ON

“IOT SYSTEM”

Mumtaj Nagar, Ayodhya

“Department of Electronics Engineering”

Session 2024-25

Submitted To
Er. Abhishek Verma
(Lect. Of EC. Engg.)

Submitted By
Priya Tiwari
(Enrol. No. – E231138330019)
 Mecatredz Softwares and Innovations
Pvt. Ltd. Lucknow
(AN ISO 9001 : 2015 CERTIFIED COMPANY)

MT/ST/24/…..……...

COMPLETION CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr./ Ms. Your Name (Roll No) undergoing his /her Diploma
(Electronics) from Govt. Girls Polytechnic Ayodhya, has completed his/her 30 days
internship with project at this Mecatredz Softwares and Innovations Pvt. Ltd. All the
necessary details were provided from our side for the establishment of the project.
It is observed that he is sincere and prompt in discharging the duties assigned to his/her
from time to time.

On behalf of our organization, we wish him all the best in all his future endeavors.

Thanks & Regards,

Diksha Tripathi (H.R. Manager)
Mecatredz Softwares and Innovations Pvt. Ltd.Lucknow(U.P.)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere gratitude to our respected internship guide Er. Abhishek Verma for his
valuable guidance and suggestions while carrying out the internship on embedded systems. I
extend my gratitude to engineering staff and management in Mecatredz Softwares and
Innovations, Lucknow for their support.

I’m proud to be the part of GGPA, the institution which stood with us in the success
completion of the internship. I take this opportunity to thank Department Of Electronics
Engineering, GGPA for supporting me I also thank my parents, group members, friends and
almighty for constant support.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION… .......................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER 2: DESCRIPTION OF THE ORGANIZATION… ..................................................... 4
2.1 : BENEFITS… ............................................................................................................. 4

2.2 : DEVELOPMENT PROCESS ........................................................................................ 5

2.3 : ENGAGEMENT MODELS ..........................................................................................5

2.4 : DEVELOPMENT… ..................................................................................................... 5

2.5 : DESKTOP APPLICATION .......................................................................................... 6

2.6 : WEB APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT…......................................................................6

2.7 : SMART CLIENT APPLICATION… ............................................................................... 6

2.8 : CONTACT INFORMATION ........................................................................................ 7

CHAPTER 3: DEPARTMENT OF STUDENT INTERNED… .....................................................8

3.1: ABOUT IOT(INTERNET OF THING) SYSTEM ............................................................. 8
CHAPTER 4: GENERAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES… ................................................ 10
CHAPTER 5: PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL TAKE-AWAY… ........................................ 11
5.1 : IOT SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE.................................................................................11

5.2 : DESIGNING AN IOT SYSTEM..................................................................................11

5.3 : IMPLEMENTATION ................................................................................................. 13

5.4 : TESTING................................................................................................................15

5.5 : BLYNK SOFTWARE................................................................................................17

5.6 : ARDUINO IDE…:….................................................................................................19

5.7 : NODEMCU SHEILDS ................................................................................................ 21

5.8 : SENSORS… ..............................................................................................................23

5.10: GSM ...................................................................................................................... 27

5.11 : SOFTWARE… ........................................................................................................30

5.12 : CODES… ................................................................................................................ 31

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION… ............................................................................................ 34
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

The most basic definition for Embedded Systems can be written as a hardware system along
with a software part embedded to it to perform various tasks. An Embedded Systems can be
defined as an independent entity or a system that is a part of a much larger system. It can be
considered as a microcontroller or a microprocessor designed to perform various application
based tasks.

Embedded Systems comprise of three main components -

• Hardware components

• Software components

• RTOS to supervise the functions.

mechanical or electrical system, frequently with real-time computing constraints. .most frequently
after adding hardware and software it is a medicine complete device. Daily we are using embedded
system to control many devices. An embedded system is a type of computer system with inscribed
function within a huge mechanical or electrical system, frequently with real-time computing
constraints.

Embedded systems are generally classified into two types. They are

• General purpose embedded systems

• Real time embedded systems

Examples for general purpose embedded systems:

• Laptops

• Mobile phones
Examples for real time embedded systems:
• Air conditioner An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a
larger

• Traffic light controllers

The major difference between these two embedded systems is that the general-purpose system
uses microprocessor while the other one uses

Microcontroller Now let us have a look on the differences between a microprocessor and a
microcontroller.

Microprocessor is an IC which has only the CPU inside them i.e. only the processing powers
such as Intel’s Pentium 1,2,3,4, core 2 duo, i3, i5 etc. These microprocessors don’t have RAM,
ROM, and other peripheral on the chip. A system designer has to add them externally to
make them functional. Application of microprocessor includes Desktop PC’s, Laptops,
notepads etc. But this is not the case with Microcontrollers. Microcontroller has a CPU, in
addition with a fixed amount of RAM, ROM and other peripherals all embedded on a single
chip. At times it is also termed as a mini computer or a computer on a single chip. Today
different manufacturers produce microcontrollers with a wide range of features available in
different versions. Some manufacturers are ATMEL, Microchip, TI, Freescale, Philips,
Motorola etc.

Microcontrollers are designed to perform specific tasks. Specific means applications where the
relationship of input and output is elucidated. Depending on the input, some processing needs to be
done and output is delivered. For example, keyboards, mouse, washing machine, digicam, pendrive,
remote, microwave, cars, bikes, telephone, mobiles, watches, etc. Since the applications are very
specific, they need small resources like RAM, ROM, I/O ports etc .

Microprocessors used to find an applications where assignments are unspecific like developing
software, games, websites, photo editing, creating documents etc. In such situations the relationship
between input and output is not described. They need more amount of resources like RAM, ROM, I/O
ports etc.
The clock speed of the Microprocessor is quite high as compared to the microcontroller.
Whereas the microcontrollers operate from a few MHz to 30 to 50 MHz, today’s
microprocessor operate above 1GHz as they perform complex tasks.

• Examples of microprocessor: 8085, 8086, Intel core7.

• Examples of microcontroller:8051, PIC, Arduino.

 CHAPTER-2

DESCRIPTION OF THE ORGANIZATION

Mecatredz Softwares and Innovations Pvt. Ltd. Lucknow an Indian based IT Software
development and Training Company that spotlights on worthwhile, timely delivered and
extremely qualitative IT enabled services. With a prosperous and speckled familiarity in
software development elucidation that gives your business a new dimension over your
contestants. Our unique software model will bring utmost targeted result to your business.
This Software Development Company with its Head Office in Chennai have a team of
professionals having in-depth expertise in latest technologies provides expert software
solutions for business of all sizes like - E-commerce, finance, travel & tourism, youthful
entrepreneurs, corporate, IT consultancy organizations etc.… We deliver the top level mobile
applications for Android, Black Berry, Windows, Symbian, Smart Phones, iPhone, and iPad
with the touch of iOS. Get website application done on varied platforms like Java, PHP, .NET
that is productively delivered to various partners and customers globally. At present, with our
knowledge and expertise, we have created a worldwide trail of clients and partners. Our
ultimate customized professional SEO services offered to lots of entrepreneurs facilitates
them to increase utmost ROI for their business and increase traffic.

2.1 BENIFITS

• Assured Return on Investment

• Faster development cycle

• Increased development productivity

• Low development costs

• Reduced time to market

• Quality software products

2.2 DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

• Project Kick-off

• Software Requirements Analysis and Management

• Software Project Planning

• Software Project Tracking and management

• Software Quality Assurance

2.3 ENGAGEMENT MODELS

• Fixed-Price

• Time and Material

• Dedicated Development Team

• Offshore Development Centre

• On site Consulting

2.4 DEVELOPMENT

Mecatredz Softwares and Innovations Pvt. Ltd. Lucknow is a software development

company which offer Custom Software Development services, including product idea
analysis, offshore software development to outsourcing support, and enhancement. India
Info tech employs a large pool of software engineers coming from different backgrounds.
With India Info tech software development services, you reduce outsourcing software
development costs and enhance revenue growth due to our:

• High responsiveness

• Skilled and organized personel

• Strong experience in projects of different complexity

• Time tested software development process
• On-time and within budget delivery

2.5 DESKTOP APPLICATION

Desktop Applications are robust, rich-client applications that are compiled and run using the
processing power of an individual user's desktop computer. India Info tech has expertise in a
wide variety programming languages, tools, and platforms for client server application. Our
structured methodologies and proven IT processes helps to reduce complexity, risks and
costs associated with client/server development. We will help you develop

customized software applications and assist you thorough out the entire software
development Life Cycle, including systems analysis and design, software development,
project management, implementation and training.

2.6 WEB APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

Application development has undergone a transition over years, with the migration of
applications from traditional client/server designs to the Internet. We utilize cutting-edge
technologies such as Microsoft ASP.NET, Java/J2EE, ROR, Ajax and XML to meet our
customers varied requirements.

2.7 SMART CLIENT APPLICATION

Mecatredz Technology has developed many Smart Client applications which enable Single Click
Deployment, Enterprise Security, Extensibility and Online and Offline application access etc.
2.8 Contact Information:
Company Name : Mecatredz Softwares and Innovations pvt. Ltd.

Venue :C-133/Sector-A, Near Civil Hospital Mahanagar,

Lucknow - 226006.

General Phone No : 9600114466.

Company Email : mtechnologylko@gmail.com

Website : www.mtechnologies.org
 CHAPTER 3

DEPARTMENT OF STUDENT INTERNED

3.1 ABOUT EMBEDDED SYSTEM

The combination of hardware and software either fixed in capability or programmable is know
Embedded system , that is designed for a specific function. Embedded systems is device used
to control, monitor the operation of equipment’s , machinery or plant. “Embedded” refers to
the internal part.

These are classified into different steps :

Based on the Performance and Functional Requirement:

1. REAL TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS: type of systems are defined as these systems in which
the truthfulness of the system depends not only on the logical result computation, but
also the results are produced on time.

 Hard real-time systems (e.g., Avionic control).

 Firm real-time systems (e.g., Banking).
 Soft real-time systems (e.g., Video on demand).

2. DETACHED EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

 This systems do not require a host like a computer, depends on itself.

 It takes the inputs from the either analog or digital and processes, calculates and modified
the data and gives the end data through the link device which either controls, drives and
displays the linked devices.
 examples: mp3 music players, digital cameras, video game , microwave ovens and
temperature checkup systems.

3. NETWORKED EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

 These systems are branch to a network to access the resources.

 connected network can be LAN, WAN, or the internet. The connection maybe wireless or
wired. This system is highest growing area in embedded system applications.

4. MOBILE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

.
  The basic limitations of these devices is the other resources and limitations.
 Mobile embedded systems are used in portable embedded devices like cell phone, mobiles,
digital cameras, mp3 players and personal digital assistants, etc

Based on the Performance of the Microcontroller:

1. SMALL SCALE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

 These types of systems are designed with a 8 or 16-bit single microcontroller, that may be
generated by a battery.
 For the developing embedded software for this embedded systems, the important
programming tools are editor, assembler, cross assembler and IDE.

2. MEDIUM SCALE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

 Medium scale embedded systems are designed with a 16 or 32-bit MC, RISCs or DSPs.
 Both hardware and software complexities are available.
 For the developing embedded software for this system, the main tools are C, C++, JAVA,
Visual,RTOS, debugger, source code engineering tool, simulator and IDE.

3. WORDLY EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

 These systems are designed with 32-bit.

 type of embedded systems have large hardware and software complexities.
 Which may required scalable or configurable processor and programming logical arrays.
 CHAPTER - 4

GENERAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

I was interned at the Embedded Department where i was provided exposure to various
microcontroller boards that were available for development of various IOT application areas
like consumer, home automation, security, surveillance, health care, etc. The main agenda of
the department to bond the gap between the company and the students by providing them
with practical experience by considering the various constraints that comes into effect during
the physical implementation of a project.

The department where I was interned helped me bridge the gap between the industry
and academia by providing the complete experience to on board using the various
microcontroller boards like PIC microcontroller, Arduino nano microcontroller etc.

The department has an Industry Excellence Experience Center to learn, innovate, and
prototype embedded designs on various Industry standard hardware and microcontroller
platforms. At the same time build a Rewarding Career to students in embedded Engineering
Domain. The Lab setup and training helped me to become a competent and productive
Analog and Digital design Engineers. The training enabled me to acquire knowledge, skills and
practical experience across the entire front end and backend Full Custom Flow (Circuit to
tape- out). The training covers key fundamental concepts of Physical Design methodology
which will enhance the employability of the students. The Sessions, Lab exercises and
Industry Standard Projects enabled me to get through instills confidence and the analytical
abilities required to work on complex industry’s challenges in various Deep Sub-Micron
Technology Process. Exposure to the use of Physical Design tools familiarity with timing
closure and related topics are covered.
 CHAPTER 5

PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL TAKE-AWAY

5.1 Embedded System Architecture

Embedded system architecture is an generalized form of the system. But this architecture
does not show a detailed implementation information like software source code or hardware
circuit design. As a part of composition of interacting elements the hardware and software
elements are present in embedded system.here elements are used to represent the
hardware and software ,leaving only behavioral and inter relationship information. the one
possible representation of the architecture is a structure. A structure is like snapshot of the
system's hardware and software during design time or at runtime having a particular
environment and a set of elements. Earlier embedded system architecture is used to resolve
challenges in a project. Architecture is the first tool used to analyse the system without
defining or knowing the internal level of implementation.architecture can also be used as a
high level blueprint in defining the infrastructure of a design.

5.2 Designing an Embedded System

The four cornerstones of embedded system modelling are big-bang, code-and-fix, waterfall

and spiral model. Most of the many models used in system design are based on single model.
bang model, no planning is executed before developing the system. The code-and-fix model
requirements are described but no processes are prepared before the start of the
development.
The waterfall model uses strict process for developing system in steps, each part of the system is
developed step by step. Spiral model is a similar model to waterfall model. Between step feedback and
systematic progress model is shown in Graph 3. In the Graph 3 waterfall and spiral models have been
combined into one system design model. (Arduino 2005).

GRAPH 3. Design and Development Lifecycle Model (adapted from Arduino 2005).

5.3 Implementation

One of the final phases of embedded system design for implementing the design. Basically the design
and implementation of control system or more frequently separated which produces development of
embedded system to be more time consuming and costly.

13
 the implementation phase. There are several tools built to ease the implementation of the system. The
implementation and development process of the embedded system’s hardware and software layer can
be possible with development tools. One of the tools used on the hardware side is Computer-Aided
Design (CAD). CAD is used for simulate circuits at electrical level. In addition to study a circuit’s behavior
before the final circuit and software is implemented simulation is used to test the hardware. Screen
capture of the software is shown in Graph 4. Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is used for aid
the implementation of the software side present in embedded systems. More information about

Integrated Development Environment is found in chapter 3 under Arduino IDE. (Arduino UNO.)

GRAPH 4. CAD software for circuit simulation

5.4 Testing

The purpose of testing is to check the quality of a system. The tester is trying to test if the system is operating
according to its design. In other words, the tester is trying to testing to find the error also

known as a bug is found from the system. Testing can be also

used to track if bugs have been fixed. Arduino describes in the quotation what bugs are and how they behave
in a system.
During testing, bugs usually stem from either the system not adhering to the architectural
specifications— i.e., behaving in a way it shouldn’t according to documentation, not be- having in a
way it should according to the documentation, behaving in a way not mentioned in documentation—
or the inability to test the system. (Arduino 2005, 563).

The types of bugs encountered in testing depend on the type of testing performed to the
system. There are four generally used models to test the system: static black box testing,
static white box testing, dynamic black box testing, or dynamic white box testing. Table 1
shows techniques used for testing. Black box testing means that a tester has no access to
schematics or source code. Black box testing is based on general product information given to
the tester. White box testing also known as clear box or glass box testing is where the tester
has access to the source code and the schematics of the system. Static testing is used when
the system is not running, whereas dynamic testing is applied when the system is running.
 Black Box Testing White Box Testing

Static Testing products features by: Process of methodically revising

hardware and code to bugs without
Testing
executing it.
1. Expecting for high-level
fundamental problems,
omissions (i.e., pretending to be
customer, research existing
guidelines,review and test similar
software, etc.).

2. Low-level specification
testing by insuring completeness,
accuracy, preciseness,
 relevance,consistency, feasibility,
etc.
Dynamic
Testing
 Testing running system during seeing
Requirements of definition
at schematics, code,etc.
of what hardware and
software does, includes: Directly testing of high-level and low-
level based on detailed operational
• data testing, which is knowledge, memory dumps and
accessing variables. Looking for data
information of user output
declaration errors, data reference
and input. errors, comparison errors,
computation errors, control flow
• boundary condition errors, subroutine parameter errors,
testing, which is used to I/O errors, etc.

test conditions at edge of

planned operational limits
of softwares

• internal boundary testing,

which is used to test
powers-of- two, ASCII
table

• input testing, which is used

to test null, invalid data

• state testing, which are

testing modes and
transitions between
modes soft-ware is in with
state variables

i.e., race conditions, repetition

testing, stress (starving software =
low memory, slow CPU, slow
network), load (feed
 5.5 NodeMCUESP8266

What is NodeMCU?

The NodeMCU (Node MicroController Unit) is an open-source software and hardware development
environment built around an inexpensive System-on-a-Chip (SoC) called the ESP8266. The ESP8266,
designed and manufactured by Espressif Systems, contains the crucial elements of a computer: CPU,
RAM, networking (WiFi), and even a modern operating system and SDK. That makes it an excellent choice
for Internet of Things (IoT) projects of all kinds.
However, as a chip, the ESP8266 is also hard to access and use. You must solder wires, with the
appropriate analog voltage, to its pins for the simplest tasks such as powering it on or sending a
keystroke to the “computer” on the chip. You also have to program it in low-level machine instructions
that can be interpreted by the chip hardware. This level of integration is not a problem using the ESP8266
as an embedded controller chip in mass-produced electronics. It is a huge burden for hobbyists, hackers,
or students who want to experiment with it in their own IoT projects. But, what about Arduino? The
Arduino project created an open-source hardware design and software SDK for their versatile IoT
controller. Similar to NodeMCU, the Arduino hardware is a microcontroller board with a USB connector,
LED lights, and standard data pins. It also defines standard interfaces to interact with sensors or other
boards. But unlike NodeMCU, the Arduino board can have different types of CPU chips (typically an ARM
or Intel x86 chip) with memory chips, and a variety of programming environments. There is an Arduino
reference design for the ESP8266 chip as well. However, the flexibility of Arduino also means significant
variations across different vendors. For example, most Arduino boards do not have WiFi capabilities, and
some even have a serial data port instead of a USB port.

NodeMCU Specifications
The NodeMCU is available in various package styles. Common to all the designs is the base
ESP8266 core. Designs based on the architecture have maintained the standard 30-pin layout. Some
designs use the more common narrow (0.9″) footprint, while others use a wide (1.1″) footprint – an
important consideration to be aware of.

The most common models of the NodeMCU are the Amica (based on the standard narrow pinspacing)
and the LoLin which has the wider pin spacing and larger board. The open-source design of the base
ESP8266 enables the market to design new variants of the NodeMCU continually.

NodeMCU Technical Specifications

Official NodeMCU NodeMCU Carrier Board LoLin NodeMCU

Microcontroller ESP-8266 32-bit ESP-8266 32-bit ESP-8266 32-bit

NodeMCU Model Amica Amica Clone LoLin

NodeMCU Size 49mm x 26mm 49mm x 26mm 58mm x 32mm

Carrier Board Size n/a 102mm x 51mm n/a

Pin Spacing 0.9" (22.86mm) 0.9" (22.86mm) 1.1" (27.94mm)

Clock Speed 80 MHz 80 MHz 80 MHz

USB to Serial CP2102 CP2102 CH340G

USB Connector Micro USB Micro USB Micro USB

Operating Voltage 3.3V 3.3V 3.3V
Input Voltage 4.5V-10V 4.5V-10V 4.5V-10V

Flash Memory/SRAM 4 MB / 64 KB 4 MB / 64 KB 4 MB / 64 KB
Digital I/O Pins 11 11 11

Analog In Pins 1 1 1
ADC Range 0-3.3V 0-3.3V 0-3.3V
UART/SPI/I2C 1/1/1 1/1/1 1/1/1
WiFi Built-In 802.11 b/g/n 802.11 b/g/n 802.11 b/g/n

Temperature Range -40C - 125C -40C - 125C -40C - 125C

 Product Link NodeMCU NodeMCU

NodeMCU Pinout and Functions Explained

• Power Pins There are four power pins. VIN pin and three 3.3V pins.

• VIN can be used to directly supply the NodeMCU/ESP8266 and its peripherals. Power delivered on
VIN is regulated through the onboard regulator on the NodeMCU module – you can also supply 5V
regulated to the VIN pin

• 3.3V pins are the output of the onboard voltage regulator and can be used to supply power to
external components.

• GND are the ground pins of NodeMCU/ESP8266

• I2C Pins are used to connect I2C sensors and peripherals. Both I2C Master and I2C Slave are

supported. I2C interface functionality can be realized programmatically, and the clock frequency is
100 kHz at a maximum. It should be noted that I2C clock frequency should be higher than the
slowest clock frequency of the slave device.
• GPIO Pins NodeMCU/ESP8266 has 17 GPIO pins which can be assigned to functions such as I2C, I2S,

UART, PWM, IR Remote Control, LED Light and Button programmatically. Each digital enabled GPIO can
be configured to internal pull-up or pull-down, or set to high impedance. When configured as an input,
it can also be set to edge-trigger or level-trigger to generate CPU interrupts.

• ADC Channel The NodeMCU is embedded with a 10-bit precision SAR ADC. The two functions can be

implemented using ADC. Testing power supply voltage of VDD3P3 pin and testing input voltage of TOUT
pin. However, they cannot be implemented at the same time.

• UART Pins NodeMCU/ESP8266 has 2 UART interfaces (UART0 and UART1) which provide asynchronous

communication (RS232 and RS485), and can communicate at up to 4.5 Mbps. UART0 (TXD0, RXD0, RST0
& CTS0 pins) can be used for communication. However, UART1 (TXD1 pin) features only data transmit
signal so, it is usually used for printing log.

• SPI Pins NodeMCU/ESP8266 features two SPIs (SPI and HSPI) in slave and master modes.

These SPIs also support the following general-purpose SPI features:

• 4 timing modes of the SPI format transfer
• Up to 80 MHz and the divided clocks of 80 MHz
• Up to 64-Byte FIFO
• SDIO Pins NodeMCU/ESP8266 features Secure Digital Input/Output Interface (SDIO) which is used to

directly interface SD cards. 4-bit 25 MHz SDIO v1.1 and 4-bit 50 MHz SDIO v2.0 are supported.

• PWM Pins The board has 4 channels of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). The PWM output can be

implemented programmatically and used for driving digital motors and LEDs. PWM frequency range is
adjustable from 1000 μs to 10000 μs (100 Hz and 1 kHz).

• Control Pins are used to control the NodeMCU/ESP8266. These pins include Chip Enable pin (EN), Reset

pin (RST) and WAKE pin.

• EN: The ESP8266 chip is enabled when EN pin is pulled HIGH. When pulled LOW the chip works at
minimum power.

• RST: RST pin is used to reset the ESP8266 chip.

• WAKE: Wake pin is used to wake the chip from deep-sleep
• Control Pins are used to control the NodeMCU/ESP8266. These pins include Chip Enable pin (EN), Reset
pin (RST) and WAKE pin.
• EN: The ESP8266 chip is enabled when EN pin is pulled HIGH. When pulled LOW the chip works at
minimum power.
• RST: RST pin is used to reset the ESP8266 chip.
• WAKE: Wake pin is used to wake the chip from deep-sleep.

USB to Serial Converter – CP2102 or CH340G

Incorporated into each NodeMCU is a USB to Serial Converter. The official design is based on the
CP2102 chipset and offers the best compatibility. Genuine boards use the CP2102 chipset including the
officially licensed Amica NodeMCU modules. The other common USB to Serial Converter used is the
CH340G which is common on the lower-priced modules including the LoLin units. Other designs may
use drivers including the FTDI chipset, but those designs are rare.

Depending on the Operating System you are using with the NodeMCU, the appropriate driver must be
installed. Generally, Windows 10 immediately recognizes the CP2102 chipset while the CH340G may
require separate installation.

• Drivers for the CP2102 are available for download from the Silicon Labs support site. Drivers constantly
evolve and ensuring and installing the most recent version in your development environment minimum
issues. Drivers are available for Windows, Mac, Linux, and Android. We also have a local copy of the
CP2102 drivers (v10.1.8) available locally for download. You are always best to visit the original
manufacturer to ensure you are receiving the most recent versions of the driver.

• WCH maintain and update the drivers for the CH340G on a regular basis. Versions of the driver are also
available for Windows, Mac, Linux, and Android. Visit their Driver Download page. We also have a local
copy of the CH340G drivers (version 3.5) available locally for download. You are always best to visit the
original manufacturer to ensure you are receiving the most recent versions of the driver.

We have experienced situations where both CP2102 and CH340G devices have not functioned or been
recognized as expected. The solution was as simple as uninstalling the old driver and installing the most
recent version.
 NodeMCU Compatibility with Arduino IDE

The NodeMCU offers a variety of development environments, including compatibility with the
Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment). The NodeMCU/ESP8266 community took the IDE
selection a step further by creating an Arduino add-on. If you’re just getting started programming the
ESP8266 or even an established developer, this is the highly recommended environment. Visit our

dedicated page on setting up and configuring the Arduino IDE for a NodeMCU ESP8266.
 NodeMCU Carrier Board
NodeMCU Carrier Board with Serial Port

The NodeMCU Carrier Board features a genuine Amica NodeMCU ESP8266 processor along with a DB09
male and female connector with an RS-232 level converter.

The original design of the Carrier Board was for a WiFi application and the serial ports allowed for RS-
232 data to be provided over the serial connectors, through a MAX232 compatible level converter to
the NodeMCU. The level converter allows true RS-232 signals to be sent to the NodeMCU without
worrying about the wide voltage swings.
 NodeMCU Carrier Board Schematic

NodeMCU ESP8266 IoT Experimenter

NodeMCU Development and Prototyping Platform
 What Is The NodeMCU IoT Experimenter?

The NodeMCU IoT Experimenter is a versatile prototyping platform for use with a variety of the most

popular NodeMCU modules including our NodeMCU Carrier Board. Great to use for IoT projects,

advanced or straightforward interfacing, and as a prototyping platform. The NodeMCU, with its

versatility, including its ability to be programmed and used from the Arduino IDE, makes it along with

this prototyping board the perfect experimenter’s solution.

The NodeMCU IoT Experimenter measures 5 5/16″ x 4.5″ (135mm x 115mm) with a solder mask on

each side, plated holes along with a high-contrast silk-screen labeling component and prototyping

positions.

Features of the board include a mounting socket area to accept either wide 1.1″ or narrow 0.9″ pitch

NodeMCU modules. This includes the Amica NodeMCU carrier board (narrow pin spacing) to compatible

variants such as the LoLin NodeMCU models. Power can be provided directly to your NodeMCU module

through its built-in USB interface. Alternately, power can be supplied to the IoT Experimenter board

which has provisions for an integrated regulated power supply module.

The board offers over 1,000 plated-through holes on the prototype surface, mounting for eight status
indicator LEDs along with dropping resistors and a power indicator LED. The prototyping area offers
power busbars for the Ground (G), +3.3V (3V) power rail, and a third rail X. The third rail can be used for
external voltages such as a 5V rail.

Interfacing to the NodeMCU is through a series of headers that extend each pin of the NodeMCU to rows
of four headers. Each port is labeled to identify matching pins from the NodeMCU. The header area is
located below the NodeMCU using standard 40-pin headers allowing for versatility in interfacing for
sockets or header pins.

For more information about the NodeMCU IoT Experimenter, visit the support page.
Are you interested in purchasing NodeMCU IoT Experimenter, either a partial or full kit of parts? Visit
the Online Store for the NodeMCU IoT Experimenter or other NodeMCU and Arduino accessories.

5.6 Arduino IDE

Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is programming prototype which can let the user
to draft various kind of programs and load them into the Arduino microcontroller. We can also be
programmed by using other IDEs too, like Eclipse. Arduino IDE is more versatile. This Arduino IDE
needs no special drivers or additional components. This is available for Windows, Linux and Mac.
Cross compiler-compiles for a different target platform than the one being programmed.

IDE- SOFTWARE TOOL FOR PROGRAMMING:

 File operations and other general options on top.
 Buttons for most commonly used options (Verify, Upload, etc.).
 Main window-Text editor for writing code.
 Message area-for messages to the programmer.
OPTIONS BUTTONS:

Buttons on the top have the most common, useful operations  Verify – Compiles the code and
checks for errors.
 Uploads – Uploads the compiled code to the board. Works only if the board is connected.
 New – Creates a new sketch, a new program.
 Open – Opens an existing sketch.
 Save – Saves the current sketch in the directory of your choice.
 Serial Monitor – Opens window to communicate with the board.
 Require Java Runtime Environment.
 Write codes in general C language.
 Setup() - Initiates the variables and sets up device instances.  Loop() – Runs the code that
contains operations and manipulations, iterates infinitely.
Features:
 Operating Voltage is 5V to 12V.

 Motor controller L298P, Drives 2 DC motors or 1 stepper motor.

 Maximum current if 2 A per channel.

 Current sensing is 1.65V/A.

 Free running stop and break function.

Input and Output

 Two separate channels, called A and B.

 Use 4 of the Arduino pins to drive or sense the motor.
 8 pins in use on this shield.
 Each channel separately to drive two DC motors or combine to drive one bipolar

 stepper motor.

5.7 Sensors

The requirement of a sensor is to react for input physical property and convert it into an
electrical signal that is suitable with electronic circuits (Fraden 2010, 2). Sensors are
electronic devices that measure a physical quality such as light or temperature and convert it
to a voltage. Example of digital temperature and moisture sensor is presented in Graph 9.
There are two types of sensors: digital and analog.

The output of digital sensor where is between 0 and 1 which can translate to sensors voltage
range. Analog sensor can output any value between its voltage ranges. According to the
reading from the sensor changes its output. Digital sensor output is ON (1) often 5v, or OFF
(0), 0v. Analog sensor is used to measure precise numerical information like temperature or
speed. Analog sensors can output almost an infinite range of values. Output pin of sensor
connected to input pinafore denim show the digital form is obtained by the conversion of
data.
Some sensors have analog to digital converter embedded to the sensor so the data is
outputted as digital data. After data is processed to digital form, it can be processed on the
microcontroller. (Karvinen & Karvinen, 2014.)

ULTRASONIC

The working principle of ultrasonic sensor is same as the working principles of radar system.
It can convert the electrical energy in to the acoustic and vice versa. The ultrasonic wave is
nothing but, a acoustic wave signal which can travel at a frequency above 18kHz. The most
famous sensor HC SR04 generates ultrasonic waves of 40kHz frequency. For communication
with an ultrasonic sensor a microcontroller is used, where microcontroller sends a trigger
signal to ultrasonic sensor. The duty cycle of the trigger signal is 10uS for the HC-SR04 ultra
sonic sensor. When trigged the ultrasonic sensor generates eight acoustic wave bursts and
initiates a timer counter. As soon as the reflected signal is received the timer stops. The
output of the ultrasonic sensor is a high pulse with the same duration as the time difference
between transmitted ultrasonic bursts and the received echo signal.

Features

Here’s a list of some of the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor features and specs:

Power Supply: +5V DC

 Quiescent Current: <2mA

Working Current: 15mA

Effectual Angle: <15°

Ranging Distance: 2cm – 400 cm/1″ – 1

Resolution: 0.3 cm

Measuring Angle: 30 degree

Trigger Input Pulse width: 10uS

Dimension: 45mm x 20mm x 15mm

How Does it Work?

The ultrasonic sensor uses sonar to determine the distance to an object. Here’s what happens:

The transmitter (trig pin) sends a signal: a high-frequency sound.

When the signal finds an object, it is reflected and the transmitter (echo pin) receives it.

SOIL MOISTURE
.The volumetric content in soil is measured by the soil moisture sensors. Removing, drying
and weighting of a sample how the requirements for direct gravimetric measurement of free
soil moisture.By using some other property of soil,soil moisture sensors measure the
volumetric water content indirectly. Depending upon the environmental factors such as soil
type, temperature obstacle the relationship between measure property and soil moisture
must be calibrated and may vary.

Reflected microwave radiation is affected by the soil moisture and is used for remote sensing
in hydrology and agriculture. Portable probe instruments can be used by farmers or gardeners.

Soil moisture sensors typically refer to sensors that estimate volumetric water content.
Another class of sensors measure another property of moisture in soils called water
potential; these sensors are usually referred to as soil water potential sensors and include
tensiometers and gypsum blocks. Soil moisture causes effect to the defect microwave
radiation and this refraction microwave radiation used for remote sensing in hydrology and
agricultural. Farmers and governors are used the portable probe instruments. The sensors
that estimate volumetric water content is referred by the soil moisture sensors. special class
of
sensors measure some specific property of moisture in soil which is known as water potential.
Dispenser are also known as and referred to soil water potential sensors which include
tensiometres and gypsum block.

Heartbeat Sensor

The designing of heartbeat sensor is happened in such a way that when finger is placed on it
the digital value of the heartbeat is displayed. The heartbeat is happened when the blood is
circulated from one part to other part in the human body.

Two Ways to Measure a Heartbeat

 Manual Way: Heart beat can be checked manually by checking one’s pulses at two locations-
wrist (theradial pulse) and the neck (carotid pulse). The procedure is to place the two fingers
(index and middle finger) on the wrist (or neck below the windpipe) and count the number of
pulses for 30 seconds and then multiplying that number by 2 to get the heart beat rate. How-
ever pressure should be applied minimum and also fingers should be moved up and down till
the pulse is felt.

Principle of Heartbeat Sensor

The principle of heartbeat sensor is based on the principle of photo plethysmography. With
each heartbeat it can measure the the blood volume alternation at the fingertip. This sensor
unit consists of photodiode and IR LED which is placed side by side. The photodiode is used to
sense the portion of light which is reflected back and IR diode is used to transmit an infrared
light into to the fingertip. Blood volume inside the fingertip will represent the intensity of
light. Each and every heartbeat slightly where is the amount of reflected infrared light which
can be detected by photodiode.

5.8 GSM

Full form of GSM is Global System for Mobile communication. GSM modem is a device that is
used for the communication. The GSM idea was firstly developed at Bell Laboratories in 1970.
 Now, in the world the most widely used communication system is GSM. The frequency bands
that are used in open and digital cellular technologies are 850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz and

1900MHz for the transmitting of mobile voice and data services.

The GSM system was developed as a digital system for communication purpose by using
technique of time division multiple access (tdma). The GSM is used to to digitise and reduce
the data then it will send reduced data Don 3 channel which in two different streams of client
data each one has its own particular time slot. the capability of digital system to carry a data
of 64 kbps to 120mbps of datarates.

GSM Architecture
A GSM network consists of the following components.

• A Mobile Station: It is the mobile phone which consists of the transceiver, the display
and the processor and is controlled by a SIM card operating over the network.

• Base Station Subsystem: It acts as an interface between the mobile station and the
network subsystem. It consists of the Base Transceiver Station which contains the
radio transceivers and handles the protocols for communication with mobiles.

• Network Subsystem: It provides the basic network connection to the mobile stations.
The basic part of the Network Subsystem is the Mobile Service Switching Centre
which provides access to different networks like ISDN, PSTN etc. It also consists of the
Home Location Register and the Visitor Location Register which provides the call
routing and roaming capabilities of GSM. It also contains the Equipment Identity
Register which maintains an account of all the mobile equipment wherein each
mobile is identified by its own IMEI number. IMEI stands for International Mobile
Equipment Identity.
Features of GSM Module:

• Spectral/Frequency efficiency.
• Supports International roaming.
• Ability to support multiple hand held devices.
• Clear Voice Clarity.
• Low powered handheld devices.
• Uses encryption to make phone calls more secure.
• Ease of accessing the Network.
The most secure telecommunication standard of GSM system concurrently accessible by
using security strategies standardises. The radio channel can shoot the confidential of the
call on the secrecy of a GSM subscriber. This is huge step in achieving end to end security.

GSM Modem

A GSM modem is a device which is very similar to mobile phone, whereas the mobile phone
is operated by human beings but the GSM modem is operated by a microcontrollers. GSM
modem is also used to make a personal computer or any other processor communicate over
a network. A GSM modem requires a SIM card to be inserted in order to operates over a
network range subscribed by the network operator. It can be connected to a computer
through serial, USB or Bluetooth connection.

A GSM modem can also be a standard GSM mobile phone with the appropriate cable and
software driver to connect to a serial port or USB port on your computer. A personal
computer is connected with USB to comb connector and compound DB9 connector is
connected to GSM modem. So, that the setup has been formed to check the GSM modem by
using commands that are compatible to the Operating System. The GSM modem has wide
range of applications in transaction terminals, supply chain management, security
applications, weather stations and GPRS mode remote data logging.

Working of GSM Module:

From the below circuit, a GSM modem duly interfaced to the MC through the level shifter IC
Max232. The SIM card mounted GSM modem upon receiving digit command by SMS from
any
cell phone send that data to the MC through serial communication. While the program is
executed, the GSM modem receives command ‘STOP’ to develop an output at the MC, the
contact point of which are used to disable the ignition switch. The command so sent by the
user is based on an intimation received by him through the GSM modem ‘ALERT’ a
programmed message only if the input is driven low. The complete operation is displayed
over 16×2 LCD display.

Intelligent GSM Device for Automation and Security

In these days, the GSM mobile terminal has become one of the items that are constantly
with us. Just like our wallet/purse, keys or watch, the GSM mobile terminal provides us a
communication channel that enables us to communicate with the world. The requirement
for apers onto be reachable or to call anyone at any time is very appealing. In this project,
As the title of project is depending on translation of SMS from sender to receiver by using
GSM Network technology of transmission. Ubiquitous actress of appliance and bridge control
at home where used by the SMS sending and receiving. Two subsystems are proposed by the
system. To control the home appliance remotely using appliance control subsystem and for
automatic security monitoring you are using security alert system.

According to the user needs and requirements the system is capable enough to send
instructions and conditions via SMS from a particular cell number. On the detection of
intrusion the secretariat can be achieved this is our second aspect though alerting the user
against security risk the system allows automatic generation of SMS

5.9 Software

The Arduino Duemilanove can be programmed with the Arduino software. The Arduino
Integrated Development (IDE) is derived from the IDE for the processing programming
language and is written in Java. It has code editor features such as the syntax highlighting
braces matching automatic indentation indentation and is also capable of compiling and
uploading programs to a board with a single click.A program or code written for Arduino is
called a “sketch”. Arduino programs are written in C and C++.

Loop():
 Called after creating setup function.

 Function loops consecutively.

 Allows the program to change and respond.

 Actively controls the Arduino.

Compiler compiles the sketch after writing the code and checks the code for errors. Upload
the program to the configured Arduino board. Check the board whether it will works well or
not. If any problem, then revise the code or circuit you build.
Bilynk Software:-

Introduction
Welcome to Blynk Documentation

This documentation covers the latest generation of the Blynk IoT Platform.

Blynk is a comprehensive software suite that enables the prototyping, deployment, and remote

management of connected electronic devices at any scale.

Whether it's personal IoT projects or commercial connected products in the millions, Blynk

empowers users to connect their hardware to the cloud and create iOS, Android, and web

applications, analyze real-time and historical data from devices, remotely control them from

anywhere, receive important notifications, and much more.

Components of the Blynk IoT Platform

Blynk.Console

Blynk.Console
Blynk.Console is a feature-rich web application catering to different types of users. I

ts key functionalities include:

1. 1.
2. Configuration of connected devices on the platform, including application settings.

3. 2.

4. Device, data, user, organization, and location management.

5. 3.

6. Remote monitoring and control of devices

To get started, simply register in Blynk.Console.

Blynk.Apps

Blynk.Apps

Blynk.Apps is a versatile native iOS and Android mobile application that serves these

major functions:

7. 1.

8. Remote monitoring and control of connected devices that work with Blynk platform.

9. 2.

10. Configuration of mobile UI during prototyping and production stages.

 11. 3.

12. Automation of connected device operations.

Applications made with Blynk are ready for the end-users. Whether they are family members,

employees, or product purchasers, they can easily download the app, connect their devices, and

start using them.

Blynk also offers a white-label solution as part of the Business Plan, allowing you to customize

the app with your company logo, app icon, theme, colors, and publish it on App Store and

Google Play under your company's name. These customized apps will work seamlessly with

your devices.

To use Blynk.Apps, install Blynk app on your iOS or Android device. For comprehensive

documentation on Blynk.Apps, refer to the provided link.

Blynk.Edgent and Blynk Library

Edge + Agent = Edgent

Blynk.Edgent is a packaged solution designed to simplify the connection of supported devices

to the Blynk platform, providing access to all its advanced features without extensive coding.

Key features of Blynk.Edgent include:

13. 1.

14. Device claiming and Wi-Fi provisioning (bringing device online and authenticating them

with a certain user).

15. 2.

16. Connectivity management for Wi-Fi, Cellular, and Ethernet.

17. 3.

18. Data transfer between device and the cloud.

 19. 4.

20. API integration with Blynk.Apps and Blynk.Cloud features.

21. 5.

22. Over-the-air firmware updates for select hardware models.

For detailed information on Blynk.Edgent, refer to the provided documentation.

Blynk Library is a user-friendly and portable C++ library, that comes pre-configured to work

with hundreds of development boards. It implements a streaming connection protocol,

allowing for lowlatency and bi-directional communication.

Explore Blynk Library documentation for further details.

Blynk.Cloud

Blynk.Cloud is a server infrastructure acting as the heart of Blynk IoT platform binding all the

components together.

Blynk also offers private servers. See the offerings and prices here.

Blynk is a multi-tenant solution that allows you to configure user access to devices and data by
defining roles and permissions.

Register in Blynk.Console.

Blynk Micro-Services
Blynk provides micro-services, which are software modules that work across products and

perform specific functionalities. These micro-services include:

Blynk.Inject
Blynk.Inject

A micro-service that facilitates:

• Claiming device ownership by users and organizations

• Provisioning devices with WiFi credentials so they can connect to the end-user WiFi
networks.

• Managing Authentication Tokens

• UX flow to guide end-users through the process of claiming and provisioning with the

help of Blynk.Apps

For a better understanding of Blynk.Inject, you can refer to the documentation and
provided videos:
 Blynk.R

Roles and permissions

A micro-service for user management, covering:

• User registration with invitations

• Roles and permissions management

• Multi-tenancy

Blynk.Air
Blynk.Air

A micro-service focused on Firmware Over-the-Air (OTA) Updates, responsible for:

• Managing OTA firmware update campaigns

• Installing new firmware on edge devices Please note that additional documentation and
resources for each component can be found using the provided link.
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION
A systematic approach in designing a system for measurement and also for the control of
three important requirement parts based on the microcontroller.

Ammeters for plant growth, temperature, humidity and soil moisture, has been followed.
The system which is proposed has successfully overcome the problems of the existing
systems by reducing the consumption of power, complexity and the cost by providing a
precise form of maintaining the environment.

Arduino microcontrollers are constantly evolving development platform. Vastly advancing

technology can easily bypass technology used in Arduino Due and make the technology
outdated. Growing open-source community is constantly developing. More advanced
software is programmed to work similarly with monitoring environment variables.

Environment variable monitoring DIY projects are common in open-source communities.

Multiple greenhouse or household plant monitoring projects can be found online. The key
factor that sets this greenhouse-monitoring project apart from other DIY monitoring system
is the system in which the data is accessed easily by the user through the web interfaces.
Usually web interfacing monitoring systems require multiple hardware to handle hosting
services. To narrow down the cost of hosting and monitoring system was combined to one
device.
further research, the system can be designed in such a way that to operate in a wireless
environment.. To provide access to user interface we are considering the Wi-Fi technology.
And also we have alternate options for wireless connectivity 3G or 4G cellular connectivity.
The monitoring of data access irrespective of distance to location of the greenhouse which
will have left and conduction and monitoring the data more efficient