Mi

crol
inki
nfor
mat
iont
echnol
ogycol
lege
Oper
ati
ngsy
stem assi
gnment
Depar
ment
:Comput
ersci
ence

Sect
ion:2
gr
oupmember

Name i
d

1,
samsont
ari
ku.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.879

2,
l
etaeshet
u..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
845

3,
nat
asel
omon.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.828

4,
brukest
if
anos.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.893

5,
miki
yasket
ema.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.878

6,
yeabnehasef
a..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
861

7,
l
eli
saeshet
u..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.844

Submi
tedt
o:

submi
tt
eddat
e:29-3-2024
Answer

Expl
ain
1.Ther elati
onshi
pbet weenoperati
ngsy stemsandcomput erhardwareiscruci
al.Anoper ati
ng
system ser v
esasani nter
medi ar
ybetweensof twareappli
cat i
onsandt hecomput erhar dware.I
t
managest heresourcesofthehardwar e,suchasmemor y
, CPU, stor
age,andinput/output
devices,toensurethatsoftwareprogramscanr uneffi
cientlyandi nt
eractwitht
hehar dwar e
eff
ect i
vely.Theoperati
ngsy st
em providesapl atf
ormf orsof twaretocommuni catewi t
ht he
hardwar e,handl
essy st
em securi
ty,andf aci
li
tatesuserinteracti
onwi ththecomput er.

2.Buf fer
ingcani mprovetheper f
ormanceofacomput ersystem byr educingthetimeittakes
fordat atobet r
ansferr
edbet weendiff
erentcomponent softhesy stem.Whendat aisbuffered,
i
ti stempor ari
l
yst or
edinabuf fer(aport
ionofmemor y)beforebei ngpr ocessedortransferr
ed
toanot herlocati
on.Thisall
owsf orsmoot herdat
aflowandcanpr ev entbottl
enecksindat a
transferprocesses.Buffer
inghelpstoopt i
mizedatatr
ansferspeeds, reducelat
ency,and
i
mpr oveoverallsyst
em performance.

3.Thepri
marydi
fferencesbetweenaNetworkOperati
ngSyst
em (
NOS)andaDi
str
ibut
ed
Operat
ingSy
stem (DOS)liei
ntheirf
ocusandfunct
ional
it
y:

-ANetworkOperat
ingSyst
em (NOS)isdesi
gnedtomanageandcontr
olnet
workresour
ces,
suchasfi
l
eshari
ng,pri
nti
ng,andcommunicat
ionbetweenmult
ipl
ecomputer
sinanetwork.
Exampl
esincl
udeWindowsSer v
er,Li
nux,
andNovellNetWar
e.

-ADi str
ibutedOperati
ngSystem (
DOS)isdesignedtomanageagr oupofindependent
comput er
st hatar
einter
connectedandworktogetherasasi ngl
esystem.Itf
ocuseson
coor
dinatingtasksandresourcesacrossmul
tipl
emachi nes.Examplesincl
udeAmoeba, Pl
an9,
andGoogl e'
sFuchsiaOS.

4.I
nter
act
ingwit
hacomputersy
stem wi
thoutanoper
ati
ngsy
stem canpr
esentsev
eral
i
nconveni
encesf
oruser
s:

-Lackofuser-
fri
endl
yinterf
ace:Wit
houtanoperati
ngsy
stem,user
smayhavet
oi nt
eract
direct
lywithhar
dwarecomponent susingl
ow-l
evelcommands,
makingi
tdi
ffi
cul
tfornon-
technical
userstooperat
et hesyst
em.

-Li
mitedfunctional
i
ty:
Anoperati
ngsy
stem prov
idesessent
ial
ser
vicesl
ikefi
l
emanagement
,
dev i
cedri
vers,andsecuri
tyf
eat
ures.Wi
thoutanOS,usersmaynothaveaccesstot
hese
functi
onal
iti
es.
 -Manual
resourcemanagement:User
smayneedt omanual
lymanagesystem r
esour
cesl
ike
memoryal
locat
ion,CPUschedul
i
ng,anddev
iceaccesswi
thoutt
heassist
anceofanoperat
ing
sy
stem.

5.Thekeydif
fer
encebet
weenaj
obandapr
ocessl
i
esi
nthei
rdef
ini
ti
onswi
thi
nthecont
extof
operat
ingsy
stems:

-Job: I
nthecontextofoperat
ingsy st
ems,aj obref
erstoauni tofworksubmit
tedbyauseror
appli
cati
ont obeexecut
edbyt hecomput ersystem.Itt
ypical
l
yconsi st
sofoneormor e
processesandmayi ncl
udeinstruct
ions,dat
a,andotherresourcesrequir
edtocomplet
ea
specif
ictask.

-Process:Aprocessisaninstanceofapr ogram i
nexecuti
on.I
trepresent
sthecurr
entstat
e
ofaprogram r
unningont hecomput er
,incl
udingmemor yall
ocat
ion,CPUusage,andother
syst
em resour
ces.Processesaremanagedbyt heoperati
ngsystem andcanexecut
e
i
ndependentl
yorinparall
elwithotherprocesses.

6.Adv
ant
agesofMul
ti
progr
ammi
ng:

-I
ncr
easedCPUut il
i
zati
on:Mult
iprogr
ammi ngall
owsmul
ti
pleprogramst obeloadedi
nto
memorysimult
aneousl
y,enabl
i
ngt heCPUt oswit
chbet
weenthem quickl
y.Thi
sleadstohi
gher
CPUut
il
izati
onandimprovedsyst
em effi
ciency
.

-Fast
err
esponseti
me:Withmult
ipr
ogramming,t
hesy st
em cancont
inueexecut
ingother
programswhil
ewaiti
ngforI
/Ooperat
ionsorot
hertaskstocomplet
e.Thisr
esult
sinfaster
responset
imesforuser
sandappli
cati
ons.

-Enhancedsy
stem thr
oughput
:Byov
erl
appi
ngCPUandI/Ooperati
onsacrossmult
ipl
e
pr
ograms,mult
ipr
ogrammingcanimpr
oveover
all
syst
em t
hroughputandperfor
mance.

-Resour
ceuti
li
zat
ion:
Mult
ipr
ogr
ammingopt
imi
zestheuseofsyst
em resour
cessuchas
memory,CPU,
andI/Odevi
cesbyal
lowi
ngmul
ti
plepr
ogramstosharet
hem effi
cient
ly.

7.Adv
ant
agesofMul
ti
processi
ngorPar
all
elSy
stem:

-I
ncreasedperf
ormance:Mul
ti
processingsystemscanexecutemul
ti
plet
askssi
mul
taneousl
y,
l
eadi
ngt oimpr
ovedperfor
manceandf asterpr
ocessi
ngoftasks.

-Enhancedreli
abil
i
ty:Paral
l
el systemscanpr ovi
def aul
ttoler
ancebyall
owingtaskst
obe
distr
ibutedacr
ossmul ti
pleprocessor s.I
foneprocessorfail
s,thesy
stem canconti
nue
functioni
ngusingtheremaini
ngpr ocessors.

-Scal
abi
li
ty:
Multi
processi
ngsystemscaneasi
l
yscal
ebyaddi
ngmorepr
ocessor
s,enabl
i
ng
t
hem tohandl
elar
gerwor kl
oadsandaccommodategr
owi
ngdemands.
 -Ef
fici
entresourceuti
l
izat
ion:Par
all
elsyst
emscandi
str
ibutetasksacr
ossmul ti
ple
pr
ocessors,
opt i
mizingr
esourceuti
li
zati
onandi
mprovi
ngov er
allsyst
em ef
fi
ciency.

8.Di
ff
erencesbet
weenBat
chPr
ocessi
ngSy
stem andReal
-Ti
mePr
ocessi
ngSy
stem:

-BatchProcessingSy stem:Pr
ocessesdatainbatcheswit
houtimmediat
euserint
eracti
on.
Dataiscoll
ected,processed,
andoutputatalatert
ime.Examplesincl
udepay
rol
lprocessi
ng
andreportgenerati
on.

-Real-TimeProcessingSyst
em:Processesdataimmediatel
yasitisr
eceiv
ed,prov
idi
ng
i
nstantresponsestouserinput
s.Real
-ti
mesystemsar et
ime-sensi
ti
veandrequir
eimmediat
e
processingofdatatomeetdeadli
nes.Examplesincl
udeairtr
aff
iccont
rolsyst
emsandonli
ne
tr
ansactionprocessi
ng.

9.Di
ff
erencesbet
weenReal
-Ti
meSy
stem andTi
meshar
ingSy
stem:

-Real
-Ti
meSy stem:Real-
ti
mesyst
emsprocessdataimmedi at
elyuponr
eceiptt
omeetstrict
ti
mingconst
rai
nts.Theypri
ori
ti
zer
esponsi
venessandpredict
abi
li
tyoverr
esourceshar
ing.
Exampl
esincl
udecont r
olsyst
emsandmonitori
ngappl
icati
ons.

-Timeshar
ingSystem:Ti
meshar i
ngsy stemsall
owmul t
ipl
euser st
oint
eractwithacomput
er
system si
multaneousl
ybydivi
dingCPUt i
meamongdi ff
erenttasksorpr
ocesses.Theyf
ocuson
resourceshari
ngandprovi
dingfairaccesstosystem r
esourcesamongusers.

10.Di
ff
erencesbet
weenMul
ti
processi
ngandMul
ti
progr
ammi
ng:

-Multi
processi
ng:Inmulti
processi
ng,multi
plepr
ocessorsworkt
ogethert
oexecutemul
ti
ple
t
askssimultaneousl
y.Eachprocessorhasit
sownsetofr esour
cesandcanoperat
e
i
ndependentlyorcooper
ati
velywithotherpr
ocessor
s.

-Mult
ipr
ogramming:Mult
iprogramminginvol
vesl oadingmult
ipl
eprogramsint
omemor yand
swit
chi
ngbetweenthem t
out i
li
zeCPUt i
meef fi
ciently
.Ital
l
owst hesyst
em t
oov er
lapCPUand
I/
Ooperat
ionsacr
ossdiff
erentprogr
amsf orimprov edperf
ormance.

Mul
ti
plechoi
se

1.C

2.A
3.D

4.A

5.D

6.A

7.C

8.C

9.B

10.B

11.B

12.D

13.D

14.A

15.A

16.D

17.D