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Student Book PYP

Oxford Mathematics
Primary Years Programme

Brian Murray
Contents
Oxford Mathematics
Primary Years Programme

NUMBER, PATTERN AND FUNCTION

Unit 1 Number and place value

1. Place value 2
MEASUREMENT, SHAPE AND SPACE

Unit 5 Using units of measurement

1. Length and perimeter
5 72
2. Addition mental strategies 6 2. Area 76
3. Addition written strategies 10 3. Volume and capacity 80
4. Subtraction mental strategies 14 4. Mass 84
5. Subtraction written strategies 18 5. Time 88
6. Multiplication mental strategies 22
7. Multiplication written strategies 26 Unit 6 Shape
8. Factors and multiples 32 1. 2D shapes 92

9. Divisibility 36 2. 3D shapes 96

10. Division written strategies 40 Unit 7 Geometric reasoning

Unit 2 Fractions and decimals 1. Angles 100

1. Comparing and ordering fractions 44 Unit 8 Location and transformation

2. Adding and subtracting fractions 48 1. Transformations 104
3. Decimal fractions 52 2. Symmetry 108
4. Percentages 56 3. Enlargements and reductions 112

Unit 3 Money and financial mathematics 4. Grid references 116

1. Financial plans 60 5. Giving directions 120

Unit 4 Patterns and algebra DATA HANDLING

1. Number patterns 64
2. Number operations and properties 68
Unit 9 Data representation and interpretation
1. Collecting and representing data 124
2. Representing and interpreting data 128

Unit 10 Chance
1. Chance 132
2. Chance experiments 136

Glossary 140
Answers 150
 UNIT 1: TOPIC 1
Place value

In a number, the value of each digit depends 9 2 3 8 5 6

on its position, or place.
923856 is easier to read if we write it as 923 856.
It also makes it easier to say the number:
nine hundred and twenty-three thousand,
eight hundred and fifty-six.

Guided practice

1 Look at this number: 725 384. The 7 is worth 700 000.

Show the value of the other digits on the place value grid.
Thousands
thousands

thousands

Hundreds
Hundred

Ones
Tens

Write the number,

Ten

using gaps if necessary

e.g. 7 0 0 0 0 0 700 000 Remember to
a use a zero as
a space-filler.
b
c
d
e

2 If we write thirty-two thousand, five hundred and nine in numerals,

we use a zero to show there are no tens: 32 509
Write as digits:

a nine thousand, three hundred and seven

b twenty-five thousand and forty-six

c one hundred and two thousand, seven hundred and one

3 Write in words:

a 2860

b 13 465

c 28 705

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Independent practice

1 What is the value of the red digit in each number?

e.g. 85 306: 80 000 c 29 425:

a 53 207: d 135 284:

b 48 005: e 399 517:

2 Write each number from question 1 in words.

e.g. 85 306: eighty-five thousand, three hundred and six

3 Write these numbers as numerals.

a eighty-six thousand, two hundred and thirty-one

b one hundred and forty-two thousand

c six hundred and fifty-six thousand, three hundred

and eight

d one hundred and five thousand, nine hundred

and twenty-one

4 Circle the number that is one more than 25 789.

25 800 25 780 25 799 25 790

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 5 Expand these numbers. The first one has been done for you.
Remember to use
14 217: 10 000 + 4000 + 200 + 10 + 7 spaces between
the digits where
necessary.
a 25 123: 20 000 +

b 63 382:

c 6004:

d 125 381:

e 860 094:

6 Use the digits on the cards to make:

6 1 5 3 9 7

a the largest number using all the cards.

b the smallest number if “5” is in the ones place.

c the largest number if the “7” is in the hundreds of thousands place.

d the smallest number if the “1” is in the thousands place.

7 Write the number shown on each spike abacus as numerals and in words.

a b

Hth Tth Th H T O Hth Tth Th H T O

numeral: numeral:

words: words:

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Extended practice

1 This table shows unusual record-breaking activities.

Place Activity Number

USA Number of dogs on a dog walk together
Spain People salsa dancing together
Poland People ringing bells together
Hong Kong People playing percussion instruments together
Singapore People line dancing together
Portugal People making a human advertising sign
Mexico People doing aerobics at the same time
India Trees planted by a group in one day
USA People in a conga line
England The longest scarf ever knitted (in centimetres)

Complete the number column in the table by rewriting the numbers below in order,
from the lowest to the highest number. The events are in order from low to high.

Record numbers
80 241 10 021 119 986 38 633 322 000 3117 34 309 3868 11 967 10 102

2 The following numbers are from the list in question 1. They have been rounded
in various ways. Write the actual number for each.

a 80 000 f 10 000

b 40 000 g 100 000

c 3000 h 12 000

d 300 000 i 4000

e 10 100 j 35 000

3 Rounded to the nearest ten thousand, the 2006 population of Noosa in Queensland
was 50 000 people. The actual number can be made by using each of these digits
once: 1 2 5 6 9
List as many of the 12 numbers that could be the actual population as you can.

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 5

 UNIT 1: TOPIC 2
Addition mental strategies

For $100:
Finding a short cut What is
Imagine you were on a TV quiz show and had 4 seconds to answer the question. 250 + 252?
There are several strategies you could use to come up with the right answer.
However, in only 4 seconds you would probably have to use a mental strategy.

Guided practice

1 You could use the near-doubles strategy for 252 + 250:

Double 250 is 500. Then add 2 = 502. Fill in the gaps.
Problem Find a near-double Now I need to: Answer
e.g. 252 + 250 250 + 250 = 500 add 2 more 502
a 150 + 160 150 + 150 = add 10 more
b 126 + 126 125 +
c 1400 + 1450

2 You could split the numbers. For example, 250 + 252 is the same as: 200 + 50 + 2 +
200 + 50. Fill in the gaps.
Problem Expand the numbers Join the partners Answer
e.g. 252 + 250 200 + 50 + 2 + 200 + 50 200 + 200 + 50 + 50 + 2 = 500 + 2 502
a 66 + 34 60 + 6 + 30 + 4 60 + 30 + 6 + 4 = 90 + 10
b 140 + 230 100 + 40 + 200 + 30 100 + 200 + 40 + 30 = 300 + 70
c 1250 + 2347

3 You could use the jump strategy on an empty number line:

e.g. What is 50 + 52? a What is 105 + 84?
+ 80 +4
+ 50 +2
105
50 100 102

Answer: 50 + 52 = 102 Answer: 105 + 84 =

b What is 1158 + 130? c What is 2424 + 505?

+ 100 + + +

1158 2424

Answer: 1158 + 130 = Answer: 2424 + 505 =

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Independent practice

1 Another mental strategy for adding is the compensation strategy. It uses rounding.
For 74 + 19, we can round 19 to 20 and say 74 + 20. Use the compensation strategy
to solve these.

Using rounding it
Problem Now I need to: Answer
becomes:
e.g. 74 + 19 74 + 20 = 94 take away 1 93
a 56 + 41 56 + 40 = 96 add 1
b 25 + 69 25 + 70 = 95 take away 1
c 125 + 62 125 + 60 = 185 add
d 136 + 198 136 +
e 195 + 249
f 1238 + 501
g 1645 + 1998

2 Use the compensation strategy to solve these.

a 35 + 99 b 24 + 101

c 173 + 198 d 1407 + 1002

e 1451 + 1499 f 1562 + 1004

3 Use the jump strategy to solve these.

a 125 + 38 =

b 164 + 47 =

c 1193 + 842 =

d 2585 + 1321 =
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 4 Practise the split strategy with these addition problems.
Problem Expand the numbers Join the partners Answer
e.g. 125 + 132 100 + 20 + 5 + 100 + 30 + 2 100 + 100 + 20 + 30 + 5 + 2 257

a 173 + 125

b 1240 + 2130

c 5125 + 1234

d 7114 + 2365

e 2564 + 4236

5 Use your choice of strategy to find the answer. Be ready to explain the strategy
you used.

a 713 + 190 =

b 1490 + 1490 =

c 2009 + 2009 + 2009 =

d 1864 + 3134 =

e 2499 + 1002 =

f 1236 + 247 =

g 2499 + 2499 =

h 3130 + 2360 =

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Extended practice
Improving your estimating and rounding skills can
help you save time with mental calculations.

1 Look at these facts and figures. Show how you would round the numbers
by underlining or highlighting one of the numbers.

World fact Metres Rounded number

a Krubera: the deepest cave in the world 2191 m 2100 or 2200?
b Cehi: the tenth-deepest cave in the world 1502 m 1500 or 1600?
c Mont Blanc: the highest mountain in Europe 4807 m 4800 or 4900?
d Mont Maudit: the tenth-highest mountain in Europe 4466 m 4400 or 4500?
e Mt Everest: the highest mountain in the world 8850 m 8800 or 8900?
f Mt Kosciusko: the highest mountain in Australia 2228 m 2200 or 2300?
g Mammoth Cave: the longest cave in the world. 590 600 m 500 000 or
600 000?
h Wind Cave: the fourth-longest cave in the world 212 500 m 200 000 or
300 000?

2 Circle the number that will make the information correct.

a The total of the depths of Krubera and Cehi caves is about

3500 m, 3700 m, 3600 m, 3400 m.

b Mont Blanc is about 20 m, 200 m, 30 m, 300 m taller than Mont Maudit.

c If you walked the lengths of the Mammoth Cave and the Wind Cave you would

have travelled about 700 km, 70 km, 80 km, 800 km.

3 Sarah goes shopping in a bargain shop. She has $11 to spend. She goes
to the checkout with these items:

Paint set: $1.99 Ball: 99c Calculator: $1.99 Cuddly toy: $1.99
Pen set: $1.25 Notebook: 49c Geometry set: $1.99 Stickers: $1.29

a To the nearest dollar, how much more than $11 is the total?

b Which item should Sarah put back to be closest to a total of $11?

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 9

 UNIT 1: TOPIC 3
Addition written strategies

T O T O
One of the most common written strategies for addition is
3 4 13 8
to set the numbers out vertically. You start with the ones and
+ 2 5 add each column in turn. + 2 5

5 9 Sometimes you need to trade from one column to the next. 6 3

Guided practice

1 Complete the following.

a T O b H T O c H T O d Th H T O
2 6 1 3 3 3 7 5 3 6 4 1
+ 2 3 + 1 4 1 + 1 2 3 + 1 2 2 5

2 Complete the following.

You need
T O H T O H T O H T O to trade
a b c d
15 1 13 with these.
7 1 2 8 1 9 6 6 8
+ 2 9 + 1 5 6 + 2 8 6 + 2 4 9

3 Start with the ones and add each column in turn.

a H T O b Th H T O c Tth Th H T O
2 4 9 3 2 4 6 3 2 2 8 6
+ 1 3 7 + 1 3 7 7 + 1 5 5 3 7

d Tth Th H T O e Hth Tth Th H T O

4 2 7 4 2 4 3 4 5 3 6
+ 3 2 3 7 8 + 2 6 5 5 9 5

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Independent practice

1 Look for a pattern in the answers for each row.

a 8 5 b 5 3 8 c 7 0 6 6
+ 3 8 + 6 9 6 + 5 2 7 9

d 8 7 2 3 9 e 6 2 f 1 5 8 9
+ 3 6 2 1 7 + 5 9 + 7 4 3

g 1 5 0 7 8 h 2 4 8 9 3 6 i 7 2
+ 1 9 4 6 5 + 2 0 7 7 1 8 + 3 9

j 9 2 4 k 1 8 6 5 1 l 1 8 6 1 2 8
+ 1 2 9 8 + 1 4 6 8 2 + 2 5 8 3 1 6

2 Look for linking numbers to save time in written addition. 2

2 5
a b c d e
2 7 2 1 4 1 8 4 4 7 5 5 9 3 1 4
Link
2 2 1 3 1 2 3 5 1 0 1 2 1 8 Link 2 5
2 3 1 9 6 2 2 6 1 3 5 8 9 8 + 2 6
+ 1 8 + 2 7 9 + 1 7 0 + 6 0 9 + 5 9 8 9 0

3 On a holiday, Jack spent $295 on food, $207 on travel, $985 for his hotel,
$92 on presents and $213 on entertainment. He wanted to know how much
he had spent and used a calculator and found that the total was $1612.

a If you round the numbers, is Jack’s answer reasonable?

b How much did Jack spend altogether?

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 T O T O
When you write an addition problem vertically, it is 14
important to keep the digits in the correct columns.
4 5
✘ 5
✓
If you don’t, you will get the wrong answer. + 3 7 + 3 7

4 8 7 8 2

4 Rewrite these problems vertically, then solve them.

a 114 + 137 b 927 + 138 c 739 + 278
H T O H T O Th H T O

+ + +

d 173 + 33 + 38 e 554 + 537 + 49 f 637 + 77 + 829

H T O Th H T O Th H T O

+ + +

g 1452 + 257 + 2318 h 35 174 + 257 + 2318 + 624

Th H T O Tth Th H T O

+
+

i 61 286 + 435 + 24 + 325 j 579 + 4529 + 33 + 6589 + 527

Tth Th H T O Tth Th H T O

+
+

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Extended practice

1 Find four different solutions to make this addition correct.

a b c d
3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9

+ 6 + 6 + 6 + 6

3 3 3 3

2 A football team can have more than Game Possible number

200 000 spectators at their home 1
games in a season.
2
Here is some information about one
3
famous football team.
4
• Number of home games: 12.
• Total number of spectators: 5
212 052. 6
• Average attendance per home 7
game: 17 671.
8
• Every game had more than
10 000 spectators. 9

• No games had exactly the same 10

number of spectators. 11
List the possible number of spectators 12
for each game. Make sure the total is
212 052. Use the grid to help you keep Total

the numbers in columns.

3 Find the total of 30 521 + 85 365 + 7570 and you will see that the digits in the answer
make a pattern. Make three other three-line addition problems with the same answer.

Working-out space

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 UNIT 1: TOPIC 4
Subtraction mental strategies
Can you work
out the answer
Round numbers are easier to work with. to 76 – 19 in
We could say 76 – 20 instead of 76 – 19. your head?

76 – 20 = 56. We took away 1 too many, so we add 1 back to the answer.

So, 76 – 19 = 57

Guided practice

1 Use the compensation strategy (rounding) to solve these. Fill in the gaps.
Using rounding, it
Problem Now I need to: Answer
becomes:
e.g. 76 – 19 76 – 20 = 56 add 1 back
a 53 – 21 53 – 20 = 33 take away 1 more
b 85 – 28 85 – 30 = 55 add 2 back
c 167 – 22 167 – 20 = 147 take away more
d 146 – 198 346 –
e 1787 – 390
f 5840 – 3100
g 6178 – 3995

Splitting numbers can make subtraction easier. For example, 479 – 135 = ?
• Split (expand) the number you are taking away: 135 becomes 100 + 30 and 5
• First take away 100: 479 – 100 = 379
• Next take away 30: 379 – 30 = 349
• Then take away 5: 349 – 5 = 344
• So, 479 – 135 = 344

2 Use the split strategy. Fill in the gaps.

Take away the Take away Take away
Problem Expand the number Answer
1st part the 2nd part the 3rd part
e.g. 479 – 135 135 = 100 + 30 + 5 479 – 100 = 379 379 – 30 = 349 349 – 5 = 344 344
a 257 – 126 126 = 100 + 20 + 6 257 – 100 =
b 548 – 224 224 =
c 765 – 442
d 878 – 236
e 999 – 753

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Independent practice

1 Use the compensation strategy to solve these — or find your own sensible short cut.

a 47 – 22

b 184 – 29

c 547 – 231

d 2455 – 1219

e 5667 – 2421

2 Use the split strategy to solve these — or find another short cut.

a 45 – 24

b 464 – 343

c 676 – 254

d 5727 – 3325

e 8958 – 5635

3 The split strategy can be used on an open number line. Fill in the gaps.

e.g. What is 900 – 350? a What is 776 – 423?

–3 – 20 – 400
– 50 – 300
776
550 600 900

Answer: 900 – 350 = 550 Answer: 776 – 423 =

b What is 487 – 264? c What is 1659 – 536?

– – – 200 – – –

487 1659

Answer: 487 – 264 = Answer: 1659 – 536 =

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 $3.75 up to
$3.80 is 5c

Another strategy for subtraction The difference

$3.80 up to $4
is to count up. is another 20c between $3.75
Tina buys a sandwich for $3.75. and $5 is $1.25.
She gives a $5 note. To work out $4 up to $5 That is another
the change, the shopkeeper starts is $1
way of saying
at $3.75 and counts up to $5.
The change is $5 – $3.75 = $1.25.
5c + 20c + $1 = $1.25

4 Use the counting-up strategy to find the change if you paid for each item with a $10.

a a toy at $7.50 b a book at $8.75

c a melon at $3.50 d a calculator at $4.45

e a game at $5.35 f a pencil set at $2.15

You can also use the counting-up strategy to find the difference between ordinary
numbers. For example, what is the difference between 200 and 155?
• 155 up to 160 is 5 • 160 up to 200 is 40
Altogether I counted up 45, so the difference between 200 and 155 is 45.

5 Use the counting-up strategy to work out the difference between these numbers.

a 100 – 57 = b 150 – 128 =

c 200 – 135 = d 151 – 118 =

e 1005 – 890 = f 2500 – 2390 =

6 Use a mental strategy of your choice to find the answers to these problems.
Be ready to explain the strategies you use.

a 89 – 19 = b 65 – 14 =

c 78 – 21 = d 150 – 75 =

e 1515 – 1220 = f 2000 – 1450 =

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Extended practice

1 A football game starts at 1:30 pm and ends at 3:05 pm. How long does it last?

2 The difference between two 3-digit numbers is 57. What might the numbers be?

3 Iva receives $2.45 change after paying with a note. Which banknote might have been
used and how much was spent?

4 What is 4235 – 397? Explain how you got the answer.

5 Bob, Bill and Ben buy the same model of car from different dealers.
Bob pays $7464 for his car. Bill pays $193 more than Bob, but Bill pays $193 less
than Ben.
How much do Bill and Ben pay for their cars?

6 Fill in the gaps to show three more ways to make the subtractions correct.
e.g.
6 1 3 – 5 3 5 = 7 8

a
6 3 – 5 = 7 8

b
6 3 – 5 = 7 8

c
6 3 – 5 = 7 8

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