QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

research is defined as the “naturalistic

method of inquiry of research which deals
with the issue of human complexity by
exploring it directly .”
▪Attempts to explain the human
experience with its dynamic,
holistic, and individualistic
aspects through the perspective of the
individual himself. using of qualitative
materials that are narrative and subjective.
▪Focuses on gaining
insights
and understanding about an
individual’s perception
and interpretation of events
collects data through methods
such as interviews and
participative observation.
▪The task of the researcher is
to determine the patterns
and themes in the
acquired data rather than
focusing on the testing of
hypotheses.
▪Lastly, the researcher does not have to be
concerned with numbers and complicated
statistical analyses. A qualitative study
researcher is not limited by existing
theories but is rather
open-minded to new ideas
and points of views.
LIMITATIONS
▪Major limitation of this model is
its reductionist nature.
EXPLANATION:
▪tends to reduce human experience to just the
few concepts under investigation, which are
defined in advance by the researcher rather
than the experience of the respondents.
LIMITATIONS
▪Subjective nature of naturalistic inquiry,
causes concerns about the nature of the
conclusion of the study.
EXPLANATION:
▪ Polit and Beck (2008)“Would two naturalistic researchers
studying the same phenomenon in similar settings arrive
at similar conclusions?” most naturalistic research
studies usually utilize a small group of people as
subjects. This makes the findings from such naturalistic
methods questionable, as opposed to those of the
quantitative research studies.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH KANIA (2008)
1. conducted in a systematic and rigorous way. But it is more flexible than quantitative
research.
2. usually follows an iterative process, which means that data collection and analysis occur
simultaneously. Data already collected are updated by the ongoing data collection.
3. It focuses on gathering information from people who can provide the richest insights into
the phenomenon or interest. As a result, small samples are commonly used in qualitative
research. Study participants are usually selected in a purposive manner, using only those
for whom the topic under study is relevant.
4. Collection of data is continuous until saturation, or when it reaches the point where no
new information is revealed with respect to the key themes emerging from the data.
5. Qualitative data collection examines everyday life in its natural context or in an
uncontrolled naturalistic setting.
 THE VALUE OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
▪ Qualitative data provides context and
meaning. If an organization wants to assess the
behavior of their clients, they can easily collect and
analyze information about top-selling items, buying
trends in various geographic locations, and overall sales
figures by month. This will give a sense of the who, what,
when, and where of the study.
▪ Qualitative research can complete the picture by delving
into the why and the how. If quantitative research
represents the skeleton, the qualitative research represents
the flesh. It can explore narrowly-defined issues in greater
depth, explaining the setting in which behavior can take
place. It gives the complete picture of the issue being
studied.
▪ The value of qualitative study comes from its focus on the
lived experience of the participants, which enabled
development of a greater understanding concerning the
outcomes that are important, relevant, and meaningful to
the people involved.
RESEARCH
PARADIGM
 HYPOTHESIS
a: an assumption or concession made
for the sake of argument

b: an interpretation of a practical
situation or condition taken as the
ground for action
The research paradigm is
an outline that guides the
researcher in conceptualizing and
conducting the research.
An effective research must address
these two important aspects:
❑research foundations
❑research methodology
The research foundations refer to the
fundamental components
of research such as the research
problem, purpose, specific questions to
be addressed, and the conceptual
framework to be applied.
In determining the research topic or problem, the
researcher must look at a significant real life
problem. Formulating a research problem requires
describing the undesirable situations related to the
problem and the needed knowledge or information in order
to solve that problem.
The purpose of the research describes
how the study will fill this
“knowledge gap.”
To address this purpose, the researcher
must formulate necessary
questions that will help
distinguish the significant points
of the research.
The research questions may be
either framed in a quantitative
(how much, how often, to what
extent) or qualitative (what, why,
how) manner.
The possible answers to
the research questions are
the hypotheses, which
will be either confirmed or
rejected by the data
collected in the study.
Lastly, the conceptual
framework is an outline or
paradigm that presents the topics to be
studied, the various variables and
contexts, and how these relate to or
influence each other
 research
On the other hand, the
methodology describes how the researcher
will answer the research questions in a credible manner.
Research methods are employed to address the
research purpose and gain new information and insights
to answer the problem. The methodology of the
research includes the review of literature,
research approach and design, data
collection, methods of analysis, and
conclusions
The review of literature
analyzes the existing knowledge
regarding the research topic. It
identifies gaps in information that
may be addressed by the
research. It is also an important
basis of the conceptual
framework of the study.
▪With the existing knowledge about
the study, the research
approach and design identifies
what is the best means to collect and
analyze data in the study. The design
is used to clarify and improve the
research problem, purpose, and
questions. the study.
The design is used to clarify and improve
the research problem, purpose, and
questions. Having the best way to gather
the data, the researcher will proceed to the
data collection.Data collection
gives the methods to determine who will
be the participants in the study, how the
variables will be measured, and how data
will be documented and collected.
▪The collected data will
then undergo data analysis, which
consists of the strategies and
methods that makes sense of the data
to answer the research problem and
questions.
 conclusion
Finally, the
summarizes the key results of the study
and discusses how these are relevant to
the research problem. At this point, the
research addresses the hypotheses and
determines if they are accepted or
rejected. It also addresses the knowledge
gap and presents new insights into the
problem
RESEARC
H ETHICS
WHAT IS
ETHICS?
▪Ethics is anchored on the moral
standards that we follow. It promotes
essential values to guide the researcher
in the process.
ETHICS IN
RESEARCH
 ▪As a researcher, we
should always
maintain
HONESTY intellectual honesty
from the collection
of data up to the
reporting of finding.
OBJECTIVITY
It means avoiding
biases. You must
be guided by
theories and
constructs
INTEGRITY
▪You have to work
with all your
professionalism and
honesty from your
thoughts up to the
concretization of
 CARING
▪You should consider
the welfare of our
subjects both the
human participant and
animal participants.
OPENNESS
▪ Be willing to share your ideas,
results, and resources. Also, be
willing to accept suggestions
and comments for improvement.
CAREFULNESS
▪Consider the
legalities, rules,
and regulations of
an institutions or
government
TRUSTWORTHINESS
You should respect and keep all
the data with confidentiality.
 RESPONSIBILITY
▪Ideas of others
must be
acknowledged.
Avoid
plagiarism.
KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN
In conducting a qualitative type of research on
different fields such as business, education,
medicine, etc., there are six (6) widely used
qualitative research kinds namely:
(1)phenomenological;
(2)ethnographic;
(3)grounded theory;
(4)case study;
(5) historical; and
(6) narrative.
 1.
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
▪focuses on subjective lived experiences of
. participants in order to understand
the
phenomenon. Here, the researcher is concerned
with the feelings of the participants regarding a
particular event or activity, hence, the
uniqueness of their lived situations can be
described. Interview is the common instrument
used for its data collection with the suggested
sample size ranging from 5 to 25.
Examples:
o A researcher aims to determine the
challenges and coping mechanisms of
senior high school working students in the
second district of Pasay.
o A researcher aims to explain the lived
experiences of the COVID-19 survivors in
the Pasay City.
 2. ETHNOGRAPHIC.
concentrates on the study of a group of people
in a particular environment. To characterize
behaviors, cultures, challenges, and possible
occurring themes, the researcher is required to
engage himself/herself with the participants
through immersion in an extended period of
time. Observation, along with the use of
interview and survey, is an essential instrument
for this type of study.
Examples:
o A researcher seeks to determine the
cultural practices and healthcare beliefs of
the ethnic group living in Bataan province.

o A researcher seeks to characterize the

survival strategies of families in an urban
poor community.
 3. GROUNDED
THEORY.
intends to explain a phenomenon
through developing a theory. In comparison with
phenomenological study that primarily describes
lived experiences, grounded theory aims to
provide explanation and theory behind those
lived experiences. Interview and supporting
documents are the commonly used data collection
instrument for its participants approximately
ranging from 20 to 30 or until data achieve
saturation.
Examples:
o A researcher attempts to conceptualize the
breast cancer survivorship process among
Bataeños.

o A researcher attempts to generate a theory

of defense mechanisms of students who
experience school bullying
 CASE STUDY
allows the researcher to have an intensive
analysis of the phenomenon. The aim of
this study is to accurately describe the
case through an in-depth examination of
a single person or single institution. With
this, thorough interview, observation, and
documentation are all utilized as multiple
data collection instruments.
Examples:
o A researcher aims to explain the causes
of the reading difficulty of a grade 5
struggling reader.

o A researcher aims to describe the

language challenges of hearing-impaired
students in a SPED class.
 5. HISTORICAL.
concerned with the identification,
evaluation, and synthesis of past
event data. Further, it aims to understand
present patterns and to anticipate future
choices through clearly relating the past
event data which are obtained from sources
such as documents, relics and artifacts, and
oral reports.
Examples:
o A researcher attempts to explore the nature
and context of the political leadership of
Bataan governors.

o A researcher seeks to explore the

development in the courtship letter writing
style among Bataeños.
 6. NARRATIVE
Life accounts of individuals based on
their personal experiences are
typically obtained and analyzed in the
conduct of this kind of qualitative
research. The primary objective of the
study is to extract meaningful context
based on the documented
experiences.
Examples:
o A researcher seeks to characterize
the struggles faced by student-
athletes.
o A researcher seeks to describe the
daily teaching experiences of
millennial
teachers in the Schools Division of
Bataan.