.

IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO STOCK MARKET

Stock Depository – Summited for storage or safe keeping + Hold shares and other security for depositor + Enable transfer
of security from Holder to another person + Making the process of security transfer safer and faster + eliminate risk of
physical handling of security certificate.

Depository Participants + Regulate by SEBI + Facilities security trade by maintaining demat account of trader and
providing other trading services.

Demat Account – help investors hold security in electronic form + Eliminating need for physical certificate + kept by NDS
and CDSL + enable e settlement of security transaction.

Bull Market – Stock market/security price rising or expected to rise + Growing economy and strong corporate
performance.
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Bear Market – Stock price decline + stock not expected well future.

NASDAQ – World 1st electronic exchange based in Newyork + Global Stock exchange.

Blue Chip – Market leader segment + Strong financial + Growth credentials + Good investment options + Stable and
reliable growth records.

Market Capitalisation - Current market value per share time + Share of publicly traded company + Indicator of investor
opinion of the company net worth + Unit of measurement of Size for a company.

Market Size + Good indicator of the characteristics that investors looking for a while making investment + diversify their
portfolio as per different maket sizes.

Larger Cap – more than 20000 crore + low risk investment. - Mid Cap + 5000 crore to 20000 crore + Potential to give
higher return in 3-5 year horizon.

Small Cap – less than 5000 crore + Start up or companies (still in theirs development stages) + highs risk high returns
investment.

Insider Trading – Public available stock based on information + Effect investment decision.

Buyback Share – Repurchase its own Share + Result un reproduction of total number of share of company traded
publicly + increasing earning per share and value of share + Positive effect on market value of share.

Dividend – Paid as cash also paid in form of share or other property + Amount of dividend by company board of
directors + Dividend paid periodically paid towards investor for their investment in the company

Primary Dealer – Lisence to trade securities with National Government + Register with RBI and Approvals to purchase
and sell Government Securities + PD introduced by RBI 1995.

Discount and Finaxe House of India 1988 – Company Act 1956 + Liquidty and Stability in financial markets + DFHI is
Primary Dealer and subsidiary of SBI.

Application Supported by Blocked Ammount (ASBA) – Application by an investor to Block application Money in the
Bank account + for subscribing to an issue + initiated by SEBI for retail investors 2008 .

Initial Coin Offering + Unregulated means of raising funds + Project using crypto currency

Merchant Bank + Assistance and advice to Company in raising captial + Help Company to come out with IPO. + Not
General Public.

Anchor Investor 2009 + SEBI + Institutional investor + Invest at least 10 Crore + 1/3rd investor portion shall be reserved
for domestic Mutual fund.

Venture Capitalists + Funding newly formed Company of Start up + Longterm potential + invest on behalf in Start Up +
Rewarded with Higher Evaluation of equity share in successful start up

Angel Investor + Capital for business startup + Usually in exchange for convertible debt or Ownership equity + Support
to start up at initial moment + invest in High rosk + High reward Start Up + Use theirs owned fund + High netwok
individual (As mentor) + First or Very early investors

P2P Lending + Emerging area in financial services + Unsecured loans (online) + Enable individual to obtain loans directly
from other individual + Website connect directly to the investor + Interest rates generally high. + RBI approve P2P +
Register restricted to 10 lakh for borrower and lender + One transaction not exceed 50000/-

Business Incubator + Help new and Start Up companies + Develop providing services

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Negotiated Dealing System Order Matching Systems (NDS-OM) + Electronic Screen Based Anonymous + Over driven
trading system + For Dealing in G-SECS + RBI owned NDS-OM + Clearing Corporation of India limited maintian NDS-OM +
Bring transparency in secondary market in Government Securities + Member Place bids(buy order) and offers (sell
order) directly on NDS-OM.

Retail Direct System + RBI through NDS-OM + Enhancing access to Government securities market for retail investors.

Unicorn + Enterprises valued at more than 1$ Billion – Minicorn + Start-up + Valuation over $1 million

Soonicorn + Start-up Funded by Angel investor or venture capitalists. – Decacorns + Valuation above $10 Billion

IPO Grey Market + Unofficial Market + Where IPO share or application bought and sold before they becomes available
for trading on the stock market + Parallel market or an over the counter market + Unofficial inevitable + No Regulation.

Social Stock Exchange (Union Budget 2019-20) + SEBI introduced + Additional avenues to soial enterprises for raising
funds - BSE and NSE got SEBI nod for SSE + Allowed the investor purhcse share in SSE + vetted by an official exchange.

Fin Tech + Delivery of All kind of financial services + Use of technology + Online mediator + Promoting JAM Trinity

International Financial Service Centre Authority 2020 + Statutory authority + Under International Financial Service
Centre Act 2019 + Headquarters GIFT City, Gandhinagar in Gujarat + Unified authority to Regulate all financial services
(RBI,SEBI,PFRDA,IRDAI)

Spot Exchange + Financial Instrument and commodities Traded foe immediate delivery + Electronic Trading Platform +
Price determination efficient

National Commodity & Derivative Exchange Limited (NCDEX) e-Market Limited 2006 + Leading of National Spot
Exchange + largest agriculture commodity exchange + Headquarters Mumbai.

Indian Bullion Spot 2008 + Non Government Company + Public Unlisted Company + Mining and Quarrying Business.

International Bullion Exchange(Unions Budget 2020-21) + International Financial Service Centre + GIFT City,
Gandhinagar.

Indian Energy Exchange 2008 + Power trading platform + Central Electricity Regulating Commission + 1st and largest +
Headquarters Delhi + State Electricity Boards ,Power Producer,Power Traders,Open Access Consumer + NSE as well as
BSE + Real-time Electricity Market launch 2020.

Indian Gas Exchange 15th June 2020 + India 1st automated national level + Regulated by Petroleum and Natural Gas
Regulatory Boards.

Financial Action Tasks Force 1989 + By G7(USA,UK, Canada, France, Germany, Italy and Japan) + To check global money
laundering and terror funding + Maintain Integrity of international financial system + Headquarters Paris. + 39 members
(37 countries + 2 Regional organisation) + India observe in 2006 and members in 2010. + Money laundering (FATF
Blacklist : Myanmar,North Korea,Iran) + Pakistan removed from Grey list in october 2022.

Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act + USA Regulation + Prevent off shore tax evasion + India and US 2015 + Obtain
information about income and financial assets about US National.

Credit Rating Agencies + Analyse and evaluate individuals or company financial position and creditworthiness + Better
Decision making of lender and investor. + SEBI responsible Regulation of CRA + Credit Rating looking to borrow from
International market. - Major CRA in India : CRISIL,India Rating & Research,CARE, ICRA, Brickwork Ratings

Major CRA in Global : Fitch,Moody,S&P

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TECHNOLOGY AND FINANCE

NASSCOM – Global GDP of US$ Trillion + 2025.

FinTech + Finance for Business and consumer + Technology Innovation financial services + Modify enhance or automatic
financial services for businesses and consumer.

CryptoCurrency + Medium of exchange + Not controlled by any government or institutions.

BlockChain Technology + Distributed ledger + Set connected block of information on an online ledger

Bali Fintech Agenda + 12 Policy elements + International Monetary Fund and World Bank Launched Bali Fintech Agenda
+ Guide their own work and dialogues with National authority + Support Sustainable Development Goals

Different Payment System in India

RTGS(Real Time Gross Settlement) 2004 + Operated by RBI + Enable interbank electronic cash remittance + High Value
Transaction.

NEFT(National Electronic Fund Transfer) 2005 + By RBI + Electronic Fund Transfer between Bank account.

IMPS(Immediate Payment Services) 2010 + 24x7 Fund transfer facility.

AePS(Aadhaar Enable Payment System) + Bulk Payment of Government subsidies.

CTS(Cheque Truncation System) 2011 + To enable Faster clearance of cheque

NACH(National Automated Clearing System) 2012 + Web based Platform + Interbank electronic transactions.

Rupay 2012 + NPCI. - BBPS(Bharat Bill Payment System) 2014

BHIM (Bharat Interface for Money) 2016 + NPCI + Based on UPI

Bharat QR Code 2016 + By NPCI, VISA, MasterCard and American Express

Digital Payment in India – Faceless + Paperless + Cashless - Unified Payment Interface (UPI) + 2016

BHIM UPI + NPCI + Multiple Bank account into Single mobile application

Real Time Payment System + RBI

UPI MOU – 13 Countries want to adopt UPI + Indian digital Payment System available in : Singapore + UAE + Oman +
Bhutan + Nepal + Saudi Arabia + Malaysia + France + Belgium + Netherlands + Switzerland.

National Payment Corporation of India (NPCI) – RBI and Indian Bank Association + Under Payment and Settlement Act
2007 + Headquarters Mumbai in 2008 - Following system are Operated by NPCI : Rupay + IMPS + NACH + ABPS + NFS +
Bharat Bill Payment System.

FinTech - Largest Digital Market + Adoption rate 87% + 3rd largest ecosystem for Startup globally by DPIIT across 57
unique industry + 24 Fintech company + Unicorn Status US$ 1 Billion + World Fastest growing .

Near Field Communication – Connect and transfer information using electromagnetic signals

Prepaid Payment Instrument – Lisence and Regulated by RBI : Closed system + Semi closed + Open System.

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Block Chain and Crypto Currency – Smart Contract + Proof of work + Peer to Peer transaction + BlockChain powered
Trading Platform + Decentralised ledger + immutable record + Fintech + BlockChain.

LendTech – Alternative Lending (Accurate and Quicker)

Peer to Peer Lending + Social lending or crowd lending

Buy Now Pay Later + Short term financing + Allow Consumer to make purchase + Pay them over time + low interest rate
+ Don’t charge interest or fees + Fixed Repayment Schedule

Crowdfunding + Small amount of Capital from large number accessibility of vast network of people + Brings investor and
Entrepreneur together.

BankTech - Digitalized Platform Solution and Product to Consumer

Open Banking + 3rd Party financial services Provider + Open Access to Consumer Banking Services + Application
Programme interface + Use by consumer,Financ institutions, Third party service providers.

Neo Banks + Streamline mobile + Online banking + Digital Bank + Not have any branches and provides fincnacil service
online.

Neo Banks don’t have licence of their own bcz of RBI doesn’t allow Bank to be 100% Digital yet.

Personal Finance – WealthTech (B2B Business Solution – Bank, Investment firms, Wealth management Business)

Roboadvisory + Online wealth management services from robo-adviser + Automated investment advice based on
advanced portfolio management algorithm.

Enhancing Financial literacy + 1st Time investor by helping them + Preferred platform and investment vehicle.

Investment Tool assist – Financial Goal and diverdifyi theirs investment porfili based on their risk and return profiles.

Insurance – InsurTech + Allowing Companies to explore Avenue + Using New Stream of Data for dynamic premium
pricing + Process effectively + Evaluate risk + process contract + Underwrite Policy + Insurance web aggregator platform.

Regulatory – RegTech – Subcategory of FinTech + Cutting edged technology + Support delivery of Regulatory obligations
+ Regulatory Sand Box (Good Data Governance model + Innovators to increase efficiency + Manage risk + Regulatory
frameworks + Frauds + Risk management + Regtech application focus on KYC)

Type of Digital Wallet

Closed Wallets + Transact only same Wallet

Semi Wallet + Transact listed Merchants and Store + Making Both online and Offline payment

Open Wallet + Only by banks or Institutions partnered with another Major Bank.

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JAM Trinity(Jan Dhan, Aadhaar and Mobile) + Centre of India transformed digital Payment landscape + PMKDY (Biggest
financial inclusion in the world)

India Stack + API allow Government,Business , Start Up, Developers + Utilised Digital Infrastructure + Foundation of
Robust FinTech ecosystem in India

Aadhaar + Unique ID authority of India. - esign + Ministry of Communication and Information Technology

Digilocker + Ministry of Electronic and Information Technology - UPI + NPCI

Account Aggregator Framework + RBI + Owned by Reserve Bank Information Technology Private Limited.

Central Bank Digital Currency (Union Budget 2022-23) + Published by RBI in Ovtobe 2022

Digital Rupees Wholesale 1st November 2022

Digital Rupees Retail 1st December 2022 + 5 Cities : Mumbai + New Delhi + Bengaluru + Bhubaneswar + Chandigarh. –
Legal Tender + Flat Currency + Person to Person and Person to Merchant + e$-R (Trust, safety, Settlement Finally).

CBDC + RBI + Block chain Technology + Fungible legal tender + converted to other forms of Money + Not earn sny
interest like cash

A separate e Wallet + e form part of the currency system + e$-R through a digital wallet offered by participating banks

Regulatory Sandbox By RBI,IRDA and SEBI

Regulatory Sandbox 2019 + RBI + Cross Border Payment + FinTech Start Up and other innovations to conduct live
experiment in cintrilled enviroment + Lives testing of new product or service on Pilot Basis

MSME lending and Prevention of Financial Fraud + Themes fifth cohort announced 2022 + Way to increase in FinTech
space.

RBI + Standard Operating Procedure : Interoperable Regulatory Sandbox to regulate newer FinTech Product + more than
one regulator(Multiple,SEBI,IRDAI,PFRDA).

Framework for facilitating Small Values Digital Payment in offline mode : UPI123

Account Aggregator Network – Financial Data Sharing System + Regulate RBI Entities + Control over their financial record
and expanding potential pool of customer for Lender and FinTech Company. + Data cannot be shared without consent of
individual + 1st Step forward bringing open Banking in India + 8 largest Banks

Framework for Facilitating Small Value Digital Payment in Offline Mode 2022 + RBI : UPI123Pay + For non Internet users
to make Digital Payment + 24x7 Digital Payment (Digisaathi) + Enhancing digital Financing inclusion by enabling + UPI safe
and manner.

UPI Lite 2022 + RBI + low value UPI payment + Lite is an on device wallte + Real time small Value Payment up to 200
without entering UPI PIN.

Reserve Bank Innovation Hub (RBIH) + RBI + Bengaluru

FinTech Department 2022 + Global hackathon titled HaRBInger + RBI

National Electronic Toll Collection (NETC) – Enable toll plaza on Highways + Without stopping at toll using FASTag based
Radio Frequency Identification Technology

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UK – India FinTech JWG + Faster and Cheaper flow of remittance + Improve Connectivity UPI system and UK payment

Singapore – India FinTech JWG + API devlopment regulatory Sandbox + integrations of Payment network + Security in
payment + Digital cash flow + e KYC

The International Financial Service Centre Authority (IFSCA) + Framework for FinTech Entity in the IFSC + FinTech Hub at
GIFT-IFSC.

Digital Banking Units(DBU) + 75 DBU + 75 District + 75 Independence + 11 Public Sector Bank + 12 Private Sector Banks +
1 Small Finance Bank + 84 DBU

Fincluvation + 75th Indian independence + Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav + India Post Payment Bank + 100% Government
owned entity under Department of Post + Joint initiative FinTech Community + Parmanent Platform of IPPB to create
inclusive financial solutions with participating Start Up.

FinTech Open Mouth + Niti Aayog + first of it’s kind intiniative bringing together regulator + Hosted first ever open to sll
Hackathon.

Regtech or Regulatory Technology + Regulator use Technology + Companies are complying with norms.

SubTech or Supervisory Technology + Authority themselves to monitor + Ensure regulatory compliance by regulated
entities

AGRICULTURE

Coarse Cereal + Dry zone or semi arid zone + Africa or Asia - Cereal + Stable Crops + Most cultivable crops.

Kharif + Monsoon + September to October. - Rabi Crops + Winter + spring - Zaid Crop + Summer

Rice + 2nd largest rice + West Bengal + Uttar Pradesh + Basmatic Rice + Non Basmatic Rice.

Wheat + 2nd largest in world + Uttar Pradesh + Madhya Pradesh

Pulse + Largest producer, consumer, importer world + Madya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan + Kharif and Rabi season

Major kharif Pulse – Arhar,urad,moong. - Major Rabi Pulse – Gram(largest share) , lentil.

Millet + kharif crops + Smart food + low moderate precipitation (200-800) + Bajra(60%) + Jowar(27%) + Ragi(11%) +
2023(international Year of Millet) + largest in world + 1239 kg/ha India Yield + Pearl Millet(Bajra) + Sorgum(Jowar) +
Rajasthan, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Gujarat.

Green Revolution - Father of Green Revolution Dr.Norman E.Bourlaug + Father of Green Revolution of India M.S
Swaminathan + Green Revolution word William Gaud + HYV + Wheat, rice,maize,Jowar and bajra

Horticulture Sector + Department of Agricultural Co-operation & Farmers Welfare(Nodal dept) + Dept of Agricultural
Research & Education (35 special traits) + Mission for integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH).

Total production of Fruits + Andhra Pradesh - Flowers + Tamil Nadu.

Mission for integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) + 60:40 and 90:10 + End to end Approach + R&D,Crop
diversification, Partnership, Capacity Building – National Horticulture Mission/Board + Coconut Development Board +
Central Institute of Horticulture, Nagaland,For northeastern and Himalyan.

HORTNET – Achieve e-Governance + MIDH

Seeds - 9.4 % Certified seed + 9.8 % Hybrid seed + 100% FDI Under automatic route + National Seed Corporation 1963.

36
National Mission for Seeds 2012 + High Quality + Transport subsidy + Seed Bank + Regulation Quality of Seed (Seed Act
1966) + Seed Village Programme + Hybrid rice seed production.

Seed Act 1966 + Notified in 1968 + Central Seed Committee + Cental and Seed laboratory (Central Government) + Seed
Bill introduce in 2004.

Draft Seeds Bill 2019 + Replace Seed Act 1966 + Regulate Seed quality sold + Variety of seeds register + Minimum
Standard + Transgenic varieties of seeds + Under Environment protection Act 1986 + Label Seed container +Re constitute
the Central Seed Committee + Empowered Govt to Fix price.

Genetically Modified (GM) Crops – Plants,Animal or Micro organisms + Modern Biotechnology + Artificially inserted +
Pesticides resistance + Norman Borlaug support + Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee + under Ministry of
Environment, Forest & Climate Change + Bt Cotton (Transgenic Crop) + GM Mustard or Dhara Mustard Hybrid 11 cleared
by GEAC.

Environment Protection Act 1986 + GM Crops not approved + 5yrs or 1 lakh or Both

United States largest share GM Crops + India Fourth + Biotechnology Regulatory Authority Bill.

Fertilizer – Macro Nutrients : Nitrogen + Phosphorus + potassium + Calcium + Magnesium + Sulphur. (6)

Micro Nutrients : Copper + Zinc + iron + manganese + Boron + Chlorine + Molybdenum + nickel (8)

Primary Macro Nutrients : Nitrogen + Phosphorus + Potassium (NPK)

Urea + Nitrogen produce 86% + Consumed 74% + Import 74% + 34 Urea Manufacturing units.

Retention Pricing Scheme 1977 + Nitrogenous fertilizer (Phosphatic + Potash fertilizer) + RPS replace by NPS 2003.

New Pricing Scheme l 2003 + Farm gate price of urea fix + Diffrence between farm gate and Unit cost of
production/tonne + NPS II (2004 to 2006) + NPS lll (2006 to 14) + Modified NPS lll (2014 to 2015)

Nutrients Based Subsidy + Fertilizer fixed (annual) + Based on Nutrients content - 21 Grades of P&K fertilizer + 21
included DAP + Mutriate of Potash + Monoamminium phosphate + Triple superphosphate + Ammonium sulphate +
Single superphosphate.

Neem Coated Urea Policy 2015 + Mandatory coat 100 % domestic/import urea + extent 5 % of existing MRP of urea

New Urea Policy 2015 + Promote indigenous Production + Maximising + Promoting energy efficiency + Rationalising
subsidy burden + Only Gas Based Urea Unit + 100 % reassed capacity (RAC)

For Urea – New Pricing Scheme lll + Modified New Pricing Scheme lll + New Urea Policy 2015 to 25 Gas Based Urea Unit
+ 2015 Notification for 3 naphtha based urea unit

P & K + Nutrients Based Subsidy Policy 2010. - Integrated Pest Management + IPM.

Benefit of DBT For Fertilizer Subsidy Payment 2016 + 100% Sponsored + Point of Sale + Subsidies Price + P & K fertilizer
subsidied price in Market.

e- Urvarak – Fertilizer Dashboard + Real Time Information + Supply/available/Requirements.

Soil Health Card Scheme + Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare 2015 + Soil nutrients Status + 3yrs - 12 Parameters
: 3 Marco Nutrients (NPK) + 1 Secondary Nutrients (S) +. 5 Micro Nutrients (Zm,Fe,Cu,Mn,B) + 3 Physical parameter
(pH,EC,OC)

Relay Cropping + Sown before previous crop harvested. - Ratoon Cropping + Left uncut

37
Mixed Farming + Crop combined + Balance. - Vertical Farming – Indoor + light and Temperature + Soil less method +
less water and Pesticide.

National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) + APEDA - Participatory Guarantee Systems for India (PGS - India)
+ Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare.

Sikkim + 1st Organics fully State 2015 + World 1st 100% Organic State

Crop Diversification + 0 and 1 + Telangana Top. - Protected Special Agriculture Zone + Only agri base Industries
Permission to build

Contract Farming + Indian Contract Act 1972 + Agriculture Produce Marketing Committee) + Ministry of Agriculture and
Farmer Welfare draft Model Contract Farming Act 2018

Model Contract Farming Act 2018 + Contract Farming will be outside ambit of State AMPC + AMPC undertakes Contract
Farming + State level Conrea Farming Implementation + Sale and Pirchad of contract is out of State/UT / + Agreement (
District Registering and Agreement Recording committee) + Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Marketing, Rural
Development + Limit of Stock Holding not applicable + States legislature can enact law

Agriculture Reform : Farm Law 2020 – Price Assurance and Farm Services Act 2020 + Produce Trade and commerce Act
2020 + Essential Commodities Act 2020

Price Assurance and Farm Services Act 2020 – Farmer(producer) + Sponsors (Purchaser) + Electronic Registry + linked
insurance or Credit instrument + Minimum 1yr or one crop season and Maximum 5 yrs + Remunerative Proce and
Discovery + Resolution of Dispute + Protect farmer

Trade and commerce Act 2020 – Electronic Trading + A cross territory.

Essential Commodities Act 2020 – Six Commodities : Cereals , pulses, Onion, potato, edible,oil and oilseeds delisted +
Removing Stock Holding + Curb Hoarding and Black Marketing .

Cooperative Farming + Ministry of Cooperation 2021 + Maharashtra Top 1 + Policy + Grassroot + Ease of Doing Business
+ Sahkar se Samriddhi .

Sahakar Mitra 2020 + Misnitry of Agricultural and Farmer Welfare + Scheme on Internship Programme + Young
Professional works as intern + Initiative by National Cooperative Development Council + Internship 4 months.

Mechanisation of Agricultural – Modern agriculture + Seedbed + Sowing + weeding and interculture + Harvesting and
Threshing.

Submission on Agriculture Mechanisation 2014-15 + Custom Hiring Centre

Kritagya Hackathon 2020 + Indian Council of Agricultural Research Under National Agricultural Higher Education Projects

+ Enhancing farm Mechanisation + Women friendly equipment.

Agriculture Finance – Short Term + 15 month’s + Money Lender,Traders, Cooperative society

Medium Term + 15 month’s to 5 yrs + Money lender, cooperative society, Commercial Banks.

Long Term + Beyond 5 yrs + Promary Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank

Productive Loan + Money lender, Cooperative society and all Bank + Agriculture Production

Consumption Loan + Informal sector + Basic need. - Unproductive Loan + Informal sector + Social obligations.

Cooperative Credit Institution – Rural Cooperative Credit Institution + Short term (State, Districts Central, Primary
Agriculture) - Urban Cooperative Bank + Long term Credit (State + Rural + Primary + Rural)
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Role of NABARD + Apex Fiance Agency + Refinance to lending institutions + Available to SCARDS,SCB,RRB, Commercial
Bank approved by RBI + Institutions development + Rural financing activities + Supervisor to RRB + Assistance to
government + Training and Research facilities.

Government Promote Agriculture Credited

No Frill Account + Minimum or nil balance for Basic Banking

Promoting Microfinance institutions + without any collateral + NABARD Play important refinance low rates of interest.

KCC 1998 + Designs by NABARD + Short term credit to farmers + 5yrs Term + 18-75 yrs + implement by commercial
Banks, RRB, Cooperative + All Farmer + Tenant farmers,Oral leases, Share Copper + Personal accident insurance (50000 +
death – 25000 Disability.

Interest Subvention Scheme + crop loan upto 3 lakh at 7% rate of interest

Uniform Farmers Service Platform + Core infrastructure data application and tool + IT system

National e-governance Plan in Agriculture 2010 – 11 + 7 Pilot state + 2 UT + Use information and communication
(agriculture related).

Digital Infrastructure Mission 2021-25

Agri Stack + Technology Based intervention in Agriculture + unified platform for farmer + End to end services sector.

Agriculture Infrastructure Fund 2020 + Central Sector Scheme + medium term to long term loan facility + Post harvested
and community farming + Interest Subvention 3% loan upto limit 2 crore + Maximum 7 yrs + Credit Guarantee coverage
2 crore limit + Tenure 10 yrs(20-21 to 29-30) + 1 lakh crore provide by Bank and financial institutions as loan to PASC.

Agricultural Produce Market Committee AMPC Act 2003 + Efficient Market System + Processing + Export + effective
infrastructure + State Agricultural Produce Market Standard Bureau + PPP + Contract Farming + Date and Rate + Special
Market in Specific Crop + New Market + Notified Agriculture Commodities.

State Agricultural Produce Market Standard Bureau - Grading + Standardization + Quality certification.

The State/UT Agriculture Produce And LiveStock Marketing (Promote and facilitation) Act 2017 + Complete Freedoms
sell and Buyer (marketing channels) + Legal Framework attractive investment (private Sector) + Whole sale as unified
market + Prevent Below MSP + Payment to Farmer seller – Arunachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Chhatisgarh adopted APLM
Act 2017.

Agridex 2020 + NCDEX + Agriculture Future Trading Index + 10 Liquid commodities (Soyabean,Chana,
Coriander,Cottonseed oilcake, guar gum,guar seed, mustard seeds, refined soy oil, castor seed and jeera) + Kharif and
Rabi season.

Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) + National Standards Body of India +BIS Act 2016 + Ministry of Icnsum Affairs,Food and
Public Distribution.

Function of BIS – Formulation of Standard (14 sector) + Product Certification Scheme (ISI) + BIS voluntary in nature.

AGRMARK + certification mark of agricultural product + Directorate of Marketing and Inspection + Dept of Agricultural,
Co-operation and Farmer Welfare Under Ministry of Agriculture & Farmer Welfare + AGRMARK Head office Faridabad
Haryana + Agriculture Produce Act 1937 + 224 Difference commodities (Pulse, Cereals, essential oil, vegetables oil, fruits
& Vegetables and semi process products)

39
FPO Mark + Food Safety and Standard Act of 2006 + Hygienic food safety enviroment + Process fruit products (fruit,
beverage, fruit jams, crushes & squahses, pickle, dehydrated fruit products and fruit extracted.)

Subsidied Credit Facility + Long term finance/loan for 5-20 yrs - Medium Term finance + Farm equipment and small
machineriesn - Short Term finance + 1-2 yrs.

Minimum Support Price – 1st Announced for wheat 1966 -67 + Commision for Agriculture Cost and Prices + 1.5 times
cost of production of the crop. + 22 mandate crops + 22 mandate crops (Kharif 14 crops + Rabi Crops + Other 2 crops) -
Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) + Mill owner (Sugar cane).

PM – AASHA 2018 + Ensures Remunerative price to farmer of pulse, oilseeds, copra.

PM – AASHA 3 Components : Price Support Scheme - Pulse, oilseeds and copra + Central Nodal Agencies + State
Government + NAFED + Food Corporation of India undertakes.

Price Deficiency Payment Schemes – All oilseeds(Groundnut, soyabean,sunflower,sesamum,niger

Pilot of Private Procurement and Stockist Scheme – Participation of private sector stocklist in procurement of oilseeds

Agriculture Insurance 1958 – Comprehensive Crop insurance scheme 1985 – National Agricultural insurance Scheme
1999 – Weather Based Crop insurance scheme 2007 - Modified National Agricultural insurance scheme 2010.

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) 2016 (Replacing NAIS + MNAIS) + One nation – One scheme + Ministry of
Agriculture and Farmer Welfare + insurance coverage (23% to 50%) + Area approach Basis+ Coverage risk of pre sowing
to Post harvested loss against Natural non preventable risks + Localised Calamity(hail storm, unseasonal rains, landslide,
inundation covered) + Cover all Foods and oilseeds crops and annual commercial/Horticulture crops + General Crops
estimation Survey + Premium paid by farmer 2% actuarial rate for all Kharif oilseeds and food crops + 1.5% for all Rabi
oilseeds and food crops + 5% for commercial/Horticulture crops + Shares equally State and Central + Voluntary in nature
+ Direct Benefit Transfer + Registration to aadhar Mandatory + National Crops Insurance Portal

2018 PMFBY - 12% interest rate per paid by insurance companies to farmer+ delay in settlement of clsims beyond 10
days of cut off date

12% interest rates by State government for delay in the release of State share. -

Time of intimation of loss due to localised calamities and post harvested losses increase from 48 hrs to 72 hrs.

2020 PMFBY – Restrictions/capping on premim subsidy + 30% unirrigated areas + 25% irrigated area + Voluntary for all
farmer + State/UT have flexibility.

Restructure Weather Based Crop insurance scheme (RWBCIS) 2016 + Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare. + Risk
period sowing to maturity of a crop + Area Approach Basis + Notified Crops + Voluntary for all farmer.

RWBCIS : 2% of sum insured or actuarial rate (Kharif oilseeds and food crops) + 1.5% Rabi oilseeds and Food crops + 5%
Commerical/horticulture crops

Krishi Megh + Data recovery centre of ICAR + Built to mitigate and enhance the quality, availability and accessibility of eg
governance, research, extension and education in agriculture + Deep learning Software.

Biotech KISAN Programme + Farmer centric scheme for farmer + Pan India program + Entrepreneurship + Innovation for
farmer + empower women + Dept of Biotechnology + Ministry of Science and Technology

40
Situation Assesment Survey + National Statistical Office(77th round of Survey – 1st January 2019 to 31 December 2019) +
Land and LiveStock Holding of Household and Situation Assesment of Agricultural Household (SAS) + 1ST Published 2014.

20th Livestock Census 1919 + Ministry of Fisheries,Animal Husbandry and Dairying 2019 + Collected online.

National LiveStock Mission 2014 – 15 + Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare + Sustainable Development +
Quantitative and Qualitative Instrument + Flexibility formulating and exexuting scheme.

Sweet Revolution + National Beekeeping and House Mission (NBHM) + Atma Nirbhar Bharat Scheme + National Bee
Board + 500 crore 2022 – 2021 To 2022-23 + Integrated Beekeeping Development Centre + Empowerment of women +
Khadi and Village Industry Commission (KVIC) Launched Mobile Honey Processing Van.

Red Revolution – 2nd largest beef exporting countries + India rank 5th meat production + Laboratory in Delhi one Stop
Solutions + 100 % FDI + R&D food Processor

Blue Revolution – Fisherman + Dr.Arun Krishnan and Dr.Hiralal Chaufhuri + Procces and transform + National Fisheries
Development Board + PMMSY (2019 - 20) 5yrs + Fisheries and Aquaculture infrastructure development fund 5 yrs + KCC
+ 4TH Largest exporter of fish + Sunrise Sector + Amdra Pradesh highest inland fish production + Gujarat highest Marine
fish 22 million metric tonnes fish production 2024 – 25 Target.

Multipropose Seaweed Park + Tamilnadu. - PMMKSSY + earning and Income of fisherman,fish vendor and micro &
small enterprises in fisheries sector.

White Revolution + Key Village scheme + National Dairy Development board + Intensive Cattles Development + Village
milk producer cooperation + Father of white Revolution Dr.Verghese Kurien.

Rashtriya Gokul Mission 2014 + Indigenous Breed of bovine Cow + 2025 Crore + e pashuhaat + Gokul gram + Kamdhenu
award(institution /NGO/Trust) and Gopal Ratna Award(indigenous Breed + Best management practices).

World Milk day + 1 June (FAO) - National Milk Day + 26 November (Dr.Verghese Kurien)

National Animal Disease Control Programme 2019 + Foot and Mouth Disease + Brucellosis livestock + eradication 2030
+ vaccination of 500 million livestock FMD + 36 million female Brucellosis + 100% cattle, buffalo,sheep,goat,pig for FMD +
100% bovine female calves of 4-8 months of age for Brucellosis by 2025.

Brucellosis + Diseases of cattle and buffalo + bacterium Brucellosis abortus.

Agreement on Agriculture + International Treaty of WTO + Uruguay round of general agreement on Tariff and Trade +
WTO 1995 – 3 Pillar : Domestic + Market + Export.

Ethanol Blended With Petrol (EBP) Programme + 20% achieved by 2025.

Doubling Farming Income 2016 + Inter Ministerial Expert Committee + Dr.Ashok Dalwai.

Climate Smart Agriculture 2010 + FAO + Productivity, Climate Change, Reducing Greens houz gases

National e-governance Plan in Agriculture + Development of agricultural – ICT - Kisan SMS Portal - Crop insurance
Mobile App - National Agricultural Market - Seed net.

Green – Ag Project + Reduce emissions from Agriculture + atleast 104070 ha + Sustainable land and water management
+ 49 millon carbon dioxide + 5 State (Mizoram, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Uttrakhand) + funded by Global
Environment Facility + Dept of Agricultural, Cooperation and Farmer Welfare is National executing Agency.

e-choupal – Initiative of ITC Ltd + Farming information + Elimination of middle men + Access to storage Service and
agriculture equipment to the farmer + 6500 centre + 40000 Village.

41
FOOD SECURITY AND FOOD MANAGEMENT

World Food Conference 1974 - World Food summit 1996 : Food access + Availability + Food use + Stability.

SDG 2 : Zero Hunger ( SDG 2015 – 2030) : End Hunger + Achieved food security + improved nutrition + promote
sustainable agriculture + 2nd goal out of 17 goals of SDG by United Nation 2015 - Procurement + Distribution +
Maintenance of Buffer Stock.

Public Distribution System + 14 January 1945 + FCI launched PDS 1965 + Jointly Central and State + Two Cereal (Rice +
Wheat) + 4 four essential commodities (sugar, edible oil,soft coke, kerosene oil) + Beneficiaries through Fair Price Shop
(Ration Card) + Storage Transportation and Bulk allocation food grain + Beneficiary and Supervision of FPS + Identification
of BPL and Ration Card.

Revamped Public Distribution System 1992 + Strengthen and Streamline PDS.

Targeted Public Distribution System 1997 + Poor all areas + Below Poverty Line and Above Poverty Line + AAY 2001
(Poorest of the Poor) + BPL (Below 15000 per annum) + 35 kg increase per household per month + APL 100% and BPL
50% of the economic cost.

Right to Food + 1st UN Declaration of Human Rights 1948 + Formal adoption of Right to adequate Food in World Food
Summit 1966 .

National Food Security Act 2013 + Right Based Approach : TDPS ,Mid Day Meal 1995 Centrally sponsored scheme + ICDS
1975 + 75 % Rural and 50% Urban through TDPS + 67% 2011 census Population + AAY 35 Kg household/month’s +
Priority Household 5kg/person Priority Category + 1/2/3 per kg for Nutricireal/Wheat/Rice + DBT + 3 UT (Chandigarh,
Puducherry) and Urban (Dadra,Nagar Haveli) Cash Tranfer mode.

PMGKAY 1 January 2023 – Food Subsidy (FCI) + Food subsidy with procurement, allocation, delivery of free foodgrain
under NFSA.

Food Corporation of India 1965 + FCI Act 1964 + Headquarters Delhi + Effective Price Support + Distribution of foodgrain
+ Satisfactory level + Procurement, storage, movement, distribution,sale of food grain + At support price + Buffer Stocks
and Strategic reserve as per foodgrain Stockings Norms 2015 + Procurement cost, Procurement Price, Distribution cost.

Recommendation of Shanka Kumar Committee 2014 + FCI should hand over all procurement operations of
Wheat,Paddy,Rice to the State + Cash Tranfer in PDS should be gradually introduced + Prevent leakage and corruption.

FoodGrain Stockings Norms 2015 + Rice and wheat only + Meet prescribed minimum Stockist norms + Ensure monthly
release of Foodgrain (TDPS/other) + Meet emergency situation + Use and supply foodgrain – Operational Stock or Buffer
Stocks by Central Government at beginning each other - Strategic reserve + FCI at beginning of every Quarter

One Nation One Ration Card or Integrated Management of Public Distribution System (IM – PDS) 2018 + Nation Wide +
Migratory Ration Card holder lift entitle Foodgrain any FPS in India + Enable in all 36 State/UT + 100% of Total NFSA

Automation of FPS + Efficiency in allocation + Distribution of Foodgrain + Tracking + Realtime Basis.

ICDS and PM Poshan 2020-21 + Fortified Rice

PMGKAY 2020 March + Relief Package 1.70 lakh crore Yojana + Fight Battle against COVID 19 pandemic induce
economics crisis + Distribution of additional free of costs foodgrain (Rice/Wheat).

National Food Security Mission 2007 + Centrally sponsored scheme + Rice, Wheat,Pulse.

NFSM-Rice + NFSM-Wheat + NFSM-Pulse + NFSM-Coarse Cereals + NFSM-Nutri Cereal + NFSM-Commercial Crops + 28

42
National Mission on Edible Oils 2021 + Oil Palm.

The Global Food Policy Report 2022 + Food Production will grow 60% over 2010 level by 2050 + could drop 16% +
increase 23% by 2030

Global Hunger Index 2022 + Concern worldwide + Welthungerlife + 4 indicator : Undernourishment + Child Stunting +
Child wasting + Child Mortality (Both 5 yrs age)

Global Food Security Index 2012 + Economicst Intelligent Unit based in London.

Food And Agriculture Organization + Rome Italy + 16 October 1945 (World Food day 16 October) + World Food summit
1996 (Rome Declaration).

Codex Alimentarius 1963 + FAO + WHO + Protecting consumer health and ensuring fair practice food trade + India
member in 1964.

Ensuring Right of Consumers – Dept of

Ensuring Right of Consumers – Dept of Consumer Affair under Ministry of Consumer Affairs,Food and Public Distribution
: Consumer Protection Act 1986 + Bureau of Indian Standard act 2016 + Standard of weight and measure Act 2020 +
Essential Commodities Act 2020 + Prevention of Black Marketing and Maintenance of supply of essential commodities
Act 1980.

The Consumer Protection Act 2019 (Replace consumer protection act 1986) + cover all good and services – 6 Right of
Consumer : informed + Safety + choose + Heard + redressal + consumer education – Product liabilities for giving
compensation + Consumer Dispute Redressal Commission (District 20 lakh to 1 crore) + Complain electronic anywhere +
Central Consumer Protection Authority + Penalties : 3 yrs imprisonment or fine 25000-1lakh or both

Regulation of Rent + Payable Rent should not exceed 1/5th to 1/4th of Gross production of land.

Tenant + occupy through claim or right or title. - Occupancy Tenancy + Permanent and heritable right + Security tenure

Tenancy at Will + Fixed Without any lease or written agreement.

Reorganization of Agricultural – Ceiling on agriculture Land Holding + Consolidation of Landholding + Cooperative

Ceiling on agriculture Land Holding + Future + Existing + Base on Family Landholding (1st FYP) + Exemption (Tea,coffe and
rubber plantation,Comapc area orchard, Cattle breeding, Dairy,wool raising,Sigrarcan, Blocks farm with heavy investment
and permanent structure) + State should lay down their own policy (2nd FYP).

Cooperative Farming + Gadgil Committee on Cooperative Farming stated + Only 1/3rd of these formed societies attained
their goals and requirements.

West Bengal - Operations Barga 1979 + Recording of bargadars (sharecropper) to protect them against illegal eviction by
landlords.

Uttar Pradesh – Zamindars Abolition and Land Reform Act 1950 + ceiling limit 40 acres + down ceiling limit and remove
many of the Exemption given in the earlier Act (ceiling fixed 7.3 hectares of irrigated land for a famo of five.

Kerala : Land Reform Act 1963 + land to the tiller policy.

Right to Fair Compensation and Transparancy in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act,2013 + Under
Land Acquisition act of 1894 + Farmer welfare and prosperity + 80% for private projects + 70% for PPP + Soxial Impact
Assesment + Food Security (multi cropped land) + Compensation (4 times of market value in rural areas and 2 times of
the market values in Urban area) + Land left unused after acquisition for 5 yrs.

43
Right to Affairs Compensation and Transparancy in land Acquisition Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill 2015 + 5
Categories : Defence, rural infrastructure, affordable housing, industrial corridor and Infrastructure Project (PPP) Project
exemption above Five category LARR act 2013 + Consent 80% of the landowners for private projects + 70% of the
landowners for PPP exemption in the Bill + LARR Act 2013 to private entities + multi cropped land can be acquired

Model Agriculture Land Leasing Act 2016 + Niti Aayog + Recommendation T.Haque Committee + leasing legislation +
local requirements.

Cadastral Data + geographic extent of the past, current and future right and interest in real property.

Land titling + Land Reform (Private Individual and families given formal property rights for land (previously occupied
informally or Used.

Digital India Land Record Modernization Programme (DILRMP) 2008 + Computer of Land Record + Central Sector
Scheme 100% funding + Extended 2025 -26 + National Information Centre + installation and maintenance hardware and
Software.

Natioanal Genetic Documents Registration System + One Nation one software for uniform registration

Integrated Land Management Information System + Digital Land Record database and management.

Unique Land Parcel Identification Number : 14 digit alpha numeric unique

IRRIGATION IN INDIA

Cultural Command Area + Irrigated + Fit for cultivation. - Agriculture Year + 1st July to 30 June

Net Irrigated Area + Any sources + once in particular Crops. - Gross Irrigated Area + More than once + Number Of times

Irrigation Potential Created + Can be Irrigated. - Irrigation Potential Utilised + Actully Irrigated

Net Sown Area + Total area sown + crops and orchard + once in same year.

Gross Cropped Area + Total area sown once + more than once particular year .

Cropped Intensity + Ratio of gross Cropped Area to net sown area

Allepathy + Biological phenomenon + which organism produce one or more biochemical.

Rice + 450 – 700 - Sugarcane + 1500 – 2500 - Maize + 500 – 800 - Wheat+ 450 - 650

Well Irrigation + Saline Water not preferable + most popular (Tube well + Uttar Pradesh – Dug Well + Madhya Pradesh)

Canal Irrigation + Second most popular + easily Extended + drained by Perennial river + Contrill by River valleys Project +
Dual purpose (Inundation Canals + During Rainy season – Pereni Canals+ Throughout year) + Uttar Pradesh Top.

Tank Irrigation + Traditional + Deccan Plateau and Southern India + Andra Pradesh Top.

Wheat + 46.1(Highest). - Rice + 41%(2nd highest)

Surface Irrigation + Gravity Flow + Loamy or clay soil + Flat land slope + labour intensive + Widely Used

Surface Irrigation : Flood + Border + Furrow

Basin Method + 10 – 100 square method + Rice cultivation + Wastage of land. - Furrow Irrigation + Row crops + Very
attractive.

44
Micro Irrigation + Low volume and low pressure + Soil Health Manegement + Prevent Water logging + Water Savings
upto 40% + Crop enhance 47% + Micro Irrigation Fund 5000 crore NABARD loans to State Government.

Micro Irrigation : Sprinkler + Drip + Sub surface + centre pivot

Sprinkler + All type of Crops + Small to Large Area + Not require any channel + Entire Area.

Drip Irrigation + Suitable most of soil + Directly supplied near roots of plants.

Sub surface + Network of Polythene pipes + Water directli root zone of plant + Arid and Windy location + Costly & Expert

Centre pivot + Self propelled system + Rotate slowly + Lagre circular area.

Strength of Micro Irrigation – Energy savings 10-17% + Labour costs savings 30 -40 % + Fertilizer Saving 11-19 % + Crop
Productivity 20-38%

Minor Irrigation Project + Culture Command Area less than 2000 ha. - Medium Irrigation Project + CCA less than 2000
to 10000. - Major Irrigation Project + More than 10000 ha.

Central Ground Water Boards 1970 + National Apex Agencies for Ground Water + implement by NAQUIM.

Central Ground Water Authority 1997 + Under Environment Protection Act 1986.

PMKSY 2015-2016 + Under Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare : Irrigation + Watersheds + Farm Management +
Nodal Ministry Ministry of Jal Shakti 2016 – Motto Har Khet Ko Paani.

Principal Component PMKSY : Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme + 1996-97 + implement by Ministry of Jal
Shakti + loans Assistance + Restart stopped river valleys Project

Har Khet Ko Paani + Extending coverage of irrigation + implement by Ministry of Jal Shakti

Per Drop More Crop(Micro Irrigation) + Financial assistance + 55% small and marginal farmers + 45 % for other farmer +
60:40 + 90:10 : 100 + Minsity of Agriculture and Welfare Farmer - Watershed Development + Dept of Land Resources

Neeranchal National Watershed Project (NNWP) 2016-17 to 2021-22 + from International Development Association arm
of World Bank + 50% Financial Assistance + Support PMKSY + Wasteland Targeted + Nodal Ministry of Rural Development
+ Focus more on 9 State : Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Telengana, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh,
Jharkhand and Maharashtra.

4 Components of NNWP : Central Institution, Capacity Building, National Innovation Support, Support to IWMP and
Project Management and Coordination.

Atal Bhujal Yojana 2019 + Central Sector Scheme + Water User Association + Sustainable management of ground Water
+ community participation + Ministry of Jal Shakti + Govt of India and World Bank 50:50 Basis

National Hydrology Project 2016 + Central Sector Scheme Under Ministry of Jal Shakti + Supported by World Bank

4 Components NHP : Hydromet Monitoring System and Hydromet Data Acquisition System

National Water informatics Centre + Water Resources operation and Management System + Water Resources Institutions
and Capacity Building.

Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas + Signatory to UNCCCD + Neutral status to land degradation by 2030

National Aquifer Mapping and Management Programme (NAQUIM) + implement by Central Ground Water Boards +
Initiative Ground Water Management and Regulations Scheme.

Root Zone Moisture + 39 inches + Cultivation for Grapes

45
BHUVAN APP 2019 + ISRO+ Exploring 2D/3D Representation of Earth Surface + High Resolution + Thematic Map + Per
Drop more crop of PMKSY are geo tagged + Provide information on WUE + Local langauge (English,Tamil,Hindi and
Telugu)

INDIA – EU WATER PARTNERSHIP (IEWP) + Joint Declaration of Water adopted by India + 13th EU India Summit in Bruseel
+ increase Cooperation on Water issues (Clean Ganga Programme)

INDIAN INDUSTRY (Mining + Manufacturing + Electricity + gas + Water supply + Construction)

Industrial Policy Resolution 1948 + Mixed economy + Protectini cottage and small scale industries + Fair wage and Social
security + Special stress (road, railway, Electricity, Irrigation.

4 Types Industry – Central Government Monopoly (arms, ammunition, atomic energy,Rail transport)

Mixed Sector Government and Private (Coal,iron,Steel, aircraft manufacturing, ship Building, mineral oil, telegraph and
telephone).

Controlled Private Sector + Government controlled directly. - Industry Under Private Sector.

The Industries (Development & Regulation) Act 1951 + Licensing.

Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 + P.C.Mahanobis + Economic Constitution of India or Bible of State Capiltalism +
Heavy industry + Backward regional + ITI + Foreign Capital + Private Sector and Industrial lisencing policy - Schedule A
(Central + 17 Industry) + Schedule B (Private and Public + 12 Industry) + Schedule C(Private Sector but subject to licensing
and regulation + All others)

Industrial Policy Statement of 1969 + Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practice. Act 1969 + Recommended by Dutt
Committee + replace by Competition Act 2002.

Industrial Policy Statement of 1973 + Iron and steel, cement,coal,crude oil,oil refinary and electricity + Infrastructure
Industry + PPP(State, Centre, Private) + Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) 1973 Enacted + Limited investment by
MNC in the country.

Industrial Policy Statement of 1977 + Janata Government 1977 + Small and tiny industry + Tiny unit ( investment in
machinery and equipment up to 1 lakh less than 50000) + Interaction between industry and Agriculture + Power
Generation and Transmission sectors.

Industrial Policy Statement of 1980 + Pillars of economic Infrastructure + Public Sector + Reliability + Requirements of
large investment + longet gestation period + Relaxation from licensing + Small scale industries increase + Competition
domestic market technology upgradation and modernization.

Industry Pre 1991 Policies : Protection to Local Industry + import Control + Foreign Capital + Public Sector.

New Industrial Policy (NIP 1991 + Industrial De licensing (except 18) + 5 industry require industrial licensing (Alcoholic,
Tobacco, aerospace and defence, explosive, hazardous chemicals) + De reservation of Public Sector (Reduce the number
of industry reserve for public sector + Reduced number of industry reserved for public sector from 17 to 8 + 2 sector
public sector (Atomic + Railway operation) + Foreign investment (direct and indirect) + Foreign Technology Agreement +
Ammendment in MRTP Act + Dilution of Protection.

Public Sector Undertaking + Company Stock 51% by Government : Central Public Sector Enterprises + Public Sector
Enterprises + State levels Public Enterprises.

CPSE + 51 % or more + Ministry of Heavy Industry and Public Enterprises – 4 Sector (Agriculture,mining and exploration,
manufacturing and services.
46
Central Public Sector Enterprises – Miniratna (l &ll) + Navratna + Maharatna

Navratna 1997 – Miniratna l + Schedule A + 3 MOU excellent or Very a good last 5 yrs + score 60 out of 100 last 3 yrs +
scored based on 6 Parameter (Net profit 25 + Manpower 15 + Gross Margin 15 + Gross Profit 15 + Earning 10 +
Intersectoral 20 ) + 4 Independent Director.

Financial Autonomy to Navratna CPSE + Invest upto 15% of its net worth in single project + limit an absolute ceiling 1000
crore without Government Approval + Together not exceed 30% of Net worth of that CPSE.

12 CPSE Navratna Status - Bharat Electronics + Containers Corporation + Enginneer India + Hindustan Aeronautics +
Mahanagar Telephone + National Aluminium Company + NBCC + NMBC + NLC + OIL INDIA + Rashtriya Ispat Nigam +
Shipping Corporation of India.

Category l Miniratna + Profit in last 3yrs + pre tax profit of 30 crore or more + 3 yrs Positive Net worth + financial
Autonomy + Without Government Approval upto 300 crore or equal or lower.

Category ll Miniratna + Profit in last 3yrs + 3 yrs Positive Net worth + financial Autonomy + Without Government
Approval upto 150 crore upto 50% Net worth.

62 Category l Miniratna + 12 Category ll Miniratna

Criteria for granting Maharatna Status to a CPSE – Navaratna Status + Indian stock exchange with prescribed libkic
shareholding + Average annual turnover more than 25000 crore dureingi last 3yrs + Average annual net worth of more
than 15000 crore + during last 3yrs + Average annual net profit after tax or more than 5000 crore during last 3 yrs.

Financial Autonomy to Maharatna CPSE + 15% Net worth single project + Absolute ceiling 5000 crore without
Government approvo against 1000 crore limit for Navratnas + Overall ceiling project together not exceed 30% of nrt
worth CPSE.

12 CPSE Maharatna Status : Bharat Heavy Electrical + Bharat Petroleum Corporation + Coal India + GAIL India +
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation + Indian Oil corporation + Indian Oil Corporation + NPTC + Oil & Natural Gas
Corporation + Power Grid Corporation + Steel Authority + Power Finance Corporation + Rural Electrification Corporation

Atmanirbhat Bharat Mission + CPSE should only be in strategic sector + 4 Basket Board (National Security, Critical
infrastructure, energy and minerals and Financial Service).

Tools To Measure Performance Of Industry - Index of Industrial Production + Index of Eight Core Industry + Annual
survey Industry + Purchasing Managers Index.

Index of Industrial Production + CSO + Ministry of Statistics and Programme + Every Month + Short term Change in
volume of Production + Base Year ,2011 – 12 + Collected from 14 Ministries + Mining Sector (14.4 % weight) +
Manufacturing Sector (77.6%weight) + Electricity (8% weight) : Total 100 % + 21 Sector Positive Growth.

Index of Eight Core Industries + 40.27%weight in IIP + Barometer of monthly industrial performance + Refinary Product
(28%) Top + Fertilizer (2.6%) Bottom

Annual Survey of Industries + Annually NSO + Under Collection of Statistics Act 2008 + Factory Act 1948 (employing 10
or more worker using Power + Those employing 20 or more using Power)

Annual Survey of Industries not cover : Defence + Oil + Railway + Government mints + sanitary + Water supply + Gas
storage etc.

Unorganised Manufacturing Sector + NSO + 5yrs.

Important Indicator Generate by ASI + Number of Factory + Production + employment + wages + invested Capital +
Capital formation + Input/output + Value Added on annual Basis.
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Purchasing Manager Index + Published by Japanese firm Nikkel + Compiled by Markit Economics + Indicator of
economic Health of the manufacturing and services sector + Manufacturing PMI and Services PMI + Monthly Survey of
private Sector companies + Survey of 400 purchasing Manager + 5 Major indicator : New Order, inventory level +
Production + Supplier deliveries + Employment environment.

Industrial Sickness + Company Act 2013 + 50% or more of its outstanding debt + Failed to pay debt 39 days of demand
Notice + Secured creditor may approach National Company Law Tribunal + NCLT revival/rehabilitation + Rehabilitation
and Insolvency Fund( Grand by Central Government + Contribution by company + Return from investment

Board of Industrial and Financial Reconstruction 1987 + Under Sick Industrial Company (Special Provision) Act 1985 +
Allowing the company on its own + Make it net worth positive with reasonable period .

National Manufacturing Policy 2011 + National Investment and Manufacturing Zones as State of the art infrastructure +
14 NIMZ + Increase Manufacturing Growth 12-14% medium term + 100 Million additional job 2022 + Skill sets rural and
urban poor inclusive + Domestic Value edition + Technological Dept + Global Competitive + Sustainable Growth.

The Company Amendment Act 2019 ( 1956) + No minimum paid up capital (1 lakh removed) + Business Certificate +
Common seal optional + Penalty + Losses or negative reserve cannot declare divedend + Loan or guarantee + Material
limit reporting Fraud + Redemption of preference share of outfit + Fresh issue of shares, amendment allowed +
Appointment of Auditor (Annual General Meeting) + Judicial Management Mechanisms

National Company Law Tribunal + Quasi Judicial body + Company Act 2013 + Constitute in 2016 + Replace Company Law
Boards and BIFR + Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016 + 16 Benches (1 judicial member + 1 Technical member)

Corporate Social Responsibility + Spend at least 2% of the average net profit of last 3yrs every financial year + any
unspent annual CSR transfer to one of the fund within 6 months + Promotion of Education and Poverty eradication

Steel + 2nd largest producer + largest producer of sponge iron + Net exporter of finished steel + 3rd largest consumer fo
finished steel.

National Steel Policy 2017 + Quality and cost efficiency + Coking coa, Iron ore availability + Domestic Demand + PLI
scheme (Speciality Steel or value added steel).

National Policy on Electronic 2019 + 400 Billion turnover by 2025.

Textile and Footwear Sector + 2nd largest manufacturing fibre + 45 million employees.

Production Linked Incentives 2021 + 40 MMF apparel + 10 Technical textile sector in production linked Incentives.

PM – Mega Integrated Textile Region and Apparel Park (MITRA) – 7 such mega parks + Strengthen end to end textile
solution for entire value chain.

The Code in Wages 2019 + Subsuming 4 Labour law + wages and bonus.

The Code on Industrial Relation 2020 + Subsuming 3 labour law.

The Code on Social Security 2020 + Subsuming 8 Labour law .

The Code on Occupational Safety,Health and Working Condition 2019 + Subsuming 13 Labour law.

Industrial Employment (Standing Order) Central (Amendments) Rules 2018 + Ministry of Labour and Employment fixed
term employment for all sectors + Written contract of employment for fixed Period + Permanent cannot comver to fixed
term employment + No notice of termination of employment + Ease of Doing Business

Two New Pension Scheme 2019 + Ministry of labour and employment

48
PM SYM + Voluntary and Contributory + Unorganised sector workers (18-40 yrs + monthly income 15000) + Minimum
monthly pension 3000 after 60yrs of age.

National Pension Scheme for Trader, Shopkeeper and Self Employed Person + Voluntary and Contributory + 18-40 yrs
annual turnover not exceeding 1.5. crore + Not member of EPFO/ESIC/NPS/PM-SYM or an income taxpayer + 50%
Monthly contribution (Central Government) + After 60 yrs 3000 given.

National Investment And Manufacturing Zone (NIMZ) + National Manufacturing Policy 2011 + Skill + enviroment +
Primary sector to the secondary and tertiary sector + States suitable land of 5000 ha + Atleast 30% of Total area + Special
Purpose Vehicle + Central Government Financial support not exceeding 20% project cost.

Special Economic Zone 2000 + Duty free enclave + foreign territory for purpose of Trade operation + SEZ Act 2005 +
Promote investment from domestic and foreign source

Special Economic Zone 2000 Policy 2018 + Baba Kalyani + Export Growth to Broad bases employment + economic
growth + Rules and producer + supply drivei to demand driven + Ease of Doing Business + Competitiveness by funding
high speed multimodal connectivity, business services, utility infrastructure.

The Champion Portal + ICT based technology systems + Network Control Room + Hub and Spoke Model + 68 Spokes.

Ease Doing Business + 190 Countries + World Bank + 10 indicator (Starting Business,Dealing with Construction, Getting
Electricity, Registering prosperity, Credit,Pritecing minority, Paying Tax, Trading across , Contract, Insolvency resolve.

Make In India 2014 – New process + New Infrastructure + New Sector (25 Sector in manufacturing, Infrastructure and
services activities) + New Mindset.

SIDBI (SMILE) + Short term loan to Indian SME + Focus on 22 thrust sector of Make in India.

MUDRA BANK + Provide Development and refinance to commercial Banks/NBFC/Cooperative Bank loan to Micro Unit +
Credit Plus approach.

eBIZ PROJECT + Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP) + One Stop Shop + friendly environment + Service
orientation approach to investor, investor and business + Requirements of businesses for G2B life cycle.

Start Up India 2016 + Strong eco system + sustainable growth + employment opportunities + Innovation + Design – Fund
for Start Up + 10000 crore + SIDBI.

Stand Up India 2016 – SC ,ST and women enterpreneur + Crucial Linked to Central and State SC/ST + Handhold (Pre loan
+ Operation) + Dept of Financial Service is settler + Financial Facilitate + Social inclusion in society.

SIBDI + Facilities Bank loan repayable upto 7 yrs + 10 lakh and 100 lakh for Greenfield enterprise

National Productivity Council 1958 + Promote Productivity culture in India + Under Dept for Promtitio of Industry and
Internal Trade + Ministry of commerce and industry + Autonomous + Multipatite + Non profit Organisation + Societies
Registration Act XXI of 1860 + Tokyo based Asian Productivity Organisation + Intergovernmental Body.

Industry 4.0 + Cloud computing + IoT + Machine learning + Artificial intelligence into manufacturing Procces.

National Policy Electronic 2019 + US Dollar 400 Billion Electronic Manufacturing industry 2025 + 32 % Target Next 5 yrs

Champion Sector In India + DIPP - Make in India + Champion Sector In Manufacturing(15) – Departments Commerce +
Champion Sector In service(12).

MSME + Khadi + Village + Coir Industry – Credit support + Technological assistant + infrastructure development + Skill
development + Training Enhancing competitive + Market assistance + Inclusive growth + self reliance.

49
Udyam Registration – Classification of MSME + Credit Guarantee Scheme + Public Procurement Policy + Priority Sector
Lending form Bank.

Interest Subvention – 2% for all GST registered MSME on incremental credit upto 1 crore.

All CPSU + Procure atleast 25% from MSME + Out of 25%,3% from women enterpreneur

20 Technology Centre + 100 Extension Centre be established + 70% Phama cluster.

Credit Guarantee Scheme for micro and small enterprises + NBFC to New + existing MSME upto 200 lakh for Borrowing
Unit.

Credit Linked Capital Subsidy Scheme + Encouraging technology upgradation of the MSME sector.

PMMY + Funding to non Corporate small business sector.

Public Procurement Portal for MSME + Help monitoring implementation of Public Procurement from MSME by CPSE

SFURTI + Organise the traditional industry + artisans into cluster.

Marketing Assistant and Technology Upgradation (MATU) + Financial support + foreign exhibition fair

MSME Sustainable (ZED) + Road map Global Competitiveness + Zero Defect Zero Effect +Reduce Wastage substantially +
Increase productivity + enhance enviroment consciousness.

MSME Subsidy Under ZED Certification Lveel – Micro + 80 % - Small + 60% +. Medium + 50% - Additional Subsidy
women/SC/ST +10 % - Additional Subsidy part of Micro & Small enterprises + 5%

Subordinate Debt Stressed MSME + 20000 crore

MSME Samadhana Portal + Micro And Small Enterprises file their application Delay Payment - State Government +
Micro and Small Enterprises Facilitation Council

RAMP Scheme + Strengthening institutions and Governance centre and State + improving linkage and access of MSME
Technology Upgradation.

Capacity Building of First Time MSME Exporter (CBFTE) Programme + Goods and services + High Quality + International
Standard.

MSME 2022 + Integration of Udyam and National career Services + Common Services Centre (Handholding for Udyam
registration to enterprises located remote areas)

MSME Three Platform - Trade Receivable Discounting System (TReDS) + Invoicemart + MIXchange + RXILL.

India International Trade Fair 2022 – MSME Pavillion + Indian Trade Promotion Organization under Vocal for Local,Local
to Global.

MSME – Ease of Doing Business + Export of services + Leverage PLI Scheme + Promoting Start Up

FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY IN INDIA

Convert + Preserve + Extend + Add Value – India rank 5th in Food Processing Export, productionand Consumption.

Ministry of Food Processing Industries 1988 + Sunrise Sector

Agriculture and Proccesed Food Products Export Development 1986 + Ministry of Commerce and Industry

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Stage of Food Processing – Input + Production + Procurement and Storage + Primary Processing + Secondary Processing
+ Retailing.

Food Irradiation + Improved Safety + Extent shelf life + Eliminate micro organisms and insects + Cold Process + Cobalt 60
Radiation.

PMKSY + Food Processing - PMFME + Financial + Technical + Business support + 2lakh micro food processing enterprise

Step Taken to Boost Export of Processed Food + Agriculture Export Policy + Product Specific Export Promotion Forum +
APEDA (Export Promotion Forum : Grapes + Onions + Mango + Banana + Pomegranate + Floriculture + Rice + Dairy
Product + Nutri cereals) + Farmer Connect Portal + District as Export Hubs (One District One Product)

FDI 100% Automatic Route for Food Processing Industries + E commerce 100% FDI

Food Safety and Standard Act 2006 + Replace Prevention of Food Adulteration Act 1954

PM-FME (2020-21 to 2024-25) + All India Central Sector Scheme (CSS) + Ministry of Food Processing Industries +
Competitiveness + 10000 crore for 5 yrs 20-21 to 24-25 + Centre and State 60:40 + Vocal for Local + ODOP (Perishable
agri produce,cereal based products, Minor Forest Produce or traditional food products).

One District One Product + 710 District of 35 State/UT + 137 unique products + Vocal for Local

PM-FME – Credit Linked subsidy 35% Ceiling 10 lakh - Self Help Groups provide with Seeds Capital 4 lakh + Nine lakh
skilled and semi skilled job.

Production Linked Incentive Scheme for the Food Processing Industries + Central Sector Scheme + 7yrs 21-22 to 26-27
10900 crore + Global Food manufacturing champion + Indian brands food international Market + Employment
opportunities of farm jobs + Remurstiv price of farm product +! Higher Income for Farmer.

Operation Green 2018-19 + SAMPADA + New Central Sector Scheme + Operation Flood + Tomatoes, Onion, Potato (TOP
+ 22 Perishable Product + 10 fruit and 11 vegetables and one marine) + Right Price + Losses + Stabilization for producer +
Promote FPO + Short term Price Stabilization Measure + Long term Integrated Value Chain Development Project.

MoFPI extended scope of Short term measure under Operation Green Scheme + TOP all 41 notified fruits and vegetables.

PMKSY 2017 + Ministry of Food Processing Industries + Supplement agriculture + Modernize Processing + Decrease Agri
waste + Better Price - 7 component : Mega,Cold chain, Creation/expansion,Agro Processing,Safety and Quality, Human
Resources and Institutions.

Mega Food Park Scheme + Cluster Approach + Direct linkage + Hub and Spoke Model(Raw material) + Primary Processing
Centre + Central Processing Centre + Special Purpose Vehicle + One Capital grant of 50% Project Cost (maximum of 50
crore) + MPF accommodate 30-40 FPI.

23 Mega Food Park + Srini Mega Food Park at Chittoor in Andhra Pradesh (1st Mega Food Park)

Modernization of Battoirs + Animals slaughtered to provide food for human +municipal bodies + 11 Five Years Plan –
Scientific and hygiene procedure + Modern technology + Human Treatment + Prevent microbial activity + Linkage Facility

National Mission on Food Processing 2012 + Central Sponsored scheme + Planning,monitoring of Food Processing.

Scheme of Cold Chain,Value addition and Preservation + Losses and wastage Reduce + Processing Centre + Mobile
Precooling Van + Cleaning in Place.

Argi Export Zones 2001 + APEDA + Cluster Approach identiy Potential Product + End to end Approach integrated entire
process + 60 AEZ in India (Maharashtra).

100% FDI + Automatic Route for Food Processing sector. - 100% FDI + Approval route + E commerce.
51
Special Fund of 2000 crore Under NABARD + Affordable credit. - Lower GST for raw and Proccesed product + lower Tax
slab of 5 and 12%.

Tax Holiday + Income tax Act 1961. -

Nivesh Bandhu Portal + Dissemination information on State specific resource potential + Support policy + Fiscal incentive
offered to investors in food processing sector.

National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM) + Kundli, Haryana.

Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology (IIFPT) + Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu.

Indian Grape Processing Board + Pune, Maharashtra. - National Meat and Poultry Processing Board + New Delhi.

National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM) + Indian Institute of Food
Processing Technology (IIFPT) + Institution of National Importance.

Supply Chain Management - Cold Chain + Supermarket

Cold Chain : Temparature controlled + Temprature sensitivity cargo + 3 main component : Transport, Storage equipment
and efficient management Producer + Minimal Processing Centre + Mobile Precooling Van + non linear supply chain
works + General : Producer >Wholesaler>Retailers>Consumer.

Supermarket : Producer>Supermarket>Consumer + Single Point + Dexreasi the Cost for storage + Better Margin + Linear
supply chain.

Priority Sector Lending 2015 + Inclusion of food and agro based Processing units and cold chain

FSSAI 2008 + Food Safety and Standard Act 2006 + Ministy of health and Family Welfare + Product by Product + Additive
Base approval process.

Special Food Processing Fund of 2000 crore + NABARD + affordable credit for investment to set up Mega Food park.

APEDA 1986 + agriculture and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority + Ministry of Commerce and
Industry + Financial Assistance.

SERVICES SECTOR

Sector offering intangible service to Consumer. - Gross Valua Added + 50% GVA.

Life Insurance Business + Oriental Life Insurance + Calcutta 1818

General Insurance in India + Triton Insurance Company 1850 Calcutta

Indian Life Assurance Company Act 1912 - Indian Insurance Company Act 1928 + Both Life and non life business.

Life Insurance Nationalised 1956 + 245 insurance company.

Nationalisation of General Insurance + 1 January 1973 + Passing General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Act 1972

107 Private Sector Company (55 Indian + 52 Foreign). - 2000 GIC + Reassurance Company (GIC Re)

GIC 4 Subsidiary Company : National Insurance Company Limited + New India Assurance Company Limited

Oriental Insurance Company Limited + United India Company Limited

52
Insurance Reform 1993 + Malhotra Committee : Allowing Private Sector + IRDAI 1999 + Government 50% + GIC
withdrawn from 4 Subsidiary + Decentralisation of LIC + Concerted into company + Foreign investment(FDI in insurance
sector 74%) + 100% for insurance intermediate under automatic route.

28 General Insurance + 24 Life insurance company.

IRDAI 2000 + Statutory Body : Registration and Cancelling + Protecting + Specify requirements + Efficiency and
Transparancy + Regulating investment of funds + Grievances redressal.

Insurance Amendment Bill 2021 (1938) + FDI Allowed 49% to 74% + Remove restrictions on ownership and control +
least half of the directors have to be independent director.

General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Amendment Act 2021(1972) + Removed mandatory requirement of the
Central Government holding not less than 51% of the Equity Capital + Higher private participation in Public Sector
insurance company + insurance penetrations + social protection + securing interest of Policy holder.

IRDAI (Trade credit insurance) Guidelines 2021 + Credited insurance products for MSME with customised Coverage +
Under insurance act 1938 excluding Export Credit Guarantee Corporation + Seller and supplier + Factoring Regulation Act
2011 + Bank and financial institutions + A Trade credit insurance policy.

Agriculture Insurance Company of India limited 2003 + Supervise PMFBY + AICIL by NABARD 30% and GIC (35%)

Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC) 1978 + Protect depositor + Insure all Bank deposit Limit
50000/-(Deposit insurance).

Favourable Policy Measure + Insurance Product +exempt exempt exempt (EEE) Method of Taxation + Revival Package +
Tax incentives for senior citizens + Health insurance scheme.

Insurance Scheme backed by Government

Ayushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojoana + Subsumed the Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana + upto 5 lakh
per annum per household + Secondary Tertiary hospital + Private Health facilities + Based on as socio economics caste
census

Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana + Social Security Scheme + Rural landless Household + 200 per person per annum + Central and
State + Pay no premium + 18-59yrs + Naturals Death 30000 + Permanent Disability 75000.

PMJJBY + Life insurance Scheme + 18-50 yrs + Annual premium 330/- + Payment to the nominee will be 2 lakh.

PMSBSY 2015 + Accident insurance Scheme in India + 18-70 yrs + 12 excluding service Tax + Accidental death or Full
disabb 2 lakh + Partiall 1 lakh.

Tourism Sector + US 56 Billion forex 2030 + Inclusive growth and Particularly on cruise tourism, ecotourism, adventure
tourism.

Most Domestic tourist visit – Tamil Nadu + Uttar Pradesh

Swadesh Darshan Scheme 2014-15 + Circuit for tourism + 13 Circuit.

PRASAD 2014-15 + Pilgrimage destination

E Visa Scheme 2014-15 + 5 Categories : Tourism, Business, Medical, Conference and Medical Attention.

RCS UDAN 3 2019-20 + Ministry of Civil Aviation + Air connectivity by Making it affordable.

SAATHI 2020-21 + Quality Council of India to restrict any futher transmission of the viruses.
53
Bharat Gaurav Scheme 2021-22 + Indian Railways Initiative + tourist Circuit trains + Ramayan Express + State or Private.

NIDHI 2021-22 + Register accomodation units.

LGSSCATSS 2021-22 + Administered + COVID 19 Pandemic.

Medical Tourism + Allopathy and AYUSH + Indiahealthcaretorism.com(Arabic, Russian and French).

NASSCOM + Third Largest ecosystem Start Up.

Measure Taken by Government for IT-BPM Sector

Voice Based Services + Removal Registeration ,Bank guarantee, Domestic and international. + Work from home and
remote location allowed + Inter connectivity + Infrastructure Sharing + Ministry of IT and Electronic 2014 + , incentives
BPO,/IT-ITES Operations

The Software Technology Park of India (autonomous society of Misnitry of Electronic and Information Technology
implementation agencies + Start Up India + National Software Product Policy + Angel Tax.

Telecommunication Sector + 2nd largest + Rural 44.60% + FDI 100%

Logistic Performance index by World Bank (44th) – LEADS(Logistic Ease Across Diffrence State) + Ministry of Commerce
and Industry

12 Major Port – Paradip + Chennai + Vishakapatnam + Kandla

Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust + Port with highest Cargo Capacity + Indicate by TAT(Turn around Time) of ships + 100%
Landlords Major Port.

567 Project + Under Sagarmala Programme for Holistic Development of Coastal + 59000 crore + 81 Project

Space Sector – Satelite communication + Earth observation

GAGAN – Satelite based augmentation system + GPS aided GEO Augmentation navigation + ISRO and the Airport
Authority of India.

NavIC + Autonomous regional Satelite navigation system + Time Positioning and Timings Services.

Indian Space Association 2021 + Premium industry association + Self reliant + Technology advance.

Indian Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre 2020 + Private company to use Indian Space Infrastructure.

New Space India Limited (NSIL) + GOI + Dept of Space + Operation launch vehicle and space assets of ISRO + aggregator
of user requirements + obtain commitment + Commerical arm of ISRO With Primary responsibility + Indian Industry
enable High Technology.

Antrix Corporation Limited (ACL) + Marketing arm of ISRO for Promotion + Commercial exploitation of space product +
technical consultant srvxuce + Tranfer of technology + by ISRO.

Antrix + Foreign customer. - NSIL + Local Industry - Real Estate Sector Bank + Hosuin for All.

Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act 2016 + Database + Protection + Sustainable +, Affordable Housing +
Render advices + Real Estate Appellate Tribunal + Mandatory Registation (Plot sizes of minimum 500sq.mt or 8
apartment) + Deposit (70% ) + liabilities (5yrs) + Promoter and Buyers Equal Rate + Cap on Advanced Payment (not more
than 10% Cost of plot) + Punishment (3yrs for developers).

54
National Real Estate Development Council 1998 + Autonomous self regulatory + Ministry of Housing and Urban affairs +
Induce Transparancy and ethics in real estate business and transform.

Service Purchasing Managers Index (MPI) + India service sector activity.

World Tourism Index + World Economic Forum

PM Gati Shakti Initiative + National Master Plan for Multi model Connectivity + Last mile connectivity of infrastructure
+ Economics zone (Textile, Cluster, Pharmaceutical Cluster, defence corridor, electronic,parks, industrial corridor, fishing
cluster,agrizone).

Six Pillars of PM Gati Shakti : Comprehensive + Prioritisation + Optimisation + Synchronisation + Analytical + Dynamic.

National Infrastructure Pipline 2019 + 2019-20 to 2024 -25 - 5yrs + 5 trillion 2024-25 + Total Investment planned 5
financial year (1.5 trillion – 111 lakh crore) + Both Economics and Social Infrastructure + Inter Ministerial Task Force set
up NIP for each 5 yrs + Energy 24% + Roads 19% + Urban sectors 16% + Railway 13% - Share funding : Centwl
Government 30% + State Government 40% + Private Sector 21% + NIP Hoisted by Invest India Grid + All Major
infrastructure project at single location + Project Monitoring Group (investment of 500 crore) .

National Monetization Pipeline 2022-25 + 4 yrs + 6 lakh crore + Central Government Core Asset.

National Investment and Infrastructure Fund 2015 + Both Domestic and international source + India first ever sovereign
wealth fund 40000 crore. + Alternative sources of fund for long-term capital investment + NIIF Register with SEBI as an
Alternative Fund under Indian trust act + Headquarters Mumbai + 49 % in NIIF with rest 51% Prievate sector – 3 Types of
fund : Master Fund + Fund of Fund + Strategic Opportunities Fund.

NIIF + Japan Bank for International Development 2022 + Facilities Investment across multiple sector + India Japan findi

National Logistics Policy (NLP) September 2022 + 14-18% GDP + reduce logistic cost to Single – Streamlining +
Regulatory + Skill development + Mainstreaming - Reducing the cost of logistic global benchmark 2030 + Improving.
Logistic Performance Index ranking 25 countries by 2030. - Achiever 90% or more + Fast movers 80-90% + Aspirer below
80% + Top achiver Maharashtra.

Global Infrastructure Facility 2014 + World Bank + Preparation and Stucture of complex Infrastructure PPP + Private and
institutions investors capital + Coordinate with Multilateral Development Bank, Private Sector investors + investment in
Emerging Market and Developing Economics.

The Core Principle of Global Infrastructure Facility : Public + Private Sector + Achieving Value for money + Sustainability
and Inclusiveness + Complementing individual partner.

Global Infrastructure Outlook + Global Infrastructure Hub with Oxford economics + Infrastructure investment needs and
Gap across 56 countries + Across 7 sector (Road + Rail + port +Airport + Telecom + energy + water) till 2040 + Budget 79
Trillion + Budget needed 94 Trillion + India 2nd largest infrastructure Market.

COP26 Summit + Increase non fossil fuels Energy (500 gigawatt by 2030) + Increase Renewable Energy 50% by 2030 +
Reduce carbon intensity of India Economy more than 45% 2030 + Reduce net projected carbon emissions by 1 Billon by
2030 + Achieve target of net zero carbon emissions by 2070.

Energy Sector + 3rd largest primary energy Consumer - Primary sources of production : Croad + crude oil + renewable
energy + Natural Gas - National Energy Policy 2040 (Energy Ready 2040) : Affordable Proce + Security and independence
+ sustainable and economic growth + less energy intensive + Renewable source of energy + Hydroelectric power +
efficient technology + Natural Gas for oil products.

Commerical Sources – Coal, Petroleum products, Natural gas and electricity + Command price + National and
international markets.
55
Non – Commercial Source – Firewoods ,animal waste and Agriculture waste + Domestic and Consumption purpose + Do
not have command area + Local market.

Conventional Source - Commerical Sources of energy + Total disregard of the enviroment and not enviroment Friendly +I
Unit production less.

Non conventional Source - Experimental Stage + Keep check on pollution + enviroment Friendly + Unit production is
quite high.

Global Energy Transition Index – Annually by World Economic Forum + Energy Sector 115 countries + 6 Indicator
(Capital, Investment, regulation and Political commitment, Institutions and governance, infrastructure and innovation
business environment,human capital and consumer participation and energy system Stucture) + Energy Triangle (Energy
Security, access, economics Development and Growth and environment sustainability).

Coal + 2nd largest producer and consumer of coal + Atmanirbhat Bharat 140 million tonnes 2030 – Consumer of coal :
thermal Power Station + Steel Plants + Cement factory + Railway fertiliser factory and Brick kiln.

Coal India Limited 1975 + Boost coal production + Maharatna PSU .

Coal Based Ultra Mega Power Project + 40000 MW + Central Electricity Authority and Power Finance Corporation.

Scheme for Harnessing and Allocation Koyala Transparancy in India (Shakti) + Ministry of Coal.

National Determined Contribution + Additional carbon sink 2.5 Billion to 3.0 Billion tonnes + increase Forest and tree
cover by 2030.

Crude Oil + 3rd largest crude oil importer + 6 million tonnes + Private Sector (APM) dismantle + International Oil reserve
+ New exploration and Lisencing Policy (NELP) 1997 replace by Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Police (HELP)
2016 + Single licence Exploration and Production of conventional as well as non conventional hydrocarbon resource.

Hydrocarbon Vision 2030 North East + Double Oil and Gas production by 2030

Prartyaksh Hanstanrit Labh (PAHAL) + Rationalising subsidies to LPG Customer + Largest Direct Benefit Transfer Scheme

Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT) 2008 + 5000 Compressed Biogas Plant + Production
of 15 Million Metric Tonne (MMT) 2023-24.

LAKSHYA BHARAT PORTAL 2021 + Required All Oil and Gas Organisation + Central information Pool for sourcing of
Capital Goods + Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) of items of Oil and Gas company.

Natural Gas + Maharashtra (Mumbai) + Gujarat + Tripura + Andhra Pradesh + Tamilnadu + Rajasthan + PSU.

National Gas Grid + Develop 33764 km Natural Gas Pipeline + 27000 km Natural gas pipeline + PNGRB + City Gas
contribution network

Natural Gas Regulatory Boards + Development of City Gas Distribution Network.

City Gas Distribution Network + Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Boards + 232 Geographical area for development
CGD Network.

Northeast Gas Grid 2020 + 1656 km + Connect 8 Northeast States + Approved by Government to Indradhanush Gas
limited + Vialibility Gap Funding/Capital at 60% .

Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Boards 2006 + Board Act 2006 + Statutory regulatory Body.

56
Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell 2002 + Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas + Administration subsidy on PDS
Kerosene + Domestic LPG + International oil market and domestic Price + Forecast and evaluate import and export of
Petroleum.

Electricity Sector + 3rd largest producer + 3rd largest consumer.

Power System Operation Corporation + Major Reform in Power Sector

The National LED Programme + Consume only one tenth of energy + Ordinary bulb + Energy Efficiency Services Limited
distributed LED Bulb (40% market price) + World Largest zero subsidy domestic lighting programme.

Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana 2015 + Ministry of Power + Supply of Power 24x7 + Suntransmission +
Distribution infrastructure.

Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana 2017 + Electricity Connections more than 40 million families + Both Rural and Urban Areas +
24x7 + Beneficiari 2011.

PRAAPTI App and Web Portal + Transparancy + Generation and Power purchase transaction.

Renewable Energy Source + Solar Energy + Wind energy + Tidal Energy + Biogas and Biomass Energy.

Largest share in production of solar energy sector by wind energy sector.

IREDA + Gujarat GIFT City + Finance renewable energy projects in foreign currency

Solar Energy Sector + World 3rd fastest expanding Solar power programme

Rooftops Solar Programme + 40 GW + Extended till 31 March 2026. - National Portal for Rooftops Solar 2022 + Ph ll

Development of Solar Parks and Ultra Mega Solar Power Project + 40GW March 2024 + 57 Solar Parks 39285 MW in 14
States. - Golmud Solar Parks China World largest solar park 2.8GW.

Solar City Programme + Minimum 10 % reduction in projected Demand of conventional energy at end of 5 yrs +
Renewable source of energy in city and energy efficiency measure.

Surya Mitra Scheme 2015-16 + Youth as solar PV technicians for installation, Operation and Maintenance of solear
Power Project.

Grid connected Solar PV Power Project in Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep island + Carbon Free Island by
phasing out use of diesel for generating of electricity.

National Solar Mission 2011 + Reduce Cost of Solar Power + Solar energy Corporation of India + Ministry New and
Renewable Energy + CPSU dedicated to solar energy sector.

Atal Jyoti Yojana – Solar Street light in 5 State (UP,Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha) + Solar power + Extended to North
East state, Island of Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep, 4 hilly State/UT.

PM-KUSUM 2019 – Solar Power capacity addition of 30.8.GW by in 2019 - Component A + 10000 MW of Decentralised
Grid connected Solar or other renewable energy power plant on barren/fallow land + Component B and Component C :
35 lakh Agriculture pump + 100% FDI Automatic Approval.

Solar PV + Champion Sector + Aatmanirbhar Bharat – India 1st Battery Storage and Solar Power based Suryagram
Modhera in Gujarati.

ONE SUN,ONE WORLD,ONE GRID + COP26 2021 + India and UK + International Solar Alliance + UK Greed Initiative

International Solar Alliance 2015 India + 114 Signatory countries + Tropic of Cancer + Tropic of Capricorn + Headquarters
Gurugram Haryana.
57
Wind Energy Sector + 4th highest + Tamil Nadu Top

National Wind Solar Hybrid Policy 2018 + Ministry of New and Renewable Energy + Grid connected wind solar PV
Hydrid systems + Expand Hydrid Project + 25% rated power capacity of other’resources. + CEA and Central Electric
Regulatory Commision + Formulate wind -solar Hydrid systems. - National Institute of Wind Energy + Chennai

National Hydrogen Energy Mission + Green Hydrogen (electrolysis) + NTPC Renewable Energy Ltd 1st Green Hydrogen
Mobility Project in Ladakh.

Green Energy Corridor + Solar and Wind + conventional Power Station in the Grid

National Hydrogen Green Mission + 5MMT of Green Hydrogen annually in the nation by 2030 + Financial incentives by
Strategic intervention - Waiver of interstate transmission charges 25 yrs Commision before 30th June 2025.

Tidal Energy Sector + Gulf of khamphat + Gulf of Kutch Gujarat + Tidal Energy pontential exists.

Biogas + Gobar gas Plant by using Cow dung + National Biogas and Manures Managements Programme (Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy)

National Biogas Programme + MNFRE aids + Afforestation.

National Bioenergy Programme + 600 crore (FY 2021-22 to FY 2025-26)

National Policy on Biofuels 2018 + Basic Biofuels + Advanced Biofuels + Off take assurance and Vialibility Gap Funding
for advanced Biofuels + B molasses, sugar beet, sweet sorghum,starch containing + Gap funding scheme for 2G ethanol
Bio refinerid of 5000 crore in 6 yrs – Target : 20% blending of ethanol in petrol and 5% blending of Bio diesel in diesel by
2030 + Supply chain mechanism for biodiesel production.

Renewable Energy + FDI 100% Automatic + Waiver of inter State Transmission Sytem charge + Commissioned 30th June
2025 + Renewable Purchase Obligations 2029-30 + Project Development Cell + Green Term Ahead Market (GTAM) to
facilities sale of Renewable Energy Power Exchange.

Road Transport + 87% Passenger traffic + 60% freight traffic + 2nd largest in the world + Rural Road 70 % + Urban Road +
9% + National Highway 2%.

National Highway + Ministry of Road Transport and Highways - States Highway + PWD - Maharashtra + Largest
length of Both National Highway and State Highway.

National Highway Development Project 1998 + India higher standard + Enhance the coverage of national highways.

Bharatmala Pariyojana 2017-18 – Integrating National and Economic Corridor + Economic Corridor 9000km + Inter
corridor and feeder route 6000 km + National Corridor Efficiency Improvement 5000km + Border and International
connectivity Road 2000km + Coastal and Port Connectivity Road 2000 km + Green field 800km.

Gram Sadak Yojana + Connectivity All weather Road + Necessary curve + Cross Draining structure.

Setu Bharatam 2016 + National Highway free of railway crossing by 2019

Special Accelerated Enhancement Programme + For northeastern region.

Logistic Efficiency Enhancement Programme + Multimodal logistic parks

Parvatmala Scheme (Union Budget 2022-23) + Connectivity Hilly areas + PPP.

Motor Vehicle Amendment Act 2019 + Increase by 10% + Minimum comsoens for hit and run cases (Death’+ 25000 to
200000) + injury (12500 to 5000) + Golden Hour cashless treatment + Motor Vehicle Accident Fund (Compulsary
insurance cover to all road users in India)

58
Railway Transport + 4th fourth largest network + Research Design and Standard Organisation (R&D)

Rail Development Authority 2017 + Cost + Nin fare Revenues + Quality of services and cost optimisation.

Mission 41k 2017 + 41000 crore + 90% of traffic to electric traction over diesel from 50% + 100 % Electircati of Railway
December 2023 + 1000 MV of solar Power and 200 MW of Wind energy.

Bullet Train Project + National High Speed Rail corporation + Mumbai-ahmedabad High Speed Rail Corridor.

National Rail Plan December 2020 + increase modal Share of the railway 2030.

Kavach + Armanirbhar Bharat 2000 km of network + Anti collision Device + Goal Zero Accident.

Vande Bharat Express + Engineless train sets + 160 kmph

One Station One Product Scheme (2022-23) + 535 Station with 572 outlet.

Amrit Bharat Station Scheme February 2023 + 1275 Station

Civil Aviation + Domestic + 3rd largest. - National Civil Aviation Policy 2016 + Air travels

5/20 Rule 2016 + 5 yrs + 20 aircrafts in fleet of 20 percentage of their fleet.

UDAN + Regional Connectivity Scheme + Regional Connectivity + unconnected Route + 73 unserved and undersexed
airport + Operationalized.

Atal Jhotu Yojana + Installation of Solar Street light in 5 States (UP,Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha + Solar Power) +
Extended to North East, Island UT + 4 Hilly States/UT.

Krishi Udan Scheme 2.0 + Air Transportation + All agri products + North East Hilly and Tribals region + 58 airport.

Airseva 2016 + Ministry of Civil Aviation + Free Travels experience

Digi Yatra + Biometric Bases Digital processing of passengers at airport + 100 FDI + Greenfield Under automatic route.

6 Airport PPP Mode : Ahmedabad, Guwahati, Jaipur, Lucknow, Mangalore and Thiruvananthapuram.

25 AAI Airport + Asset Monetization over the year 2022 to 25

6 Six Green Airport + Kalaburagi + Orvakal + Sindhudurg + Itanagar + Kushinagar + Mopa.

Director General of Civil Aviation - Regulatory Body Under Ministry of Civil Aviation

Bureau of Civil Aviation Security + Standard and measure civil flight.

Airport Authority of India + Public Sector Unit + Ministry of Civil Aviation + Building airport infrastructure and its
management

Pawan Hans Helicopter Limited + Mini Ratna l Category PSU + Exploration in the crude oil sector.

The largest NW 1 + Prayagraj Haldia Stretched + 1620k

Inland Vessels Act 2021 + Unified + No need for separate permission from the State + Central Database + Developing
inland waterways.

Shipping – 95 % Trade by volume + 70% Transported by sea + 13 Major Port + TAT(Turnaround Time) of ships.

Major Port Authority Act 2021 + Autonomy + Board of Major Port + Remove Tariff Authority for Major Port .

Sagarmala Project 2016 + Ministry of Port, Shipping and Waterways

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Sagarmala Project 2016 + Ministry of Port, Shipping and Waterways + Modernize + Reduce logistic.

Project Unnati + Quantitative Benchmarking Module

Project Green Port + Cleaners and Greener + Reduce carbon emissions + 30% by 2030.

National Maritime Development Project + Modernize shipping infrastructure in India

Port Community System + Integrating All Maritime Trade Related Skateholder on single Platform.

e-SANCHIT + Reducing Human Intervention

A new Captive Policy for Port Dependent Industry - Challenges of renewal of concession peirod + scope of expansion +
Dynamic Business environment

Maritime India Vision 2030 + Develop world class mega Port + Transhipment hubs + Ensure infrastructure modern.

Direct Port Entry and Direct Port Delivery : Radio Frequency Identification System + singles window.

National Logistics Portal (Marine) (NLP) + One Stop Platform aimed to connect all the Skateholder of the logistic.

Recycling Of Ship Act 2019 + Restrict and prohibition the use/installation of Hazardous material.

Shipping Corporation of India 1961 + PSU + Mumbai + largest shipping company + National and International + Navratna
to SCI 2008 + Privatization of SCI November 2019.

5G Services + 31 January 2023 + 238 Cities + 224 crore + 5 location + Cost to Start Up and MSME By Government of
India up to January 2024.

Adjusted Gross Revenue + Telecom company to Govt as Revenue Sharing Agreement + 100% FDI + Automatic Route.

National Optical Fibre Network annually 2011 + Broad Connectivity + BharatNet + 1st Pillar of Digital connectivity + 2.5
lakh Gram Panchayat + optimal mix of optical fibre, Radio and Satelite media + non discriminatory Basis + 2mbps to 20
Mbps for all household + Bharat Net projected through PPP Model by Bharat Broadband network ltd.

Telecom Regulatory Authority of India + 100 million Wi-Fi hotspot by 2023.

PM WANI + local kirana and neighborhood shops + Public Data Office.

National Digital Communication Policy 2018 + For All 4 millon additional job + Enhancing 8% of India GDP from 6.5 %. +
Global Value Chain.

National Boardband Mission – Rashtriya Boardband Abhiyan + Universal broadband Access + NBM + Bharat Net + Gram
Net + Nagar net + Jan Wifi + Fibre first Initiative (fibre to home to Enterprises) + Urban as well as Rural Areas.

National Digital Grid + National Fibre Authority

Comprehensive Telecom Development Pland for Island + Mobile Connectivity in the uncovered villages

Tele Density + Per Hundred People + Indicator of telecom Penetrations - 8 licence service areas : Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata,
Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Punjab,Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. - Highest + Delhi. - Lowest + Bihar.

Smart City Mission + 100 smart cities + Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. + Special Purpose Vehicle + City levels
Advisory Forum + Project Management Consultant

Ease of Living Index + Ministry of Housing and Urban affairs – Pillar : Quality of life + Economic Ability and Sustainability.
+ Citizens Perception Survey.

60
Municipal Performance Index + Ministry of Housing and Urban affairs + Performance of Municipality : Service, Planning,
Finance, Technology and Governance.

HEALTH AND EDUCATION

Elimination of Leprosy + Elimination of Leprosy as Public Health + National Health Policy 2002 + Leprosy free 2005.

National Strategic Plan and Roadmap for Leprosy 2023-27 + Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Surveillance in Leprosy.

Expanded Programme on Immunization 1978 + Universal Immunization Programme 1985. + Clinic Establishment
(Registration and Regulations) Act 2010.

Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act 1994.

The Ciggerate and Other Tobacco Products Act(COTPA) 2003 +. Yaws Eliminate in 2006.

National Institute of Communicable Disease 30 July 1963 + Rename Malaria Institute of India + National centre of
excellence to control communicable disease.

National Health Policy 1993 + Ministry of Health and Family Welfare + Health for All by the Year 2000 + Universal
Provision of comprehensive primary health care services + Develop Health secice infrastructure + 20 Point Programme +
National Population Policy + Preventive, promotive and rehabilitative aspects + Health Insurance Scheme.

National Health Policy 2002 + Health Volunteer + Speciality and Super speciality service + Alternative System of
Medicine

National Health Policy 2002 Goal and Volunteer + Polio free by World Health Organization 2014 + National Leprosy
Eradication Programme (every District) 2030 + Eliminate HIV/AIDS 2030 + Eliminate Kala Azar 2023 + Eliminate Lymphatic
Filariasis 2027 + Reduce mortality by 50% on account of TB + Reduce prevalence of avoidable blinedess to 25% by 2025

National Health Policy 2017 + Public Health expenditure gradually to 2.5% GDP by 2025 + Increase life expectancy at
birth(67.5 to 70 by 2025) + Reduce under 5 mortality rate to 23% by the year 2025.

National Nutrition Policy 1993 + Ministry of Women and Child Development – Aim : Reduce Malnutrition + Nutritional
Goal + Perceived Nutrition.

Nutrition Policy Instrument + Expand Nutrition intervention + Integrated Child Development Services + Adolescent girls
(ambit of ICDS) + Low cost nutritious foods + Micro Nutrient micro defeciencies among Vulnerable group + 215
kg/person/year of food grain.

National Nutrition Strategy 2017 + Niti Aayog + 3 Points %/Year reduction in underweight prevalence in children(0-3 Yrs)
by 2022 from NFHS 4 Level + 1/3rd reduction in anaemia in Children, Adolescent and Women of Reproductive Age .

Universal Health Coverage 2010 + High Level Expert Group + Achieve Universal Health Care for All by 2030 + PMJAY +
Prevention, Promotion, Treatment, Rehabilitation and Palliation.

Universal Health Coverage : Financial Protection + Gender Equity + Improved Health Outcome ,+ Efficient Accountable
and Transparent Health System + Reduction Poverty + Gender Productivity + Increase Jobs.

PMJAY + Medical Insurance cover 5 Lakh per family per annum + 4th January 2023.

Rural Health Care System in India - Primary Health Centre + Medical Officer and Village Community

Sub Centre + Between Primary Health Care System + Community + Least 1 Auxiliary nurse mid life female health workers
+ 1 Male health workers

61
Community Health Centre + 30 bedded Hospital of Referrals Unit for PHC + Specialized service + Under Minimum Needs
Programme (MNP) or Basic Minimum Service by State Government

General Insurance Corporation of India 1972 + Ministry of Finance + Under Company Act 1956

National Health Insurance (RSBY) 2007

Health Insurance for India Missing Middle 2021 + Niti Aayog + At Least 30% of Population or 40 crore individual
(Missing Middle).

Ayushman Bharat + National Health Policy 2017 + Universal Health Coverage (Health and Wellness Centre + PMJAY) +
National Health Authority Under Ministry of Helath and Family Welfare implement

Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission 27 September 2021 : Health ID + Professional Registry + Facilities Registries + Sandbox

National Digital Health Mission 2020 + National Health Authority - National Digital Health Blueprint (J

Satyanarayana Committee 2019) - National Health Stack (Niti Aayog)

Utilities Unique Identification Authority + Goods and services Network.

eSanjeevani + National Telemedicine Service of India + World Largest outpatient services system + Patient to doctor to
teleconsultation + care and Facilities + Health service to all citizens + Free of cost + Andra Pradesh, Tamilnadu and West
Bengal

Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centre + Provider to provider telemedicine Platform

eSanjeevani OPD + Telemedicine platform. - 33 Ayush Information Cell - TB eradication 2025(Mitra initiative + Digital
Portal)

Ministry of AYUSH + 13 MOU + Education of Indian System of Medicine and Ayurveda + Voluntary Certification of Yoga
Professional + 33 Ayush information Cell

SMART (Scope for Mainstreaming Ayurveda Research in Teaching Professional) + National Commission for Indian
System of Medicine + Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Science

Sarva Dawa Sevan or Mass Drug Administration (MDA) + Ministry of Health and Family Welfare + Eliminate Lymphatic
Filariasis by 2027.

Investment Opportunities in India Healthcare Sector Report 2021 + Niti Aayog

BIRAC + Cost effective COVID Vaccine. - Campaign Har Ghar Dastak.

Universal Education Commission 1948 + Chairmanship Dr.RadhaKrishnan : Allocate fund + Rural University + College for
women + English medium of instruction

Secondary Education Commission 1952-53 + Chairmanship of Dr.Lakshwanswami Mudaliyar 1952 + 3 yrs +

Kothari Commission 1964 + Chairmanship of Daulat Singh kothar : Free and compulsory education for Children age 6-14
yrs + 3 Langauge formula + Freedom of Teachers + Game and Sports + Indian Education Services.

National Policy on Education 1968 + Recommendation of Kothari Commission + Development of Indian Language and
Literature + Adoption of 10+2+3 Pattern .

National Policy on Education 1986 + Remove disparity + Equal education opportunities for women, Schedule Caste and
Schedule Tribes

62
National Advisory Committee 1993 + MHRD + Learning without Burden.

Operation Blackboard 1987 + Open University system + NPE 1986 Modified 1992 in Government

Operation Digital Boards 2019 + Ministry of Education. - Rights to Education act + 4 August 2009

Mid-Day Meal Scheme 1995 + National Programme of Nutritional Support + Support to Primary Education + Centrally
sponsored scheme + Relaunched in 2004 + Till VIII in 2007.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) 2001 + Elementary education. - RMSA 2009 + Secondary Education

RUSA 2013 + Central + Higher education Institutions. – National Achivement Survey 2021 + Ministry of Education

National Curriculum Framework 2005 + SCERT Framework + Learning without Burden

Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009 + 6-14yrs + Private school to reserve 25% (EWS) + Pupil
Teacher ratio.

National Education Policy 2020 + Pre school to secondary school + 100% Gross Enrilm Ratio (GER) by 2030 - 5+3+3+4
Curriculum Structure + 360⁰ Holistic Progress Card for assesment reform + National Curriculum Framework for Teachers
Education 2021 formulated by NCTE.

PM SCHOOL FOR RISING INDIA (PM-SHRI) + 2022-23 to 2026-27

Samagra Shiksha : Integrated scheme covering all classes + Pre primary to Senior Secondary Education + National
Education Policy 2020. - Vidyanjali + Qualify of School Education

Performance Grading Index + Departmental of School Education and Literacy + Evaluate relative performance of all
States and UT + 70 Indicator carrying score of 1000.

Data Governance Quality Index 2020 + Niti Aayog - Respect of 3 Scheme : Samagra Shikha, Mid-Day Meal and National
Means Cum Merit Scholarship

Monodarpan Programme + Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan + NCERT + Phyco social Support

Academic Bank of Credit + Digital Storage of the Academic Credits + Recognised Higher Education Institutions

New India Literacy Prgeamm 2022-26 + 5 yrs + 5 crore learner + Foundation Literacy and Numeracy Component :
Literacy and Numeracy,Skills, Vocational, Basic Education and Contunuting Education.

PM POSHAN 2021-22 To 2025-26 + 5yrs - SWAYAM (Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds) 2016

Swayamprabha + 32 DTH channel + curriculum + diverse discipline – To all Teacher, Students and Citizen.

PRASHAST (PRE ASSESSMENT HOLISTIC SCREENING TOOL) + Deprsmen of School Education & Literacy (Android mobile
app) during (Shikshak Parv 2022) + Screening 21 Disability condition recognised RPwD.

NISHTA 4.0 (ECCE) 2022 + Online Teacher programe for Early Chudlhh care and education +6 Modules + Train 25 lakh
Teacher + Pre primary and Primary levels

63
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS

Monetary Transaction of the residents country vis a vis rest of the World - Goods + Services+ Capital.

Balance of Payment + Current A/c + Capital A/c + Net Error and Ommission + Foreign Exchange Reserve + Accrual Basis

Balance in current account + Balance in Capital account

BOP + Vertical double entry system of accounting + All inflow are credited and outflow debited

Credit – Export + Receivable + Income + Tranfer Receipt + Reduction Foreign asset or Increase in foreign liabilities.

Debit – Import + Payable + Income + Tranfer Payment + Increase in foreign Asset or Decrease in Foreign liabilities.

Balance in current account – Balance of Visible or Trade + Balance of Invisible

Balance in current account – Record all transactions + Goods, Services and income by residents during Financial year

Balance of Visible or Trade + Value of import + export (Physical goods or visible items)

BOT – Value of Export (of goods) – Value of Import (Of Goods)

If Export are more than Import + Trade Suplus - If Export are less than Import + Trade Deficit

If Export = Import + Trade Equilibrium. - BOT always negative + Trade Deficit

Value of Import and Value of Export + Free on Board (FOB). - Value of Export + FOB in India

Import considered on CIF : Cost + Insurance + Freight. - Transactions to Non monetary gold included under BOT

Balance of Trade + Visible items or merchandise + Narrow Concept + Current account

Balance in Current Account + Both Visible + Invisible + Broader concept + BOT

Balance of Invisible + Services 13 Heads + Transfer Payment (Both official + Private Transfer) + Net income from and to
rest of the World.

Indian BOP 13 Head ( 21 Head should be) : Travel + Transportation + Insurance and Pension Services + Maintenance and
repair service + Other Business Service + Manufacturing services on Physical + Financial services + Intellectual property
related receipt or payment + Construction services. + Telemuci cation, computer and information services + Personal
Cultural and Recreational Services + Government goods and services not included elsewhere.

Balance of Invisible + Positive - Net exporters of services + Largest recipient of remittance in the world.

Liberalised Remittance Scheme of RBI + 250000 financial year + Any permissible current or capital account transaction
or combination of Both.

Balance of Current Account = Balance of Visible + Balance of Invisible

Indian CAD modest and Manageable limits

Remittance + Sent or Transferred to another Party + Money Sent to family member back in person home country
+Economic of small and developing countries + Standard of living + Significant portion of a country GDP

Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS) + Allow resident individual to remit certain amount of Money during financial year
to another country for investment and expenditure + Per 250000 per financial year.

Balance in Capital Account + Record the Capital receipt + Payment in form of investment + Loans flowing in and out of an
economy - FDI and Portfolio investment + Loans + Banking Capital.

64
Foreign Investment + Non Dept creating Transaction – FDI + Portfolio investment.

FDI + Allow Control Assets + Equal to or Beyond >10% + Any investment in Unlisted entity + Cash is not permissible.

FDI Two Type : Brownfield investment(Existing plan) + Greenfield investment (New Factory)

SECTOR WHERE FDI IS PROHIBITED IN INDIA + Atomic energy + Lottery Business + Gambling + Chit fund + Nidhi +
Agriculture + Housing and Real estate + Transferable Development Right + Tobacco Products.

Transferable Development Right + State Government acquire land for developing Infrastructure Projects + By
Government to the owner of land + Allow landowners an additional built up Area in return of area + Enable them to
develop the given area by themselves or transfer their right for consideration + Better compensation no cost to the
government + Cannot be Transfer form low density area to a high density area + First done by Karnataka 2005.

UNCTAD + World Investment Report + Published FDI rank - FDI Confidence Index (Published by AT Kearney) + service
sector highest attract FDI + Maximum FDI equity inflows from Mauritius.

Portfolio Investment + Purchase of an asset in rest of World (less than 10%) + Permanent and easily Traded – Two
Category : Foreign Institutional Investment + Investment Through Depository Receipt.

Foreign Institutional Investment + Hot Money + Regulate by SEBI + Allow Primary and Secondary Capital Market only
through the country portfolio investment scheme.

Depository Receipt + Negotiable financial instrument by Bank (Foreign company publicly traded security)

American Depository Receipt + US Bank represent of foreign company trading in US stock market + US can invest in non
US companies + Transferred without any Stamp Duty.

Global Depository Receipt + International Market + Global Scale + By Depository Bank + Fixed Number of Share in
foreign company.

RBI Published ADR/GDR as Portfolio investment - FEMA + DPITT Under Commerce and Industry treat ADR/GDR as FDI.

Indian Depository Receipt + By Foreign Company + Mobilise savings from Indian Capital Market + Dominate in Rupees +
Invest in foreign Company.

Participatory Notes + Financial instrument by Investor or Hedge funds(which are not registered with SEBI) + To invest in
Indian Securities.

Indian Broker (Register with SEBI) Buy India Based Security or shares + then issue PN to foreign investors + PN Ownee
does not own the Share.

FDI + Parents Company makes in foreign countries + Specific enterprises + Increase the enterprise capacity or
productivity or change or management control + Investor ownership + Manegement Right + Decision making +
Productive Assets.

FII + Investors in the market + Secondary market + Increasing Capital availability in general + Investor only ownership +
Not involve in decision making + Financial asset.

Loans + International Market + Debt creating capital Transactions.

Loans + External Commercial Borrowing + External Assistance + Trade Credit.

65
TYPE OF LOANS

External Commercial Borrowing (ECB) + Commerical loans International market + Marker Rate of interest without any
concession + FDI can raise ECB + Port, Trust, Unit in SEZ,SIDBI and EXIM Bank of India + maturity Of 3yrs + Borrowing in
any freely convertible foreign currency.

ECB - Loans + Floating/fixed rate notes/Bonds/Debentures + Trade credit (beyond 3yrs) + Capital Market Instrument +
FCCB included FDI only (converted into equity) + FCCB treated as ECB.

ECB + By Borrower Except in : Real estate + Investment in Capital Market + Equity investment + Working capital purpose
(Except in equity holder) + General corporate purpose(Except in equity holder) + Repayment of Rupee loans (Except in
equity holder) + Entities for Above activities

External Assistant + Consideration of assistant + lower rate of interest and longer maturity + Given by Foreign
Government, World Bank, IMF or other international monetory institutions.

Trade Credit + Importer by overseas supplier,bank, financial institutions and other permitted recognised lender + Allow
importer to pay at later date for import of Capital/non Capital goods permissible under the Foreign Trade Policy of GOI +
Only Resident of India can take credit + Automatic Route (150 million per import transaction for oil,gas refining and
Marketing, airline and shipping company) + Up to 50 million per import transaction for others allowed

Period of Trade Credit + 3yrs (Capital Good) + 1 yr (Non Capital Goods).

Debt Service Ratio + Country current receipt.

Banking Capital Transaction + External Financial Asset + Liabilities of commercial Bank + Other Cooperative Bank +
Dealer in Foreign Exchange (included NRI Deposit).

3 Types of Bank Account NRI Deposit

Foreign Currency Non Resident (Bank) Account (FCNR-B Account) + Term or Fixed deposit (not saving account) +
Maturity 1yr to 5yrs + NRI or PIO eligible.

Non Resident External Rupees Account (NRER Account) + NRI can open an NRER Account to Remit fund to India +
Opened as current account savings account or term deposit + Tax Free + Prone to Risk.

Non – Resident Ordinary Rupees Account (NROR account) – Foreign for bona fide transaction demoninated in Indian
Rupee or to manage the Income earned in India + Current, Savings, recurring or even fixed deposit account + Not
exceeding $1 million per financial year + Interest earned is taxable + Prone to risk .

Net International Investment Position (NIIP) + Nation Stock of foreign asset + foreigner stock of that nation asset at
specific point of time + Diffrence between external financial assets and liabilities of a country

Positive NIIP Value Indicate + credit nation - Negative NIIP Value Indicate debtors Nation.

Net Error and Omission + Small % of GDP

Autonomous Item in BOP Account + International economics transaction + Profit maximization + Independent of State
of Countries BOP + Above the line item’s

Accommodating Items in BOP Account + Restore BOP balance or correct BOP Balance + Transaction in BOP + Official
Reserved transaction preformed by the Central Bank (RBI) + Official Reserved transaction (Autonomous receipt less than
autonomous payment (deficit in BOP) + Below line items

Foreign Exchange Reserve + All forex transaction + BOP Account is negative + Decrease in Official Reserved.
66
Indian Foreign Exchange Reserve + FCA +Monetary Gold +SDR(Custody Government) + RTP International Monetary Fund

FCA Maximum Share 90 % + Gold

Reserve Tranche + Required quote of currency + Provide to IMF (Utilised owned purpose)

BOP Situation in Post Reform Period (1991-92 Onwards) + Increase in Balance of Invisible + NRI Deposit + Foreign +
Foreign Investment (Both FDI and Portfolio investment) + Net External Commercial Borrowing.

Responsible for Overall BOP Imbalance : Increase import of goods and services + Domestic price rises + Cyclical
fluctuations + Lagre Scale development expenditure + Population explosion + Change in Taste + Preference of end
consumer. - Hindrance in Capital inflows (Political instability and Natural Calamities) + Depreciation of Domestic
currency.

Measure Taken by the Government/RBI To overcome BOP Imbalance - Credit control measure (Reduced the purchasing
power) + Devaluation (Export and reduce demand for import) + Export Promotion and import Control measure +
Structural reform.

India External Debt + Quarterly RBI + Total Debt (foreign creditor) – It included : Multi lateral debt + Bilateral debt + IMF
and World Bank + Trade credit + ECB + NRI Deposit + Rupees Debt + Short Term Debt.

Commercial Borrowings (Long term non financial corporation) + Remaind largest component of India

Non Government debt much higher than the Government Debt

Twin Deficit Hypothesis - Both Fiscal Deficit + Current account deficit

J-CURVE – Country trade balance will initially worsenil after Depreciation of its currency Because higher price on import
will be greater than reduce volume of import.

Factor Influencing Exchange Rates – Inflation (Depreciation) +. Interest Rates + Public Debt + Political Stability + Current
account deficit + Speculation

Flexible (or Floating) Exchange Rate + Determined and supply of difference currencies .

Flexible (or Floating) Exchange Rate – Free Float + Managed Float

Free Float – Force of Demand + Supply of currencies in foreign exchange market.

Managed Fload – Hybrid of fixed + Flexible exchange rates System + Broad principle of Careful monitoring +
management of exchange rate movement

Managed Fload + RBI intervene + Sale and Purchase of foreign currency in international markets to restrict movement of
exchange rate (Dirty Fload).

Advantages of Floating (Flexible) Exchange Rate System : Protection from external shock + Optimum resource allocation
+ International Capital movement + No requirements of a large foreign exchange reserves.

Disadvantage Floating (Flexible) Exchange Rate System : Instability and Uncertainty + Adverse effects on Economic
Stucture + Inflationary effect

Floating (Flexible) Exchange Rate – Reduce the need for foreign currency reserve + Greater Possibility of Inflationary
effect + Insulation + Automatic correction of current account + Deficit (CAD) + More risk of speculative attack.

Fixed Exchange Rate – Confidence for inward investment + Controls Inflation + External shock + Impose responsibility on
government policy to correct CAD + less chances of speculative attack

Tobin Tax + James Tobin + Levied on spot currency conversion to disincentives short term currency Speculation.
67
Fixed Exchange Rate were replace by the flexible exchange rates + 1971

Huge export surplus + Enormous forex reserves + Follow fixed exchange rate Regime.

Depreciation – Value of domestic currency falls international exchange market + Occurs Automatically + Market force of
Demand and Supply + Flexible Exchange Rate System + Decrease in net foreign currency outflow + More rupee is
required to buy a foreign + Rupees Weak + Export Rise.

Devaluation – Value of domestic currency deliberately reduced by Government + Fixed Exchange Rate System + Excess
supply of foreign currency from international market.

Appreciation – Less Rupee required to buy a foreign currency + Rupees strong + Export Fall.

Depreciation + Appreciation – Flexible Exchange Rate System

Effect of Currency Devaluation – Gainer : Exporter + Domestic tourist industry + Worker gaining job export industry

Loser : Buy imported raw material + Resident who holiday a Broad + National consumer

Currency Manipulation – Central Bank or Government + Leap unfair Trade advantage in Global trade.

The US Department of Treasury + Release semi annual currency Practice Monitoring List : Significant biltetal trade
suprlus + Current account surplus over a 12 months Period Equivalent + Continuous one sided intervention.

Currency War + To cheapen their currency through Devaluation + In Order to gain trade advantage.

India Bretton Wood system of Adjustable peg system of exchange rate + gold Values at Fixed Price + 1947-71

Bretton Wood Conference system collapsed + 1971

Liberalised Exchange Rate Manegement System (LERMS) + Dual Exchange Rate System + 1992-93

1993 Onwards + Unified Exchange Rate System + 100 % Conversion + Managed float exchange rate System

Nominal Effective Exchange Rate (NEER) + Measure of Value of a currency against weighted average of basket of foreign
currencies + NEER not adjusted inflation

NEER + Appreciate when value of domestic currency increase against basket of different currency in floating Exchange
Rate System

Real Effective Exchange Rate (REEE) + NEER Inflation Index + Check International competitiveness of a currency +! Export
of the country becoming expensive + Import are becoming Chaeaper.

Big Mag Index + Measure Purchasing Power Parity + Between Nation + By comparing price of McDonald’s Big Mac

Short term external debt + Capital account transaction gained prominence under BOP

Ratio of Short term debt to forex reserves + Relevant yardsticks to determine reserve adequacy

Guidotti Greenspan Rule 1999 + Foreign Exchange Reserve of a country should Cover at least 100% of Short term
external debt obligations for about 1 yrs - Forex reserves + 1st China.

Convertiability of Indian Rupees + Current account and Capital account

Rupees convertible of Rupee on Capital account + RBI Tarapore Committee - l and ll + 1997 and 2006.

Rupees convertible of Rupee on current account + 1997

For conversion of 10000 any Indian tourist + Approval RBI Acquire

68
Education and treatment + Requirements in excess of 1 lkah required + Priod Approval prior of the RBI.

Remittance for Prize money received + Game Show , Lottery,Racing, Betting + Not allowed

Foreign currency Payment to Indian/foreign artist required + Approval of Ministry of Finance

Dutch Disease + Large influx of foreign investment oil reserves + Stronger domestic currency + Export product if
manufacturing sector competitive + Fall in their oberal export.

International Currency – US + Dollar + Euro + Pounds Sterling + Yen + Renminbi.

Nepal or Bhutan hold Indians Rupees + Financial security + Cross border trade

Vostro Account + Your money deposited at our bank + By Domestic bank in local currency for foreign Bank + Vostro
account of a country is the Nostro account of other country in International trade.

Nostro Account + Our money is deposited at your Bank.

Special Rupee Vostro Account Arrangement + Freely convertible currencies

Currency Swap + Loaning each other money + Will repay amount at a specified date and exchange rate.

International investment Position (IIP) + By RBI + Date of India time to time + Based on survey of India foreign liabilities
+ Assets + 13 others sources of India + Reflect External asset of India and External Liabilities of India

Net IIP + Between India total external Asset + Total external Liabilities + Net creditor or debter nation.

Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) 1973 + Force on 1st January 1974 + Regulate payment + Dealing in foreign
exchange + Security, export + import of currencies to conserve foreign exchange resource + Extend all over India +
Covered citizen of India (ourusde India + Company)

Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) 1999 + Replace FERA + unite and revise existing law related foreign
exchange + Promote foreign trade + Encourage foreign exchange market in india + Rupee convertibility + Settings up of
separate Enforcement Directorate + criminals offense in foreign exchange + Borrowing by corporate sector + Allow
transaction without restuc + Facilities international trade.

Open Economy + Import and Export Allowed + Allowed movement Capital inside and outside + Bilateral and multi
laterals negotiation. - Closed Economy + No economic Linkage

Total foreign trade + GDP common measure of degree of openness of an economy.

Preferential Trade Area + Lower trade Barrier + Rather than eliminate + Independent to create trade relations + Non
Member countries

Free Trade Area + Removal Trade Area + Open border regional members + independent members to create other trade
relations + Non members + 2nd Stage of economic integration

Economics Cooperation Organisation 1992 - South Pacific Regional Trade + Economics Cooperation Agreement 1981

Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement CECA + More comprehensive than FTA + Involve only tariff reduction
or elimination on listed items + CEPA Broader than CECA. - CEPA + Cover trade in service + Investment

India Canada CEPA + 5th Early Progress Trade Agreement

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 1st January 2022 + Largest Free Trade Zone + Member : China + Japan +
South Korea + Australia + New Zealand + open to trade services + promote investment + Member to export product
anywhere within Bloc

69
Custom Union + Eliminate Trade Barrier + common policy non member countries + 3 rd Stage of economic integration

Common Market /Single Market + Trade Barrier removed + Common policies for non member countries + Allow free
movement factor of Production (ASEAN,GCC)

Economics Union + 2nd last Stage of economic integration + Both Custom Union and common Market + Rrade Barrier
Removed + Common policies + Economic Relation with non member countries + Freedom of movement of Factor of
production and good and services.

Monetary Union + Final Stage of economic integration (Euro Zone)

Institution related to Foreign Trades

Department of Commerce + Direction of foreign Trade policy + Trade relations with others countries

Board of Trade + Corrective action - Commodity Specific Org + Trading problems + Export + Management import.

EXIM Bank of India 1982 + Act 1981 + Financing Prog. - Export Promotion Scheme - Merchandise + Service Export.

Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exporter Product + For all export goods 1 January 2021 + Taxes and Levies Charged on
Exporter Product either exempted or remitted to exporter + More competitive in Global Market.

Duty Exemption and Remission Scheme + Ministry of Commerce and Industry

2 Parts of DERS : Duty Exemption Scheme : Duty free import of Input require for export Production. + consist of DFIA
scheme.

Duty Remission Scheme : Post Export replenishment / Remission of duty on input used in export product + Duty
Entitlement Passbook Scheme and Duty Drawback Scheme.

Export Promotion Capital Goods Scheme – Both export and import + Capital goods are imported at zero custom Duty +
Enhance India Export competitiveness in global market.

Foreign Trade Policy (2015-20) + Digitisation (Online Approval of exporting SCOMET) + 24x7 Custom clearness (Seaport +
Certain specific import) + Movement of consignment (instruction from Government) + EPCG Authorisation (Proper
maintenance and authorisation of certificate).

Agri Export Policy 2018 + Export Potentu of Indian agriculture + To double agriculture export (30 Billion to 60 Billion by
2022 + reach 100 billion) + Stable Trade policy regime + Diversify export basket + Boost high Value + Value added
agriculture export.

Developing District as Export Hubs + Product with export Potential + Identify 739 district + District Export Promotion
Committee

Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India 2021-2022 to 2025-2026 + Insurance covers to Banks against risk Export
credit lending to exporter borrower.

National Export Insurance Account + Infusions of 1650 crore Grand in aid + 5yrs + Ensure credit risk cover for medium
and long-term export + commercially viable.

Ubharte Sitare Fund - To Promote export oriented MSME + 250 crore as Alternative Investment Fund + Promote both
MSME sector and Export + By EXIM Bank and SIDBI.

Krishi UDAN Scheme 2020 + Ministry of Civil Aviation + Assist Farmer in transporting agriculture products on
International + National route in orders to improve their value realisation. - India 7th largest Exporter in the World

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INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS INSTITUTION

Bretton Wood Institutions + International economics institutions + Sovereign Government + 44 Nation.

Twin International Economic Institutions – International Monetory Fund (IMF) + International Banks for Reconstruction
and Development (IRBD) + Bretton Wood twins + 1944 United States.

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development + Speedy + Majorly on Investment to Build infrastructure.

International Monetary Fund 27th December 1945 + 30 member + Affiliate UNO + Founding member of IMF and Joined
on 27 December + 190 Member + Heaqu Washington DC + Promote stability of exchange rate + Financial flow + Loan to
Member only + Fixed in term of quota + Borrow money from other institutions.

Objective of IMF – Short term BOP + Reduction of exchange rate control + Facilities balance growth of international trade
+ Promote Stable exchange rate regime + Promote international monetory cooperation.

Function of IMF – Surveillance (International Monetary system + monitor economics and policies) + Risk to stability +
advise member countries – Lending : Loans to member countries facing short term BOP + Financial Stability (Domestic
and Global - Technical Assistant : Strengthening fiscal, Monetary and exchange rate policy + Technical Assistant and
training.

World Economic Outlook + Global Financial Stability Report + IMF

Governance Stucture of IMF –

Boards of Governor + Too most decision making body + One governor + One alternate governor - Two Ministerial
Committee : International Monetary and Finance Committee + Meets twice a year + World Bank Participate as observer
in meeting of IMFC. - Development Committee + Joint forum Of IMF and World Bank Group meet twice a year +
Financial requirements for economics Development

Executive Boards + 24 Director + Managing Director of IMF (Head of Staff ) + Chairperson of the executive Board + 5yrs.

Special Drawing Right 1969 + IMF lends + foreign exchange reverse asset under IMF + Unit of account maintain + 5yrs +
SDR not Traded in forex market + IMF member/Monetary union + Largest exporter of the world + International
transaction for making payment + Widely traded in principal exchange market.

IMF Quota for Member Countries + Demoninated in SDR + Determined its relative position in global economy + Member
can pay upto 25% of Quota in foreign currencies (Reserve Tranche) + Review 5yrs every year + Member relative position
and voting rights + Assign 50 % - Economics openness (weighting 30%) + Economic variability (weighting 15%) +
International reserve (weighing 4%).

Role of IMF Quota – Subscriptions : Maximum amount of financial resources -

Voting Power : Voting right in decision made by IMF (Basic vote + additional vote for each 1lakh SDR of quota

Access to IMF Financing : Based on its Quota.

IMF Quota and Vote Share of some members countries : US + Quota 17.44(highest) + Vote Share : 16.51 - India Quota
2.76. + Vote Share 2.63. - Tuvalu + Smallest.

Financing by IMF – Concessional Lending : Extended Credit Facility + Standby Credit Facility + Rapid Credit Facility

Financing by IMF – Non – Concessional Lending : Standby Arrangment + Extended Fund Facility + Rapid Financing
Instrument + Flexible Credit Line + Precautionary and Liquidity Line.

Concessional Lending – Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust + Facilities to only Low income countries on Concessional
term (Zero interest rates) + Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust.
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Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust Under IMF – Extended Credit Facilities + Medium to Long-term loan

Standby Credit Facilities + Short term. - Rapid Credit Facility + Urgent BOP.

Non – Concessional Lending – Market Determined interest rates + surcharge.

Standby Arrangement + Address short term or Potential BOP problem of member countries (similar to SCF) + loan under
SBA given for upto 3yrs.

Extended Fund Facility + Medium and long terms BOP Problem

Rapid Financing Instrument + Loan urgent

Flexible Credit Line + Strong fundamental+ Policies and track record of policy implementation + 1-2 yrs + no cap access
to IMF funds under FCL - 3 Members country : Colombia + Mexico + Poland Used FCL.

Precautionary and Liquidity Line + Sound fundamental + Policy + Track record of implementation of policy – 2 members
countries : Republic of North Macedonia and Morroco used PLL

Loans + By IMF through SBA - Largest financial assistance given by IMF + Argentina US$ 34 Billion

India is not LIC As per IMF + Not eligible for concessional lending by IMF

Financial Resources of IMF - Quotas + Multilateral Borrowing through NBA + Bilateral Borrowing Agreement

Multilateral Borrowing through NBA – Additional Source of funding for IMF + Borrowing made by IMF through NBA

GAB + NAB : Credit arrangement between IMF and group of members countries + Supplementary resources to IMF to
get additional fund required to meet exceptional situation of financial crisis

New Arrangement to Borrow (NAB) + 49 Participants member countries + Total fund size of US$ 250 Billion.

Bilateral Borrowing Agreement – IMF + 40 Participants + Total commitment of US$ 440 Billion.

World Economic Outlook + IMF(April + October) +Analysis and forecast of global economic development + medium term

Global Financial Stability Report + IMF twice a year (April + October) - Fiscal Monitor Report 2009 + IMF + Twice a year

External Sector Report 2012 + Annually + IMF + Global External development + Multilateral consistent assessment of
external position of world Largest economy representating over 90% of Global GDP.

Regional Economic Report + IMF. - Global Housing Watch 2019 + IMF + Housing market across the globe + Quarterly
Basis + Providing current data housing price + Asses valuation in housing market

Financial Sector Assessment Programme 1999 + Joint program of IMF and World Bank + Comprehensive Analysis.

India + IMF – Borrowed under Extended Fund Facilities in 1981 + Borrowed Under 2 SBA 1991 + Subscribe IMF Special
Data Dissemination Standard (observe Global Accounting Standards).

World Bank + IRBD and IDA + Group of five Institution (IRBD,IDA,IFC,MIGA,ICSID) + IRBD first came into existence + To be
members of world Bank needs to be members of IMF First + India is member of 4 of them (exept ICSID) + Headquarters
World Bank + 5 yrs term - End extreme poverty by decreasing % of people less than $ 1.90 a day to no more than 3% +
Prosperity by fostering the income growth of bottom 40% of every country.

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International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IRBD) + 27th December 1945 + Operation in 25th June 1946 +
Original world Bank Institutions (1st to be established among group of 5) + Bretton Wood Conference of 1944 + initial
objective to assist second world war + India founding member + 189 members + Lend money to Government Middle
income countries and credit worthy LIC + long terms loans with longer maturity and low rates of interest + Promote key
policy and institutional reform.

International Development Association (IDA) 1960 + India founding member + 174 member countries + Soft lending
arm of World Bank + Loans on zero or very low interest rates for longer period (39-38 Year) + 5-10 year grace period. +
74 country are currently eligible to receive IDA resource + Grants to countries at risk of Debt distress + relieving debt of
poor countries (Heavily Indepth Poor Countries + Muliteral Debt Relief Initiative) + Crisis Response Window + Funded
borrowing from financial markets and contribution from Government of its richer members countries - Nigeria +
Pakistan + IDA eligible based on per capita income level (Blend Country).

Relations of IDA with India - Universalising Primary education + Empowering rural communities through series of rural
livelihoods project + Support to Green and White (Milk) Revolution + Polio, Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS.

International Finance Corporation (IFC) 1956 + Headquarters Washington DC + 186 member + Private Sector in
developing countries + investment, technical expertise and advisory services + build a sound private Sector in developing
economies. + Loans to private company + Mobilise financial resources for private enterprise, support business, create job
opportunities, services + Both Domestic and foreign Private Capital + Renewable Energy Generation + Improving food
security and infrastructure building + issuing bonds(US Dollars + Local Currency Bond.

Relations of IFC With India : 2014 IFC Floated Rupees Bond + Masala Bond + Global credit market to fund Indian
company + India has been largest country in IFC investment portfolio for several years.

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) 1988 + Headquarters Washington DC + 182 Members + FDI
(insurance to private sector foreign investor against lossed caused by non-commercial risks(political risk Political risk) :
Currency transfer + Expropriation + War and Civil Disturbance + Provide credit enchanted Guarantee to cross border
private sector investors and lender + FDI inflows + Reduce Poverty + increase standard of living + Achieve higher ecinmic
growth.

Relations of MIGA with India + MIGA does not have exposure in India + For its guarantee product.

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Dispute (ICSID) 1966 + 156 member + Dispute Resolution
organisation + Settle investment related dispute (Reducing investment risk) + Voluntary + Cannot withdraw unilaterally.

Major Report Published By World Bank

World Development Report 1978 + Annually by IRBD or World Bank.

Doing Business Report Annually + World Bank + 10 Quantitative indicator + Regulation enchance/lower activities

Global Economic Prospect Report + Emerging Market and Drawing Economies + twice year.(January and June)

Global Findex Database + Data set on financial inclusion + Bill & Melinda Gates foundation + 3yrs since 2011.

Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report + Biennial report by World Bank + consistent and accurate estimate.

Transformative Carbon Asset Facility 2015 + Finance innovative + Results based carbon market mechanism (art 6 of Peris
Climate Change agreement)

Human Capital Index + World Bank

IMim
73
IMF 1945 – Stability + Resolve Short term BOP Problem + Loans to Government of member nations (interest rate) + No
associated institute(smaller staff) + Funding (Quota)

World Bank 1945 - Economic and Social Development + loans to both Govt. And Private (Concessional Term) + 5
Associated institute (larger Staff) + Borrow through selling bonds + notes Directly + Contribution from richer.

New Development Bank OR BRICS 2015 + Summit Russia + Shanghai China + Infrastructure and Sustainable
Development project

New Development Bank OR BRICS 2015 + Summit Russia + Shanghai China + 5 members (Brazil,
Russia,India,China,South Africa) + To all UN members + Cannot less than 55% of voting Power + Long term devlopment +
NBD President 5 yrs + Election Rotation Basis + Infrastructure and Sustainable Development project (Public and Private)
+ loans, guarantee, Equity,Other financial instrument, Technical Assistant – Coverage : Transport + Clean energy +
Irrigation + Water management + Sanitation + Urban Development + Social Infrastructure

India and NBD : US$ 350 million loan 1500 km District roads in Madhya Pradesh

US$ 345 million loan Water Sector restructuring project in Rajasthan.

US$ 250 million investment in Solar Energy and Wind Farms 5000 MW of Renewable Energy.

Asian Development Bank 1966 + Muliteral Development Bank + 68 Member + Headquarters Mandaluyong, Philippines +
Voting System + Japan Largest Portion + 5yrs terms + Eradicate Poverty from Asia and Pacific Region improve quality of
life + Economic Stability and Sustainable Development + Loans and equity investment for economics and Social
advancement + Technical Assistant in Planning and Execution of Project + Direct Financial Assistance Under non
Sovereign aids(Loans,Equity Investment, Debt Security,Trade Finance) + Asian Development Outlook Publish annually.

India and ADB (4th largest Share) : South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation + Bihar New Ganga Bridge Project

India and ADB : India 2nd largest stakeholders in AIIB After China + India last Borrower of the Bank

Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank 2016 + 106 Countries (90 Member including India) + US$ 1 Billion + United States
and Japan not member of AIIB + Headquarters Beijing China + Social and economic outcome improvement + China
provide support and improvement in infrastructure + Rural infrastructure and agricultural development + Energy and
Power, Environment Protection, Urban Development, Water supply and Sanitation, Transportation and
Telecommunication (Asia Pacific Region) + AIIB permanent Observers Status by United Nation 2018 + Largest Shares 20%
investment portfolio of AIIB.

India and AIIB : India 2nd largest stakeholders in AIIB After China + India last Borrower of the Bank

AIIB Versus ADB : AIIB New Organisation to ADB + Japan and USA Dominate ADB + China Dominate AIIB + Both ADB and
AIIB have AAA Credit Rating + Capital and Assets AIIB less than ADB + AIIB Quite less than ADB

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 1961 + 38 Countries + Highly income Economics and
having High + Includes non European States + China is not member of OECD + Economics Progress and World Trade +
Methodology for collecting research and development statistics. + 18% of World Population.

Programme for International Student Assesment (PISA) + OECD + Provde comparable data on education policy +
outcome and gives comprehensive analysis + Test evaluates the applicability of knowledge + 2018 GOI Participate.

India is a member of OECD Development Centre + 2007 India Body Accession Memberships

India is a member of OECD Development Centre + 2007 India Body Accession Memberships + 2017 India Participating 21
OECD bodies + India Play active role in OECD regional activities in Asia with international forum.

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European Banks for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) 1991 + 71 Countries + 2 European Union Institute (EU and
European investment Bank) + Multilateral Development investment Bank. + India Shareholder of EBRD 11th July 2018 +
funding mainly for development of private sector + Headquarters London + United States largest shareholder in EBRD.

Bank For International Settlement (BIS) + International Financial Institution + Central Bank + Promote Monetary and
Financial coperation and service.

Bank For International Settlement (BIS) 1930 + Basel Switzerland + International Financial Institution + Central Bank +
Promote Monetary and Financial cooperation and service + Global Financial Stability and Promoting theirs interaction +
Banking Services to Central Banks and Other international organisations + Hongkong SAR and Mexico City as well as
innovation Centre.

International Trade Organization 1944 + Bretton Wood Conference.

General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) 1947 + 23 founding member + Free and Fair International trade for goods
+ Non discriminate trade + Eliminate Tariff and non tariff trade Barrier + Trade Dispute + Control 90% of Trade +
Uruguay round longest round 8yrs) + Led to WTO (Signing of Marrakesh Agreement)

World Trade Organisation 1th January 1995 + Replacing GATT + Promote Free and Fair international Trade + Broader
than GATT + Headquarters Geneva Switzerland + Headed by Director General 4yrs(Renewable) + 164 Members State
(India founding member) + Last member to Join Afghanistan + Custom territory Conduct external commercial relation +
Not to be full sovereign Nation + WTO not part of United Nation + One Country and One vote + World Trade Reports
annually + Decisions WTO consensus (Green room negotiation) + Conducted 2 Mini ministerial

Organisation Structure of WTO

Ministerial Conference + Attended by Ministry of Commerce and Trade of All Member State + Meet once in 2 years.

General Council + Attended by Ambassador + Dispute Settlement Body + Trade Policy Review Body

Council of Trade : Goods + Services + Intellectual Property Rights

Numerous Committee and Workshops – Specific Purpose + Report to Goods Council, Services Council or IPR Council

WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism + Bilateral Consultation + In case it fails (60 Days) + Modify or reverse earlier
judgement of General Council + Binding on both Parties.

Three Major Principle of WTO + Equally - Exception : Special Access to developing countries + Country cab raise Barrier.

MFN + Accorded by India to Pakistan + 1996

Case Of Solar Panel Under National Solar Mission + 30% of Project must have Domestic Content requirements.

Generalised System of Preference (GSP) + Available to least developed Countries + Preferential Tariff System + Tariff
Reduction for LDC by other WTO members

Special Product And Special Safeguard Mechanism + Introduction in Doha Round + Developing Country Only.

Special Product + Agriculture Commodities of Special Importance to farming community in developing countries + Doha
Round allowed for imposition of higher import tariffs on SP

Special Safeguard Mechanism + Developing Country can temporarily Impose higher than bound tariff rates on import of
particular product.

75
WTO Agreement –

Agreement on Agriculture -

Green Box + Not distort trade and given by government in orders to compensate them + No Prescribed limit

Blue Box + Limit Production + Less Trade Distortion + No Limit Prescribed

Amber Box + Trade Distortion by encouraging excessive production through subsidies on Fertilizer, Seeds, Irrigation and
Power + Subject to limit + Developed country subsidy limit 5% for value of agriculture production + Developing Country
limit 10% .

Enhance Market Access

Phases Out Export Subsidy – Developed Country + Reduce Value by 36% + Volume by 24% of Export Subsidy. + 6yrs.

Developing Countries + Reduce Value by 24% + Volume by 10% of Export Subsidy + 10yrs.

Subsidy Provided by GOI falls Under Amber Box Category + WTO has put a cap on Amber Box Subsidies

The Calculation of Subsidy Based on the price pertaining to 1986-88

Bali Ministerial Conference 2013 + Peace Clause

Non Agriculture Market Access (NAMA) 2001 + Negotiation of WTO based on Doha Ministerial Declaration of 2001 +
Intend reduce tariff on exportable goods (Not covered by Agreement on Agriculture)

Less Than Full Reciprocity – Reduction commitment of NAMA mandates + Introduction in Uruguay Round) + Lower %
reduction commitment than developed Countries

Anti Concentration Clause – Developing Country do not concentrate their flexibility under specific NAMA product.

General Agreement on Trade in Service + Govern the trade in service among WTO members + liberalise trade in service

General Agreement on Trade in Service Fours Cover modes of delivery of services : Cross Border Supply + Local Delivery
of Service + Consumption Abroad + Movement of Personal

Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights + Signed All WTO members + Indentify product +
Protected once trade.

Intellectual Property Rights

Patent – Invention granted + limited period of time + Patentee by the Government + Territorial right + Separate patent
(Separate Country) + No patent worldwide + 20yrs Terms

Trademark + Brand Name + Distinguished it’s goods/Services from other undertaking + Protected Under Intellectual
Property Rights + 10yrs Term + Renewed

Copyright + Bundle of right + Right of Reproduction of Work + Communication of the work to the Public + Adaptation of
the work + Translation of the work + Territorial right + Not extend beyond the territory of specific jurisdiction

Geographical Indications + Geographical territory + Identify agriculture + Natural or manufacturers goods + Special
Quality or reputation or other characteristics + Manufacturers goods produced or processed or prepared in that territory.

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Industrial Design + Under Trade and Merchandise Mark Act 1958 + Protection to the form of outward appearance for
aesthetics styles of an object + 10yrs duration.

Trade Secrets + Permanent in nature.

National Intellectual Property Rights Policy 2016 + WTO Agreement on TRIPS + Entrepreneurship and Boost Make in
India Scheme + Financial assets + Promote innovation and entrepreneurship + Protecting public interest + Special thrust
on awareness generation + Effectiveness + Suggest making of DIPP Nodal Agency for all issues + Copyright related issues
will also shift under DIPP ambit + Examination time for a trademark reduce from 13 months to 8 months + Films, music,
industrial growing covered by copyright

Trade Related Investment Measure (TRIMS) + Distort market and investor measure overcome + No discriminate
between Domestic and foreign investment + WTO gives list of prohibited investment measure + WTO Trade should not
interfere in matters of investment

Trade Facilitation Agreement of WTO 2017 – Result of Doha Round 2001 + Adopted by WTO members 2019 Bali
Ministerial Conference + Movement, release and Clearance of Goods + India Ratified the TFA

World Trade Outlook Indicator (WTOI) 2016 + Real Time Information + Performance Quarterly Basis + 100% Trade
Growth + 100% suggest above trend growth + 100 indicates below trend growth.

G3 + Free Trade agreement (Mexico + Colombia + Venezuela) + 10yrs (1995 to 2005) - Coverage : Intellectual Property
Rights + Public Sector Investment + Easing of Trade Restrictions + Reducing 10% Tariff over period of 10 yrs.

G7 + 1975 + Highly Industrialised countries (United States + Canada + Germany + Britain + France + Italy + Japan

G11 + 2020 + US President Expand – India + Russia + South Korea + Australia

G20 + 1999 + Industrialised and developing economies + India member + Finances Minister and Central Bank Governors
of 19 Countries and EU + 90% GDP + 80% World Trade + 2/3rd of the world Population. + Tackle financial and economic
crisis of 2008 and Strengthen international cooperation among member + Global Economic Growth and Financial
Stability + No Permanent Staff and Chairmanship rotate annually.

Contribution of India in G20 : Financial Sector + Climate Change + Economic Growth and Fiscal Consolidation

G20 Osaka Summit 2019 - India refused to attend Digital economy summit by Japanese PM + Data Free Flow with Trust.

G20 1st December 2022 - India will take over + G20 Leaders Summit 1st Time in India 2023.

G20 Common Framework - Support implementation of IMF reform programme + Deal issue Unsustainable debt +
Support by both Traditional creditor + Common Framework for Debt Treatment.

G33 + WTO Cancun Ministerial Conference in 2003 + 48 members(Net agri products importer developing countries) +
Protect Developing Country in Agricultural Trade Negotiation + Aka Friend of Special Product in Agriculture

Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) + Baghdad Conference 1960 + Headquarters Vienna,Austria+ 13
members(Iran + Irag + Kuwait + Saudi Arabia + Venezuela + Libya + UAE + Algeria + Nigeria + Gabon + Angola + Equatorial
Guinea + Congo) - Permanent Inter Governmental Organization + Coordination and Unification + Fair and Stable Prices +
Efficient Economic and Regular Supply + Fair Return on Capital + World Oil Outlook (WOO) Published.

World Economic Forum 1971 + International Organisation + Public private cooperation + Not for Profit foundation +
Headquarters Geneva, Switzerland + World foremost CEO of Private Company + Long-term Positive Change + World
1000 leading companies member of WEF.

Major Annual Report Published by WEF : Global Competitive + Information Technology + Gender Gap + Travel and
Tourism + Risk + Enabling Trade Report.
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Davos Manifesto 1973 – World Economics Forum + New Davos Manifesto 2020 + Guide company in the era of 4th
Industrial Revolution + Company should pay their fair share of taxes and Zero Tolerance toward corruption, Uphold
Humans right and Strive for Competitive level playing field.

Closing The Skills Gap Task Force 2018 + By Union Ministry of Skills Development and Entrepreneurship + WEF 2018 +
Reshape education and address current skill Gap.

ASEAN 1967 + In Bangkok : Indonesia + Malaysia + Philippines + Singapore + Thailand – Headquarters Jakarta + 10
members and 2 Observers States + India not involved + Economic Growth,Social Progress and Cultural Development,
Peace and Stability in region + Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) Free Trade agreement in ASEAN
Between 10 member State of ASEAN and 5 of ASEAN FTA Partners (Australia,China, Japan,New Zealand and South Korea)
+ India ASEAN FTA Partners and Withdrew from RCEP in 2019.

India : Sectoral Partner of ASEAN Since 1992. + Dialogue Partner of ASEAN Since 1996

Summit level partner of ASEAN Since 2002 + Strategic partner of ASEAN Since 2012.

East Asia Summit 2005 + Strategic dialogue and Cooperation on key Political security and economic challenges (Indoa
Pacific Region) + 18 Countries (Including India) - Priority Area : Environment and Energy, Education, Finance,Global
Health Issues and Pandemic Disease, Natural Disaster management and ASEAN Connectivity

Indo Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI) 2019 + East Asia Summit in Bangkok + Goal of Forging partnership

Asia Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC) 1989 + Regional economic forum 21 Countries on Pacific Rim + Headquarters
Singapore + Growth,Greater Prosperity and Free Trade in Asia Pacific Region.

Asia Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) 1975 + Bangkok Agreement + Promote Economic Development of its member +
Benefiaries trade liberalisation practice + Trade Regional expansion and Economic Co-operation – Members : Bangladesh
+ China + India + Republic of Korea + Lao PDR + Sri Lanka + Mongolia.

South Asia Subregional Economic Co-operation (SASEC) 1996 + By Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal + To Accelerate
Sustainable Economics Development + Enhance Cross Connectivity + Quality of life - Member : Bangladesh + Bhutan +
India + Maldives + Myanmar + Nepal + Sri Lanka

Eurasian Economic Union 2014 – Free Movement + Common policies + Competitiveness and Cooperation between
member States

Better Than Cash Alliance + Based on United Nation + Partnership of Government International organisations + Promote
transition from Cash to responsible Digital Payment + India Joined in 2015.

Merchants Digitisation Summit 2021 + FICCI and UN Based Better Than Cash Alliance + Toward Aatmanirbhar Bharat
(Self Reliance) + Accelerate Responsible Digitisation of Merchant in India North-eastern and Himalyan region and
Aspirationsal District.

World Custom Organisation (WCO) 1952 + Custom Co-operation Council + Effective custom administration +
Headquarters Brussels,Belgium + Authorise Economic Operator(AEO) Programme Under WCO SAFE Framework of
Standard to secure and facilities Global Trade + WCO Published Illicit Trade Report.

Harmonised Systems (6 Digit Identification code) + Multipurpose International Product nomenclature + By WCO.

International Energy Agency (IEA) 1973-74 Oil crisis + Country must be member of OECD + India member in 2017 +
Headquarters Paris, France + Global Energy Security, Stability, Sustainability + 3rd Largest Energy Cinsumer

IEA Published : Key World Energy Statistic + Global Energy Review + World Energy Outlook + Global Energy Outlook +
Global Electric Vehicle Outlook + Future Of Rail Report.

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IEA Technology Collaboration Programme on Bioenergy (IEA Bioenergy TCP) – International Platform + Aim to improve
cooperation and information exchange + India Joined in 2019 + Facilitate Market Introduction of advanced Biofuels and
Reduce emission and Crude imports.

POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS DIVIDEND

Zero Population Growth Theory + Prof.Emeritus Paul R.Ehrlich of Stanford University

Optimum Theory of Population + Individual are getting highest possible per capita income + Between Population size
and Production of Wealth + Maximum income per Head + Dynamic Population + Changing quantity and quality of a
country available resources + Produce Full employment + Ensure highest standards of living in a country.

Stages Of Demographics Transition + Change in Birth rate + Death rate + Relationship between population and economic
development.

Family Planning 1950 + Clinical Approach.

Family Planning 1960 + Extension Approach and experimentation + Dept of Family Planning 1966. -

Family Planning 1970 + Camp Approach.

Family Planning 1980 + Cafeteria approach

Family Planning 1990 + Target Free Approach

National Population Policy 2000 + Reduction of maternal rate to less than 100 per lakh crude birth + Reduction of infants
Mortality rate to less than 30 per 1000 + Access of vaccine of all preventable disease + Universal Immunisation of
children + Delay marriage promotion + Promotion of Small family norms + Other Sector Social Programme + National
Commission in population Under Ministry of Health and Family Welfare + Short term, medium term and long term goals
(reproductive health and child care immediate objective + Medium Term goal keep Total Fertility Rate at 2.1 children per
woman + Long term objective to population stabilization by 2045.

The Population Regulation Bill 2019 + Two Children Policy + Central Government and Central Public Sector Enterprises +
1 Additional increment During entire service + Subsidy to Plot House from housing board/Development Authority + Loan
on nominal rates + Rebate in income tax + Subsidy in travel by road,rail or air + Rebate on bill + Paterbru leave 12 week’
+ 2% increase pension scheme + Free health care facility and insurance coverage + Free Healthcare facility to singe child
till he/she attained 25 yrs age. + Single Girl for admission in educational institutions + Free Education up to graduate
level + Scholarship beyond graduation level for single girl child. + More than Two living children reduction in subsidy and
Public Distribution System + Citizens with more than 2 children no qualify for being chosen as MP,MLA or member of any
Local Self Government + Before commencement of this Act shall exempt.

Replacement Level Fertility + Total Fertility Rate + Population replace itself from 1 generation to next Without migration

PMKVY – Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship + Both Rural and Urban -

PMKVY Component

Short term Training - Fresh skilling drop out unemployment Youth + Empannelled training centre/training provider +
Rozgar Mela every 6 months

Recognition of Prior Learning – Existing Skill + Special project address Skill requirements of group + Special initiative
effort + Unregulated work force.

Craftman Training Scheme - Long term vocational training

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National Career Services 2015 - Ministry of Labour and Employment + Skill and generating Employment + Job seeker

Reform in Apprentice Rule 1992 – Increasing apprentice 10 – 15% total strength of any establishment. + Mandatory size
limit of an establishment + mandatory obligations to engage apprentice from 40-30%.

GIG Worker – Niti Aayog 23.5 million by 2029-30 + collecting information + Platform India Initiative (Accelerating
Platform bh simplication and Handholding) + Universal Social Security Coverage.

GIG Economy - Temporary Short term contractual or freelance worker to perform job in service sector + 24% of online
labour market

India Booming GIG and Platform Economy 2022 + Niti Aayog

3 Stages of Demographics Transition : High Birth and High Death Rate (Stage 1) + High Birth rate and Low Death Rate
(Stage ll) + Low Birth and Low Death Rate (Stage lll).

Population Pyramid – Stationary (% of population constant over time + Expansive (Birth rate is higher and lofe
expectancy is lower) + Constructive(% of older population relatively higher)

Child Sex Ratio – Number of Girls per 1000 boys (0-6 years)

SKILL DEVELOPMENT

Ministry of Skill Development And Entrepreneurship (MSDE) 2014 + Directorate General of Training + National Council
for Vocational Education and Training + National Skill Development Corporation + National Skill Development Fund + 37
Sector Council + 33 National Skill Training Institute – DGT 187 Training Partner with NSDC.

National Skill Development Corporation 2009 + Not for profit Public limited company + PPP model + Skill Development ;
MSDE + 49 % Share Capital + Private Sector 51% share capital.

National Skill Development Agency 2013 + Autonomous Body under MSDE + National Skills Qualification Framework
implement through National Skill Qualification Committee + Permanent secretariat for NSQC set up in NSDA.

National Skill Development Agency 2019 Subsumed National Council for Vocational Education and Training (NCVET) +
Act as overarching skills regulator.

National Policy for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship 2015 + 15th July 2015

National Skill Development Mission 15th July 2015 + World Youth Skills Day + Unions Budget 2015-16 + Chaired by PM.

PMKVY 2015 – Skill Development + State of art visible and aspirationsal Model training centre

Recognition Of Prior Learning 2015 Under PMKVY + Reskilling + Up skilling in prominent trade + competence +
Employment + Reducing Inequality + 37 Sector 2015 and 2022 + 63% Benefiaries + International Labour Organization
accepted increase employment

Jan Shikshan Sansthan Scheme + Skill Development vocational skills in nom formal mode to non literate,neo literate +
person with rudimentary level of education to 8th and school drop out to 12th Standard + 15-45 years + Women, SC, ST,
Minority and other backward classes.

National Apprentice Promotion Scheme 2016 + Training and increasing + Financial support to industrial + Under
Apprentice Act 1961

Industrial Training Instir/Craftsmen Training Scheme + Long-term training + 14716 Industrial Training Institute
operational

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Skill Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for Livelihoods Promotion (SANKALP) 19th January 2018 + Ministry of Skill
Development with loan assistance from world Bank + Short term skill training qualitatively and quantitatively + Market
Connection + Inclusion of marginalized sections + Decentralised skilling + Align skill development programme + National
component and State Component (64 + 700 project) + 724 Disxtirc Skill Committee + Plan, Manage and monitor skilling
Activity.

Skill Management and Accreditation of Training Centre (SMART) + single window IT + Training Centre + Training for
NSQF aligned job role + Skill India Portal.

Skills Strengthening for industrial Values Enhancement (STRIVE) + World Bank Assisted + Industrial Training Institute +
Apprenticeship.

Skill Loan Scheme + Institutional credit to individual for Skill Development courses + National Occupation Standard.

Nai Roshni – Leadership Development Programme - Minority Women + 18-65 yrs.

Deen Dayal Upadhyaya – Grameen Kaushal Yojana (DDU – GKY) – Transform Rural Poor Youth into economically
independent + Globally relevant workforce + 15-35 years in focus + National Rural Livehifoo Mission.

STEM – Science + Technology + Engineering + Mathematics. - Skill Hubs + 6th to 8th - 9th to 12th

Human Capital + Intangible assets : Knowledge + Skills Level + Capacity of People

National Education Policy 2020 + Vocational skills variety occupation

Vision Statement 2025 of MSDE + Unlocked Human Capital.

INVESTMENT MODEL

Factor Affecting Investment : Income – Higher income + More investment.

Rate of Interest in Banks – Higher is the rate of interest + lesser investment.

Autonomous Investment – Independent of factors like income and Profit + Decrease or increase in income and Profit.

Investment Multiplier + Public or Private investment Postive impact + Other Dimension of economy

Incremental Capital Output Ratio (ICOR) + Level of investment economy + Resultant Increase GDP – Measure Level of
production efficiency of economy.

PPP Model + Legal Relationship + Govt or Govt owned entity + Private Sector entity for specific period. + private and
Public entities + Policy and Project Under by Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance.

Model Based on Investment Share

Management Contract – Private Sector skills + Public Sector Ownership

Turnkey(Design BID) – Private Contractor (Build facility for fixed fee,rate or total cost) + Selected wining bid.

Lease – Leases Holder (Operating and maintaining Infrastructure faculties) + Not required large investment.

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Concession Agreement - Government grants specific right to Private Company + Govt retained ownership of facility +
Conscessionaire Pays to the government for concession right + Specific Condition + PPP Mode capital information +
Passenger ropeway.

Private Finance Initiative (PFI) + Private Sector upfront cost + Project leases to the public + Govt authority make Annual
payment to private company.

PPP Model Based on Operational Types

Build Operate Transfer (BOT) – Private Sector Role + Alternative BOT (Hybrid Annuity Model) + Reduce Government role

Build Own Operate (BOO) - Ownership rest in Private – Purchase of goods and services

Build Operate Lease Transfer (BOLT) – Govt provide Concession to private sector + After completion Tranfer to the Govt.

Build Rehabilitation Operate Transfer (BROT) + Private developers build an add on to an existing facility + Own risk for
contract period + Popular in Water sector.

Less Develop Operate – Govt or Private ownership + Develop and operate by private partner + Govt receive payment to
private

Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) + Oldest types of contracting agreement + Asset transfer to the govt
after its made.

Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) + Combination of EPC(40% + 1st ) and BOT(60% + 2nd ) Model + For Road infrastructure

Kelkar Committee on PPP – Revisiting and Revitalizing PPP model of infrastructure development + Prevention of
corruption Act 1988 + One size fit all approach + long gestation period + Quick dispute resolution mechanism + Focus
more on service delivery + National PPP Policy on law + Capacity Building + Infrastructure PPP Project Review Committee
and infrastructure adjudicatory Tribunal + Implement GST.

Airport and PPP – 3rd largest - PPP Airport : New Delhi + Mumbai + Bengaluru + Cochin + Hyderabad + Ahmedabad +
Jaipur + Lucknow + Guwahati + Thiruvananthapuram + Mangaluru

PPP Opportunities in Railway - 4th largest railway network + Supplement Government + Involving States + Timesly
creation + Ensuring availability of transport. - Proposal Model : Non Govt Railway Model + Special Purpose Vehicle +
Railway project BOT award + Connectivity multi user lines + Capacity augmentation.

Vialibility Gap Funding 2004 + Infrastructure project PPP + Continue 2024-25 - Sub scheme 1 : Support Social Project -
Sub Scheme 2 : Support Demonstration or Pilot project in Health and education sector.

Harrod Domar Models + Ray Harrod 1939 + Eusey Domar 1946 + Warranted Growth (Savings are absorbed into
investment) + Actual Growth Rate (Real increase GDP) + Natural Growth rate (Rate required to maintain full
employment) + Growth depends on quantity of labour Force’ and capital + suggest more investment result in capital
accumulation lead to economic growth. + Growth rates in influence by Rate of investment and Productivity of
investment.

Lewis Model of Economics Development - Unlimited supply of labour : Subsistence Wages of agriculture labour casual
labour, domestic servants etc. + Continues increase in population. - Intersectoral relationship in dual economy of
capitalist and subsistence sector + Lewis used by Nehru for Industry development.

Solow-Swan Model – Extension to HDM + Long-run Economic growth + Population Growth + capital accumulation +
increase productivity + technological progess.

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Feldman-Mahalanobis Model (2nd Five Years Plan 1956-61) – Reach high standards of consumption + investment
essentially required to increase the capacity for production of capital goods + Focus on ralid Industrialisation + For huge
import through foreign goods.

Blended Finance – Use of Development finance for mobilisation of additional finance towards sustainable development
in developing countries + Commercial capital toward project + Financial returns to the investor + Innovative approach to
augment resources developing countries + complement own investment + Fill their SDG financing Gap.

Plug and Play Model – Infrastructure approach to attract investment.

Take out Financing – Finance for longer duration project + Acquire Infrastructure loans given by commercial Banks form
their book by specially created infrastructure Lending institutions + to prevent any Asset Liabilities mismatch.

Gross Investment = GDP – (Consumption + Government Expenditure + Net Export)

Factor effecting investment – Tax Rate + Inflation + Possible Rate of return on capital investment – availability of factor
of production.

Induced Investment – Increase in income + Profit implies increase in induced investment.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE

The Club of Rome + 1968 Rome Italy

The Brundland Commission (World Commission on Environments and Development) 1983 to 1987 + Nation toward
goal of sustainable development + Published Our common Future 1987.

The Earth Chapter 1987 + Maurice Strong and Mikhail Gorbachev + Sustainable Development

The Earth Summit 1992 (UNCED ) + Rio De Janerio + 178 nation + UN largest UN conference + Plan to stop enviromental
degradation + Agenda 21 + Forest Principle + CBD,UNFCCC,UNCCD were signed.

Millenium Development Goals 2000 21st century + New York City + 8 goals by 189 UN member State in sept 2000 - 2015
8 Goals : Poverty and Hunger + universal primary education + Gender equality and empower women + Reduce child
mortality + maternal health + HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases + Environmental sustainability + Global partnership
for development

RIO+20(United Nation Conference on Sustainable Development) June 2012 + Rio de Janeiro, Brazil + Sustainable
Development + Dimension in economics growth + Social Improvement + Environmental Protection + Focus on Green
Economy.

United Nations High level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF) 2013 and mandated 2012 + Rio+20 + The
Future We Want.

Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) 2012 + Mobilise scientific and technological expertise + Promote
practical solution for sustainable development + Paris Climate Agreement + World Happiness Report by SDSN.

Sustainable Development Goals 2015 + All United Nation : To End Poverty + Protect the planet + ensure peace and
prosperity by 2030 + 17 SDG + Niti Aayog monitor SDG + Haryana became first State annual budget focused on
attainment of SDG 2018.

Green Climate Fund 2010 – COP 16 in Cancun + Framework of UNFCCC + Finance to invest in low emmsion and climate
resilient development.

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Global Environment Facility 1992 Earth Summit + Environment problem + Financial support to civil society and
community initiatives in diffence countries.

Clean Development Mechanism – Articles 12 of Kyoto Protocol + emissions reduction commitment + emmssion
reduction in developing countries.

Adaptation Fund 2001 – Under Kyoto Protocol of UNFCCC + Cop 7 in Marrakech, Morroco + Finance project in
developing countries + To Adapt to climate change.

National Destinated Authority (NDA) + Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change for adaptation Fund

NABARD 2012 + National implement Entity + For adaption fund.

Niti Aayog Voluntary National Review Report – Second Voluntary National Review 2020 + Decade of Action + SDG from
Global to Local + Review progress and Implementation of 2030 Agenda + 17 Sustainable Development Goals + Promoting
Global engagement platform (ISA,CDRI) + India active implementation Sendai Framework.

SDG India Index + Niti Aayog from 2019 + Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation + United Nation +
Global Green Growth Institutes + Track progress of all States and UT om 100 indicator drawn from MoSPI National
Indicator Framework.

Decarbonising Transport Project + Niti Aayog + International Transport Forum of OECD + Analytic assistant to Point out
Climate action + by making Policy bases on data analysis.

Forum for Decarbonising Transport + Niti Aayog and World Resources Institute + Part of Transport initiative for
ASIA(NDC-TIA) Project.

Sustainable Climate Finance

National Voluntary Guidelines for Responsible Financing 2015 + Combine,Adapt international + national best practices.

RBI + Social Infrastructure + small renewable energy projects + Priority Sector Target.

Voluntary Guidelines on Corporate Social Responsibility

Sustainable Finance Group 2021 + RBI +Address climate change related financial risk.

Network for Greening Financial System April 2021 + RBI + Published Statement of Commitment to Support Greening
India Financial System.

Climate related Financial Risk + RBI member of Task Force + Basel Committee on Banking Supervision + International
Platform on sustainable finance.

External Commercial Borrowing + Norms of RBI + Green Bonds and Sustainable Bonds.

Green Bonds + investment in climate suitable and environment sustainability project.

Sovereign Green Bond (Union Budget 2022-23) + To reduce Carbon intensity of economy + Recommended by
International Capital Market Association Green Bond Principle 2021.

Network for Greening Financial System 3rd November 2021 + Statement of Commitment to Support Greening India
Financial System + Published by RBI.

International Solar Alliance + World Solar Banks + One Sun One World One Grid initiative.

Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure 2019 + UN Climate Action Summit. + Chaired by India and Uk

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International Platform on Sustainable Finance 2019 + European Union.

Global Climate Risk Index and India 2021 + German Watch,an Environment think tank. + Climate related adverse impact
on countries.

Climate Change Action Plan 2014 + Central Sector Scheme + Institutional framework and implement climate action (290
crore) + 5 yrs.

Kigali Amendment 2019 + Cut Protection and use hydrofluorocarbon(HFC) + Ratified by 65 countries.

Intended Nationally Determined Contribution + Climate pledge + Intended reduction in greenhouse gas emissions
Under UNFCCC.

INDC + 1st Nationally Determined Contribution + Paris agreement.

Green Rating System + Confederation of Indian Industry.

Nationally Determined Contribution + Long term to cut carbon emissions + Adapt climate change + Cooubtry signatory
to Paris agreement has to provide + Update every 5 years.

India’ Updated National Determined Contribution submitted UNFCCC for period 2030 + 8 Goals :

Healthy and Sustainable way of living + LIFE-Lifestyle for environment.

Climate friendly + Cleaner paths

Reduce emissions intensity of its GDP by 45% by 2030 from 2005 level.

Cumulative electric power installed capacity from non fossil fuels baesd energy resources by 2030 + Low cost
international finance including from Green Climate Fund.

Additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 Billion tonnes of CO² equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by 2030

Enhancing investment in development programme in sector Vulnerable to climate change, agriculture, Water resource,
Himalayan region, coastal region, Health and Disaster management.

Domestic and new and additional fund mitigation and adaptation action

Capacity, create domestic framework and international architecture + Joint collaborative R&D.

Katowice Climate Package 2018 – Compilation of Paris Rulebook document + 24th session of UNFCCC climate change
conference held in 2018 in Katowice, Poland + Guidance on National Determined Contribution.

Glasgow Climate Pact 2021 – United States Climate Change Conference (COP 26) + Paris Agreement of 2015.

National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020 – Adoption electric vehicles and manufacturing + Enhance
National fuel Security + Provide Affordable + Environment friendly transportation.

India Switches to Bharat Stage VI Emissions Norms In 2020 + Regime of tighter BS VI emissions norms for motorised two
and 4 wheeler in 1st April 2020.

Low Carbon Economy + Under Kyoto Protocol climate agreement + carbon credit utilised in market oriented system of
carbon trading + Sell theirs carbon credit for Money.

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Long Term Low Emissions Development Strategy 2022 November + COP 27 + Rational Utilisation of National resource +
National Hydrogen Policy + Climate Resilient urban development.

Methanol Economy + Niti Aayog + Low carbon + Hydrogen carrier fuel + Reduces import of crude oil + Reduce GHG
emissions + Convert coals reserve + Municipal solid waste into methanol + Set up methanol production plants.

High Ash Coal Gasification Based Methanol Production Plant + BHEL R&D Centre, Hyderabad.

National Hydrogen Energy Mission (Union Budget 2021-22) – Green Hydrogen as energy resources + Generation of
Hydrogen from green power Resources + Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.

National Green Hydrogen Mission January 2023 + Energy independent nation + De carbonised critical sector + Facilities
demand creation, Production, utilisation and Export of Green Hydrogen + Mobilization of over 8lakh crore investment by
2030 + Product capacity atleast 5 MMT per annum + Reduction import over 1 lakh crore + Creation of over 6 lakh jobs +
Renewable Energy capacity addition of abouts 125 GW + Abatement of 50 MMT of annual GHG emissions.

UNEP Emissions Gap Report + Difference between GHG emissions predicted 2030.

Top 4 emitters : China, USA,EU27+UK, India – Contributed to 55% of total GHG emissions without LUC.

Emissions Trading + Articles 17 of Kyto Protocol +Permitted to them but not used

Emissions Trading Scheme + Gujarat + To slash Air pollution + Buy and sell permit to stay below cap + To cut particulate
air pollution + Facilitate sustainable economic growth.

Tradable Forest Carbon Credit Stamp + China 1st used + Market Mechanism.

Green GDP + Index Economics growth + Environmental consequences of economics Growth.

Green Tax + Ministry of Road Transport and Highways + Old vehicle which polluting environment + Transport vehicle
older than 8 yrs could Charge (10% to 25% on road tax) + Personal Vehicle renewal registration after 15 yrs + Public
transport vehicles charge lower Green tax + Higher Green Tax (50% of Road Tax) in highly polluted area + Vehicle like
Strong, Electric vehicle and alternative fuels and Farming exempted

Gross Environment Product (GEP) + Uttarakhand 1st measure

Flex Fuel Vehicle + FFV-SHEV – BS6 Norms + To reduce India import of petroleum + Direct Benefit to Farmer + Production
Linked Incentive Scheme (auto mobile and auto component of flex fuel engine) + To Accelerate introduction of flex fuel
vehicles + Run on gasoline and adopted petrol + Different level of ethanol Blend

Climate Action and Finance Mobilization Dialogue – India and US + Under India-US Climate and Clean Energy Agenda
2030 + Bilateral Cooperation of climate and environment

Carbon Watch + Chandigarh first State + Access carbon footprint of an individual.

Renewable Energy Certificate – Markr Based mechanism + Help State to meet Regulatory requirements + Promote
development of renewable energy + 1REC = 1MWh. + REC Traded on Indian Energy Exchange and Power Exchange of
India + Price depends on market demand Fixed by Central Electricity Regulatory Commission.

Common Carbon Metric - Developed by UNEP Sustainable Building and Climate Initiative + Define the climate impact of
building through a compatible protocol.

E-Amrit Portal – On Electric Vehicle + COP 26 + Stop Destination for All EV Related information + Portal developed by Niti
Aayog Under knowledge exchange programme + Uk and as part of UK-India Joints Roadmap 2030.

Identify item single Use Plastic Ban + 1st July 2022.

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