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Statoc and Fianl - 1

The document explains the use of static and final keywords in Java through the MyMath class example. It highlights how static fields and methods are shared across all instances of a class, while final variables cannot be modified once assigned. The document also discusses the implications of using static for constants and methods that do not rely on instance-specific data.

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Tofique Adam
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10 views17 pages

Statoc and Fianl - 1

The document explains the use of static and final keywords in Java through the MyMath class example. It highlights how static fields and methods are shared across all instances of a class, while final variables cannot be modified once assigned. The document also discusses the implications of using static for constants and methods that do not rely on instance-specific data.

Uploaded by

Tofique Adam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Static and Final

MyMath Example
public class MyMath {

public double PI = 3.14159;

public double square (double x) {


return x * x;
}

public static void main(String[ ] args) {


MyMath m = new MyMath();
System.out.println("m: value of PI is " + m.PI);
System.out.println("m: square of 5 is " + m.square(5));

MyMath n = new MyMath();


System.out.println("n: value of PI is " + n.PI);
System.out.println("n: square of 5 is " + n.square(5));
}
}
Objects Review

●
In Example 1, to calculate the square of 5
we need to create an instance of MyMath
class:

MyMath m = new MyMath();

●
Then we invoke it’s square() method with
the argument 5:

m.square(5);
MyMath Output

●
The results of invoking square() method
on instances m and n are the same:
m: value of PI is 3.14159
m: square of 5 is 25
n: value of PI is 3.14159
n: square of 5 is 25

• square() behaves the same no matter


which instance it is called on.

● So . . . why not have one square()


method for the entire class?
Also . . .

● The value of PI = 3.14159 is the same for all


instances of MyMath class.

● Why do we need to store a value of PI separately for


each instance of MyMath?

● Instead, can we have only one common value of PI


for the whole MyMath class?
MyMath with static

public class MyMath {

// add keyword "static" to field declaration


public static double PI = 3.14159;

// add keyword "static" to method declaration


public static double square (double x) {
return x * x;
}

// main method is always declared "static"


public static void main( String[ ] args) {
// MyMath m = new MyMath(); - No longer need this line!
// MyMath n = new MyMath(); - No longer need this line!

// Now invoke square() method on the MyMath class


System.out.println("Value of PI is " + MyMath.PI);
System.out.println("Square of 5 is" + MyMath.square(5));
}
}
Static Pi Field

● We added word static to the


declaration of the final variable PI:

public static double PI = 3.14159;

●
It means that now we have only one
value of variable PI for all instances of
MyMath class; PI is now a class data field
The final keyword

● We declared PI as
public static double PI = 3.14159;
but this does not prevent changing its value:
MyMath.PI = 999999999;

● Use keyword final to denote a constant :


public static final double PI = 3.14159;

● Once we declare a variable to be final, it's


value can no longer be changed!
Final References

● Consider this final reference to a Point:


public static final Point ORIGIN =
new Point(0,0);

●
This prevents changing the reference
ORIGIN:
MyMath.ORIGIN = new Point(3, 4);

• BUT! You can still call methods on ORIGIN


that change the state of ORIGIN.
MyMath.ORIGIN.setX(4);
MyMath with static & final

public class MyMath {

// add keyword final to field declaration


public static final double PI = 3.14159;

public static double square (double x) {


return x * x;
}

public static void main( String[ ] args) {


System.out.println("Value of PI is " +
MyMath.PI);
System.out.println("Square of 5: " +
MyMath.square(5));
}
}
Static Fields

●
Only one instance of a static field data for the
entire class, not one per object.

●
"static" is a historic keyword from C/C++

●
"Class fields" is a better term
– As opposed to "instance fields"
Static Square Method

●
We also added the word "static" to the
declaration of the method square():

public static double square(double x) {


return x * x;
}

● Now the method square() is shared by all


instances of the class—only one square
method for the class, not one for each
instance.
Static Methods

●
Static methods do not operate on a specific instance
of their class

●
Have access only to static fields and methods of the
class
– Cannot access non-static ones

●
"Class methods" is a better term
– As opposed to "instance methods"
Java's Math Class

●
Let's take a look at Java's Math class in the API

● You cannot create an instance of the Math


Class, it's just a place to store useful static
methods

●
All the methods and fields are static:
Math.sqrt(16)
Math.PI
Math.abs(-3)
Static Field Examples

• Constants used by a class


(usually used with final keyword)

– Have one per class; don’t need one in each object


public static final double TEMP_CONVERT= 1.8;

– If this is in class Temperature, it is invoked by


– double t = Temperature.TEMP_CONVERT * temp;

– Constants are all capital letters by tradition (C,


C++)
– For example: PI , TEMP_CONVERT etc.
Static Method Examples

●
For methods that use only the arguments and therefore do
not operate on an instance
public static double pow(double b, double p)
// Math class, takes b to the p power

●
For methods that only need static data fields

●
Main method in the class that starts the program
– No objects exist yet for it to operate on!
POP QUIZ

Should it be static or non-static?

●
Speed of light field static

• getName() method in a Person class non

static
● A sum method that returns the resulting of
adding both its arguments
●
Width data field in a Rectangle class non

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