PDC-TR 10-02

19 April, 2012

PROTECTIVE DESIGN CENTER

TECHNICAL REPORT (PDC-TR)

BLAST RESISTANT DESIGN

METHODOLOGY FOR WINDOW
SYSTEMS DESIGNED STATICALLY AND
DYNAMICALLY

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED

 PROTECTIVE DESIGN CENTER TECHNICAL REPORT (PDC-TR)

BLAST RESISTANT DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR WINDOW SYSTEMS

DESIGNED STATICALLY AND DYNAMICALLY

Any copyrighted material included in this PDC-TR has been approved by the copyright
owner and is identified at its point of use. Use of the copyrighted material apart from
this PDC-TR must have the permission of the copyright holder.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS (Preparing Authority)

Record of Changes

Change No. Date Location

 PDC-TR 10-02
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FOREWORD

UFC 4-010-01 provides baseline minimum levels of protection for all DOD inhabited
buildings that must comply with the Standards when they meet specific “triggers”.
Those levels of protection are achieved using conventional construction when the
applicable standoff distance is provided for the construction type being considered.
When using the Design Criteria Development Procedure from UFC 4-020-01, a facility
may require a higher level of protection and/or may have to be designed for a specified
set of Design Basis Threats (DBT) that were defined during the planning team’s
analysis of that facility. In all cases the window systems and their supporting structural
elements are required to be analyzed and designed for the Minimum Standards and any
defined DBT’s when they are based on a set of specified charge weights and standoff
distances. This PDC TR does not cover the design and analysis of windows subjected
to ballistic, fragment impact, and forced entry loadings.

Structural engineers need guidance for the design of window systems and their
supporting structural elements to resist the airblast associated with terrorist explosive
threats, whether it may be for the minimum requirements or where higher levels of
protection are required and/or where more severe threats need to be considered.

The two prevalent methods used in DoD to design window systems and their supporting
structural elements to resist the airblast loading from explosive threats are a static
approach using ASTM F 2248/E 1300 or a dynamic approach. The preferred DoD
method is the dynamic method as it provides a more optimized system.

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Protective Design Center (PDC) has provided the
design methods contained in this report as design guidance for structural engineers.

This information is furnished by the United States Government and is accepted and
used by the recipient with the express understanding that the United States
Government makes no warranties, expressed or implied, concerning the accuracy,
completeness, reliability, usability, or suitability for any particular purpose of the
information and data contained in this document, and the United States Government
shall be under no liability whatsoever to any person by reason of any use made thereof.
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CONTENTS
CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................... i
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................iv
LIST OF FIGURES ..........................................................................................................iv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1
1-1 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................. 1
1-2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE..................................................................................... 1
1-3 APPLICABILITY .................................................................................................. 2
1-4 GENERAL ........................................................................................................... 2
1-4.1 Performance of Protective Glazing in Occupied Structures ........................ 2
1-4.2 Protective Glazing Systems and Supporting Structural Elements ............... 2
1-4.3 Design Procedures ...................................................................................... 2
1-4.4 Specifications .............................................................................................. 3
1-5 REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 2 THREATS AND LEVELS OF PROTECTION ......................................... 5
2-1 BLAST THREAT ................................................................................................. 5
2-1.1 Blast Threat Severity Levels........................................................................ 5
2-1.2 Standoff Distance ........................................................................................ 5
2-2 LEVELS OF PROTECTION AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA ......................... 6
2-2.1 Building Component Levels of Protection ................................................... 6
2-2.2 Glazing Levels of Protection........................................................................ 8
CHAPTER 3 GLAZING PRODUCTS AND CONSTRUCTIONS ................................ 11
3-1 GLAZING CONSTRUCTIONS .......................................................................... 11
3-1.1 Monolithic Glass ........................................................................................ 11
3-1.2 Laminated Glass ....................................................................................... 11
3-1.3 Insulating Glass Units ............................................................................... 11
3-1.4 Composites ............................................................................................... 11
3-1.5 Glass Block ............................................................................................... 12
3-2 GLAZING PRODUCTS ..................................................................................... 12
3-2.1 Annealed Glass ......................................................................................... 12
3-2.2 Heat Strengthened and Fully Tempered Glass ......................................... 12
3-2.3 Plastic Glazing .......................................................................................... 13
3-2.4 PVB Interlayers for Laminated Glass ........................................................ 14
3-2.5 Specialty Interlayers for Laminated Glass ................................................. 14
3-2.6 Glazing Supported by a Frame ................................................................. 15
3-3 GLAZING STRENGTH AND GLASS PROBABILITY OF FAILURE .................. 15
3-4 BLAST RESISTANT GLAZING CONSIDERATIONS ........................................ 16
3-5 TYPICAL MAKEUPS AND SYSTEMS .............................................................. 16
3-5.1 Punched Windows .................................................................................... 17
3-5.2 Ribbon Windows ....................................................................................... 17
3-5.3 Storefronts................................................................................................. 18
3-5.4 Curtain-Walls............................................................................................. 19
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3-5.5 Butt-Joint Glazing Systems ....................................................................... 19

3-5.6 Structural Silicone Glazing Systems ......................................................... 20
3-5.7 Glazing in Doors........................................................................................ 20
3-5.8 Operable Window Systems ....................................................................... 20
3-5.9 Non-Traditional Systems ........................................................................... 20
3-6 WINDOWS DESIGNED TO RESIST ENVIRONMENTAL LOADINGS ............. 20
CHAPTER 4 DESIGN APPROACHES...................................................................... 21
4-1 GENERAL ......................................................................................................... 21
4-2 STATIC DESIGN APPROACH.......................................................................... 21
4-2.1 Alternate Glazing....................................................................................... 22
4-2.2 Applicable Levels of Protection ................................................................. 22
4-2.3 Applicable Charge Weights ....................................................................... 22
4-2.4 Non-Reflected Pressures .......................................................................... 22
4-2.5 Glazing ...................................................................................................... 22
4-2.6 Frame Members ........................................................................................ 24
4-2.7 Bite ............................................................................................................ 25
4-2.8 Connections .............................................................................................. 26
4-2.9 Supporting Structural Elements................................................................. 27
4-2.10 Skylights .................................................................................................... 29
4-3 DYNAMIC DESIGN APPROACH ...................................................................... 29
4-3.1 Alternate Glazings ..................................................................................... 29
4-3.2 Applicable Levels of Protection ................................................................. 30
4-3.3 Applicable Charge Weights and Blast Parameters.................................... 30
4-3.4 Glazing ...................................................................................................... 31
4-3.5 Frame Members ........................................................................................ 32
4-3.6 Bite and Engagement ................................................................................ 33
4-3.7 Frame Connections to Supporting Structural Elements ............................ 33
4-3.8 Supporting Structural Elements................................................................. 33
4-3.9 Skylights .................................................................................................... 34
GLOSSARY .................................................................................................................. 35
APPENDIX A SBEDS DYNAMIC DESIGN PROCEDURE............................................ 43
A-1 DESIGN OF WINDOW USING SBEDS-W ........................................................ 43
A-1.1 Glazing Design Properties......................................................................... 43
A-1.2 Design Requirements ................................................................................ 44
A-1.3 Results Summary ...................................................................................... 44
A-1.4 Results Tab ............................................................................................... 45
A-2 DESIGN OF WINDOW FRAME USING SBEDS-W .......................................... 46
A-2.1 Mullion Properties ..................................................................................... 46
A-2.2 Design Requirements ................................................................................ 46
A-2.3 Results Summary ...................................................................................... 47
A-2.4 Results Tab ............................................................................................... 48
A-3 DESIGN OF SUPPORTING STRUCTURE USING SBEDS ............................. 48
A-3.1 Results ...................................................................................................... 48
A-3.2 Connection Design .................................................................................... 48
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APPENDIX B DESIGN EXAMPLES .............................................................................. 51

B-1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 51
B-2 EXAMPLE 1 – SINGLE PANE WINDOW, STATIC DESIGN ............................ 51
B-3 EXAMPLE 2 – IGU WINDOW, STATIC DESIGN .............................................. 53
B-4 EXAMPLE 3 – CURTAIN WALL, STATIC DESIGN .......................................... 56
B-5 EXAMPLE 4 – IGU WINDOW, DYNAMIC DESIGN .......................................... 59
B-6 EXAMPLE 5 – CURTAIN WALL, DYNAMIC DESIGN ...................................... 64
B-7 EXAMPLE 6 – MASONRY SUPPORTING STRUCTURAL ELEMENT, STATIC
DESIGN ..................................................................................................................... 66
B-8 EXAMPLE 7 – STEEL STUD SUPPORTING STRUCTURAL ELEMENT,
STATIC DESIGN ....................................................................................................... 68
B-9 EXAMPLE 8 – MASONRY SUPPORTING STRUCTURAL ELEMENT,
DYNAMIC DESIGN ................................................................................................... 69
B-10 EXAMPLE 9 – STEEL STUD SUPPORTING STRUCTURAL ELEMENT,
DYNAMIC DESIGN ................................................................................................... 72
APPENDIX C DESIGN AND ANALYSIS COMPUTER PROGRAMS............................ 75
C-1 SBEDS-W ......................................................................................................... 75
C-2 WINGARD PE ................................................................................................... 76
C-3 SBEDS .............................................................................................................. 77

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1 Threat Parameters ......................................................................................... 5
Table 2-2 Description of Building Component Damage.................................................. 7
Table 2-3 Description of Types of Structural Components ............................................. 7
Table 2-4 Description of Component Damage ............................................................... 8
Table 2-5 Description of Glazing and Hazards ............................................................... 9
Table 2-6 Level of Protection Comparisons ................................................................... 9
Table 4-1 Mullion Response Limits .............................................................................. 32

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1 Horizontal Standoff Distance......................................................................... 6
Figure 2-2 Slant Range and Angle of Incidence ............................................................. 6
Figure 3-1 Stress Distribution of Fully Tempered Glass ............................................... 13
Figure 3-2 Channel and Captured glazing.................................................................... 15
Figure 3-3 Punched Windows ...................................................................................... 17
Figure 3-4 Ribbon Windows ......................................................................................... 18
Figure 3-5 Storefront System ....................................................................................... 18
Figure 3-6 Curtain Wall Windows ................................................................................. 19
Figure 4-1 ASTM F 2248-09 Chart Used to Determine the 3-Second Load ................. 23
Figure 4-2 Storefront Support Lengths ......................................................................... 25
Figure 4-3 Curtain Wall Support Lengths ..................................................................... 25
Figure 4-4 Illustration of Tributary Width Values .......................................................... 28
Figure B-1 Determination of 3-Second Duration Equivalent Design Load .................... 51
Figure B-2 Determination of NFL for 1/4” laminated glass ........................................... 52
Figure B-3 Determination of NFL for 5/16” laminated glass ......................................... 53
Figure B-4 Determination of NFL for 1/4” monolithic glass ........................................... 54
Figure B-5 Determination of NFL for 1/4” laminated glass ........................................... 54
Figure B-6 Example 4 Window Input ............................................................................ 59
Figure B-7 Example 4 Window Properties Input ........................................................... 60
Figure B-8 Example 4 Blast Parameter Input ............................................................... 61
Figure B-9 Example 4 Window Results Summary ........................................................ 61
Figure B-10 Aluminum Frame Section Properties ........................................................ 62
Figure B-11 Example 4 Mullion Input ........................................................................... 62
Figure B-12 Example 4 Mullion Properties Input .......................................................... 63
Figure B-13 Example 4 Mullion Results Summary ....................................................... 63
Figure B-14 Aluminum Curtain Wall Section Properties. .............................................. 64
Figure B-15 Example 5 SBEDS input for primary mullion ............................................ 65
Figure B-16 Example 5 SBEDS results for primary mullion.......................................... 65
Figure B-17 Example 8 SBEDS Input........................................................................... 70
Figure B-18 Example 8 SBEDS Calculated Properties ................................................ 70
Figure B-19 Example 8 SBEDS Output ........................................................................ 71
Figure B-20 Example 9 SBEDS Input........................................................................... 72
Figure B-21 Example 9 SBEDS Output ........................................................................ 73

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1-1 BACKGROUND

Typically, glazing materials cover approximately 20 to 40 % of the wall area of DoD

facilities in the form of windows and doors or skylights on the roof. While industry
standards allow architects to design and specify these window systems for the
appropriate wind and gravity loads, such procedures are normally inadequate when the
windows are subjected to blast loadings. Therefore, the design and analysis of window
systems subjected to blast loads falls upon the duties of a qualified structural engineer
with experience in design of blast loaded components. This threat can be mitigated
through proper selection of the glazing, design of the glazing framing and connections
to the surrounding structural system, and through the proper design of surrounding
structural supports and attachment of those structural supports to the remaining
structure. Glazing, as used in the context of this PDC-TR, is the infill material used in
windows, doors, and skylights that may be glass, plastic or a combination of the two.

It should be noted that while blast is a loading condition that needs to be considered it
may not be the controlling loading scenario. Designers need to consider environmental
loadings such as, hurricane, typhoon, tornado, and high impact conditions, before
analyzing and designing for blast loadings. In some cases, the environmental loadings
may govern the design of the glazing system. The design of glazing for such impact
loads and for resistance to fragments, ballistics and forced entry is not addressed in this
PDC TR.

Glazing designed using the provisions of UFC 4-010-01 will resist the applicable threats,
but may experience local or uniform fracture and partial failure. The reason for allowing
limited failure is because blast energy, when absorbed through glazing fracture and
supporting structure movement, can result in a more economical system and imparts
smaller loads to the rest of the structure while still minimizing the possibility of mass
casualties.

Blast loads are highly non-linear both in terms of the rate of loading and response of the
loaded component. This PDC-TR presents two design approaches that typically allow
the engineer to address these non-linear loads and glazing assembly responses with
readily available glazing constructions, framing and supporting structural materials, and
their attachments. The two design methods are a dynamic design approach and the
ASTM F 2248/E 1300 design approach for laminated glass glazing systems, herein
referred to as the “static design approach”.

1-2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE

The purpose of this PDC-TR is to present engineering guidelines and cost effective
solutions for design of window systems to reduce their fragment hazards from blast
loading. The guidelines and solutions are applicable for the different levels of protection
for structures used to protect personnel and other assets. Threats considered include a

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wide range of explosive threats varying from hand-placed devices to vehicle bombs. It
does not address design for impact loads or resistance to blast fragments, ballistics or
forced entry. Retrofit systems, such as polymer catcher panels, back-up windows
installed on the interior side of existing windows, and systems defined as “alternative
window treatments” in UFC 4-010-01, are also not addressed in the PDC-TR.

1-3 APPLICABILITY

The protective measures described in this document are to be applied to meet

Antiterrorism and Force Protection (ATFP) requirements for DoD owned and leased
facilities that house personnel or other assets requiring protection against explosive
threats.

1-4 GENERAL

There are multiple aspects of a protective glazing system which need to be addressed
in order to provide a system which will work properly and provide the appropriate
protection.

1-4.1 Performance of Protective Glazing in Occupied Structures

When subjected to blast loads, glazing may fracture and fail. The goal of the design to
mitigate blast threats for lower levels of protection is not to prevent the fracture or failure
of the glazing but to mitigate the hazards associated with that failure; however, this is
not the case for high level of protection.

The performance of the glazing system (glazing panels, framing, and all connections)
and the supporting structural elements of the building (jambs, headers, and sills) is
further defined by the assigned level of protection which will have a direct
correspondence to hazard levels for personnel in building occupied spaces.

1-4.2 Protective Glazing Systems and Supporting Structural Elements

Design recommendations and procedures in this PDC-TR provide guidance for

selection of glazing materials and constructions that will resist blast loading through
fracture and energy absorption by the glazing. Frame members and their connections
to cladding or structural elements must transfer the applied load into the remaining
structure. For blast loaded elements, significant load is transferred to supporting
elements and attachments as blast loads are generally considered to be uniformly
applied over the element’s tributary area.

1-4.3 Design Procedures

This PDC-TR identifies the preferred design procedures which are acceptable for
varying levels of protection. There are other commonly recognized design procedures,
which may also be acceptable so long as those procedures meet the intent of reducing
the glazing hazards to the appropriate level of protection.

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1-4.4 Specifications

Unified Facilities Guide Specifications (UFGS) are a joint effort of the U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers (USACE), the Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC), the Air
Force Civil Engineer Support Agency (AFCESA), and the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA). UFGS are for use in specifying construction for the
military services. These specifications can be found on the Whole Building Design
Guide (www.wbdg.org).

1-5 REFERENCES

1. ACI 530, “Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures”, 2011

2. ASCE 59-11, “Blast Protection of Buildings”, American Society of Civil Engineers,

2011

3. ASTM Standard E1300-09a, Standard Practice for Determining Load Resistance

of Glass in Buildings, 2009

4. ASTM Standard F1642-04, Standard Test Method for Glazing and Glazing
Systems Subject to Airblast Loadings, 2004

5. ASTM Standard F2248-09, Standard Practice for Specifying an Equivalent 3-

Second Duration Design Loading for Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with
Laminated Glass, 2009

6. PDC-TR 06-01, Single Degree of Freedom Blast Design Spreadsheet (SBEDS)

Methodology Manual, 2006

7. PDC-TR 06-08, Single Degree of Freedom Structural Response Limits for

Antiterrorism Design, 2006

8. Single degree of freedom Blast Effects Design Spreadsheet, U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers Protective Design Center, 2006

9. Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) 3-340-1, “Design and Analysis of Hardened

Structures to Conventional Weapons Effects”, 2002

10. Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) 3-340-02, “Structures to Resist the Effects of
Accidental Explosions”, 2008

11. Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) 4-010-01, “DoD Minimum Antiterrorism

Standards for Buildings”, 2012

12. Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) 4-020-01, “DoD Security Engineering Facilities
Planning Manual”, 2008

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CHAPTER 2 THREATS AND LEVELS OF PROTECTION

2-1 BLAST THREAT

This PDC-TR addresses the design of glazing systems to resist terrorist conventional
explosive devices. UFC 4-020-01 presents potential terrorist explosive considered in
the design of DoD buildings.

The types of explosive devices covered in this PDC-TR include hand placed satchel,
package bombs and vehicle borne improvised explosive devices (VBIEDs). These
devices may be constructed using a variety of explosive materials (e.g., C4, TNT,
ammonium nitrate and fuel oil. Explosive yield is measured according to their
equivalence to a particular weight of TNT, which is referred to as TNT equivalent
weight. The explosive weight categories chosen are based on historical precedent,
concealability, and vehicle size.

2-1.1 Blast Threat Severity Levels

Threat severity levels associated with defined DBT’s are presented in Table 2-1 below.
Table 2-1 Threat Parameters

Aggressor Threat Weapons Tools

Tactic Severity Or Delivery
Level Method
Moving and Special 9,000 kg (19,800 lbs) TNT 18,000 kg / ~
Stationary Case 40,000 lbs truck
Vehicle Very High 2,000 kg (4,400 lbs) TNT, Fuel 7,000 kg / ~
Devices 15,000 lbs truck
High 500 kg (1,100 lbs) TNT, Fuel 2,500 kg / ~
5,500 lbs truck
Medium 250 kg (550 lbs) TNT, Fuel 1,800 kg / ~
4,000 lbs car
Low 100 kg (220 lbs) TNT 1,800 kg /~
4,000 lbs car
Very Low 25 kg (55 lbs) TNT 1,800 kg / ~
4,000 lbs car
Hand High IID, IED (up to 25 kg/55 lbs TNT) & hand None
Delivered grenades (Mail bomb limited to 1 kg/2.2 lbs TNT)
Devices Medium IID, IED (up to 1 kg/2.2 lbs TNT) & hand grenades
Low IID
Note: This table derived from UFC 4-020-01, Table 3-27.

2-1.2 Standoff Distance

Standoff distance is a distance maintained between a building or portion thereof and the
potential location for an explosive detonation. Usually standoff distance is measured
horizontally from the center of an explosive device perpendicular to the point of interest
on a building. This is shown in Figure 2-1.

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Figure 2-1 Horizontal Standoff Distance

When a perpendicular distance is not appropriate, an angled measure, or slant range,

may be used as long as it is unlikely that the threat could be placed within a closer
distance than the slant range. Additionally, vertical standoff can be used in instances
when analyzing the upper levels of a multistory building. Slant range and angle of
incidence are shown in Figure 2-2.

Figure 2-2 Slant Range and Angle of Incidence

2-2 LEVELS OF PROTECTION AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

In addition to the blast tactic described above, the building level of protection (LOP) is
the other element of design criteria needed for design. The building LOP defines the
acceptable damage levels of building components and hazard from glazing
components. Minimum levels of protection are specified in UFC 4-010-01. UFC 4-020-
01 provides a method to determine if a higher building LOP is required.

2-2.1 Building Component Levels of Protection

Table 2-2 summarizes PDC TR-06-08 descriptions of the potential levels of protection in
terms of building component damage.

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Table 2-2 Description of Building Component Damage

Building
Level of Descriptions of Potential Overall Building Component Damage
Protection
Below AT Severe Damage - Progressive collapse likely. Space in and around
standards1 damaged area is unusable.
Heavy Damage - Onset of structural collapse. Progressive collapse is
Very Low
unlikely. Space in and around damaged area is unusable.
Unrepairable Damage - Progressive collapse will not occur. Space in
Low
and around damaged area is unusable.
Repairable Damage - Space in and around damaged area can be used
Medium
and is fully functional after cleanup and repairs.
Superficial Damage - No permanent deformations. The facility is
High
immediately operable.
1 - This is not a level of protection, and should never be a design goal. It only defines a realm of
more severe structural response, and may provide useful information in some cases.

Supporting structural elements which frame the window opening are considered
structural components. These components are categorized as primary, secondary, or
non-structural components based on what type of member it is and what effect its loss
would have on the rest of the structure. Component descriptions are shown in Table
2-3. Additionally, the level of protection assigned to a component is determined by the
amount of damage it sees. Component damage descriptions are shown in Table 2-4.
Both tables are extracted from PDC TR-06-08.

Table 2-3 Description of Types of Structural Components

Component Description
Members whose loss would affect a number of other components
supported by that member and whose loss could potentially affect the
overall structural stability of the building in the area of loss. Examples of
Primary
primary structural components include: columns, girders, and other
Structural
primary framing components directly or in-directly supporting other
structural or non-structural members, and any load-bearing structural
components such as walls.
Structural component supported by a primary framing component.
Secondary
Examples of secondary structural components include non-load bearing
Structural
infill masonry walls, metal panels, and standing seam roofs.
Components whose loss would have little effect on the overall structural
Non- stability of the building in the area of loss. Examples of non-structural
Structural components include interior non-load bearing walls, and architectural
items attached to building structural components.

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Table 2-4 Description of Component Damage

Component
Damage Description of Component Damage
Level
Component is overwhelmed by the blast
Blowout load causing debris with significant
velocities
Hazardous Component has failed, and debris velocities
Failure range from insignificant to very significant
Component has not failed, but it has
Heavy
significant permanent deflections causing it
Damage
to be unrepairable
Component has some permanent
Moderate deflection. It is generally repairable, if
Damage necessary, although replacement may be
more economical and aesthetic
Superficial Component has no visible permanent
Damage damage

2-2.2 Glazing Levels of Protection

The other portion of a building’s level of protection is based on the damage expected by
the window components. Level of protection ratings are based on glass fragment fly out
and the potential to cause injury. Table 2-5 describes the hazards related to glazings
along with potential injuries for building occupants for the various building level of
protection.

There are multiple systems that are used to determine a hazard rating. Among these
are ASTM F 1642, Department of State (DoS), General Services Administration (GSA),
and the United Kingdom (UK) system. Different programs use different rating systems
depending on the primary user group of the software. Since there are many different
hazard rating systems that vary in allowable damage, equating hazard rating to LOP is
the best way to compare multiple systems and ensure the proper level of protection is
provided. Table 2-6 shows a comparison of the various rating systems available and
how they compare to the level of protection descriptions in Table 2-5.

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Table 2-5 Description of Glazing and Hazards

Building Level
Potential Glazing Hazards2 Potential Injury
of Protection
Majority of personnel in collapse
Glazing will fail catastrophically
Below AT region suffer fatalities. Fatalities in
and result in lethal hazards. (High
Standards1 areas outside of collapsed area
hazard rating)
likely.
Glazing will fracture, come out of Majority of personnel in damaged
the frame, and is likely to be area suffer serious injuries with a
propelled into the building, with the potential for fatalities. Personnel in
Very Low
potential to cause serious injuries. areas outside damaged area will
(Low hazard rating). experience minor to moderate
injuries.
Majority of personnel in damaged
Glazing will fracture, potentially area suffer minor to moderate
come out of the frame, but at a injuries with the potential for a few
reduced velocity, does not present serious injuries, but fatalities are
Low
a significant injury hazard. (Very unlikely. Personnel in areas outside
low hazard rating) damaged areas will potentially
experience minor to moderate
injuries.
Glazing will fracture, remain in the Personnel in damaged area
frame and results in a minimal potentially suffer minor to moderate
hazard consisting of glass dust injuries, but fatalities are unlikely.
Medium
and slivers. (Minimal hazard Personnel in areas outside
rating) damaged areas will potentially
experience superficial injuries.
Glazing will not break. (No
High Only superficial injuries are likely.
Hazard)
1 - This is not a level of protection, and should never be a design goal. It only defines a realm of
more severe structural response, and may provide useful information in some cases.
2 - Glazing hazard ratings are from ASTM F 1642.

Table 2-6 Level of Protection Comparisons

LOP UK (Old) GSA DoS ASTM F 1642 (DoD)
Below AT
High Hazard 5 5 High Hazard
Standards
Very Low Low Hazard 4 or 3b 4 Low Hazard
Low Minimal Hazard 3a 3 Very Low Hazard
Minimal Hazard or
Medium Minimal Hazard 2 2
No Hazard
High No Break 1 1 No Break

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CHAPTER 3 GLAZING PRODUCTS AND CONSTRUCTIONS

3-1 GLAZING CONSTRUCTIONS

This section covers typical glazing layups which are commonly used for architectural
fenestrations.

3-1.1 Monolithic Glass

The majority of glass used today in architectural applications is monolithic float or flat
glass. It is the basic form of manufactured glass and there are minimal processes
performed on the glass after it is manufactured. Monolithic glass may consist of
annealed, fully tempered, heat strengthened, chemically strengthened glass. Monolithic
glass is not preferred for blast applications because it creates a large quantity of flying
hazardous debris due to the fact that there is nothing to retain the glazing fragments
upon failure.

3-1.2 Laminated Glass

Laminated glass consists of two or more layers of glass bonded together using an
interlayer, usually polyvinyl-butyral (PVB) which is discussed later in Section 0. A
typical example of laminated glass is the windshield of a car. Other interlayers are
becoming more readily available, such as ionoplast interlayers. Ionoplast interlayers
are typically more rigid and tear resistant than PVB. Laminated glass is preferred for
blast applications due to the post break membrane capacity provided by the interlayer.
This allows for more energy absorption than a monolithic pane of glass and also greatly
reduces the flying debris.

3-1.3 Insulating Glass Units

An insulating glass unit (IGU) consists of separate panes of glazing separated by a

hermetically sealed airspace of constant thickness (typically 0.5 in.) which increases the
window’s thermal performance. Some IGU’s are filled with an inert gas, such as krypton
or argon, in place of air to reduce the chance of impurities staining the glass over time.
The separate panes of glass can be constructed of monolithic or laminated glass using
any of the glass types previously defined.

For blast applications, the inner pane (pane located toward the inside of a facility) must
not generate hazardous debris such as fragments from laminated glass or broken
polycarbonate. This is a basic requirement for the LOPs considered by UFC 4-010-01,
but would also apply to higher levels of protection required by other criteria.

3-1.4 Composites

Composites, such as glass-clad polycarbonates are generally manufactured for ballistic,

impact, or forced entry resistant applications. They consist of combinations of various
layers of glass and plastics, typically polycarbonate, laminated together with PVB and/or
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urethane resin interlayers. These composites can have significant blast resistance, but
must have adequate frame support to be effective.

3-1.5 Glass Block

Glass blocks are manufactured solid or hollow blocks of glass which traditionally have
been used as masonry units and laid up with mortar joints. Hollow blocks are made by
sealing together two pan shaped glass castings into a hollow glass faced unit. Solid
blocks are typically cast monolithically. When used in glass unit masonry construction,
UFC 4-010-01 does not require glass block to comply with the Standard 10 provisions.
However, engineered glass block window systems shall be designed in accordance with
the Standard 10 provisions.

3-2 GLAZING PRODUCTS

This section covers typical glazing products which are commonly used in architectural
fenestration layups.

3-2.1 Annealed Glass

The most common window glass available is referred to as annealed float glass or
simply annealed glass. Since annealed glass has a minimal amount of residual internal
stress it is subject to easy breakage but can be cut or edge shaped at anytime.
Annealed glass is the most fragile of all manufactured glass. When fractured, annealed
glass breaks into many small and large irregular-shaped sharp pieces called glass
fragments or shards. The strength of annealed glass can vary significantly due to
surface flaws. Hence, glass strengths are typically modeled with a probability
distribution.

The history of research in first crack behavior of glazing has involved significant static
testing of small glass coupons and glass panels. The onset of cracking occurs at the
surface of the glazing and this crack is initiated from critical surface flaws, the locations
of which are random. These surface flaws can occur as a part of the manufacturing
process, during the installation process or due to in service weathering, abuse, etc.
Older glazings are subject to longer term abrasion and weathering, which causes them
to be weaker but also less variable in strength.

3-2.2 Heat Strengthened and Fully Tempered Glass

Heat treating annealed glass can be done to produce two additional monolithic glass
types: heat strengthened and fully tempered glass. To form either, fabricators cut
annealed glass into its final size before the heat treating process. The pre-cut annealed
glass pane is then heated to near its softening point, after which it is quenched.
Quenching cools the outer surfaces quickly, while the inside of the lite cools more
slowly. This differential cooling induces compressive stresses in the outer glass fibers
and tensile stresses in the interior, the magnitude of which depends upon the quenching

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rate. Figure 3-1 below illustrates the stress condition of a typical fully tempered glass
lite.

Figure 3-1 Stress Distribution of Fully Tempered Glass

Heat strengthened and fully tempered glasses have nominal load resistances for design
purposes of 2 and 4 times, respectively, that of annealed glass. Fully tempered glass
breaks into much smaller, more cubical pieces than similar thickness annealed glass
due to the stress distribution in the glass. This is the reason tempered glass is often
referred to as “safety glass.”

3-2.3 Plastic Glazing

3-2.3.1 Monolithic and Laminated Polycarbonate

Thermoplastic polymers can be used as impact, blast and ballistic resistant glazing as
monolithic lites, laminated lites or in conjunction with glass. Combinations of glass and
polycarbonates are often used as ballistic resistant glazing and are referred to as glass-
clad polycarbonates. Glazing may also be produced in multiple layers of plastic
laminated together, with or without glass laminations. These “stacked” systems may be
used as blast resistant systems. The analysis codes described later in this report can
be used to generate resistance functions suitable for determination of dynamic
capacities of these systems. Optical clarity may be reduced in these systems due to the
effects of both the thermoplastics and the laminating interlayers. The expected service
life of hard-coated polycarbonate without glass cladding is approximately 25 years and
is usually based on degraded optical clarity due to UV radiation and abrasion from
exposure to the elements and cleaning.

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3-2.3.2 Acrylics

Acrylic is also a thermoplastic polymer. It is often selected for glazing applications

because of its higher optical quality (slightly better refractive index than glass, superior
refractive index and luminous transmittance as compared to polycarbonate) and
because of its lighter weight as compared to glass. Acrylics have approximately the
same tensile strength and modulus as polycarbonates but have dramatically lower
values of tensile elongation (polycarbonate elongation at break is approximately 150%
while acrylics fail at elongations of approximately 30%). Because of the reduced
ductility of acrylics, they are not as good of a choice for impact or blast resistant
applications as are polycarbonates. Acrylics, like polycarbonates, can be machined for
unique geometrical requirements, are often used as a replacement for heavy glass
blocks and can also generate toxic gases in fires.

3-2.4 PVB Interlayers for Laminated Glass

Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) sheet, made from PVB resin, is the most common material used
to fabricate laminated glass. Bonding of glass layers with PVB is accomplished by
compressing the layers of glass tightly together with the PVB sheet in between. This
“sandwich” is then heated until the PVB reaches its melting point, forming a high
strength bond between the two layers of glass. The PVB layer (also referred to as the
interlayer) commonly comes in thicknesses of 0.015”, 0.030”, 0.060” and 0.090”. For
blast resistance, a thickness of 0.030” or greater is required by UFC 4-010-01.
Laminated glass, whether used as a single pane or as the inner pane of an insulating
glass unit, is the preferred glass construction for providing protection from the pressure
effects of a bomb blast.

Laminated glass can fracture (and is usually designed to do so) under the blast load but
the interlayer holds the broken glass together thus eliminating the spread of glass
fragments to the interior. If designed properly, the fractured laminated glass will remain
in the window frame and not open the building to the effects from the outside
environment. Therefore, the strength of the glass used in the laminated construction is
of secondary importance since the PVB interlayer is the element used to keep the
fractured window pane in the window frame.

Typical static properties of PVB sheet resin interlayers are:

Tensile strength 3,500 psi

Tensile elongation 200%
Youngs modulus 50,000 psi

3-2.5 Specialty Interlayers for Laminated Glass

Ionoplast interlayers are quickly gaining popularity in both the hurricane- and blast-
resistant communities. These interlayers can be up to 100 times stiffer than a typical
PVB interlayer. This leads to a more robust piece of laminated glass which can take
larger loads and greater impacts. This also means the deflections are reduced, which
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can increase the load transmitted into the frames as it would likely produce a higher
instantaneous shear load compared to the lower but longer duration tensile loads of
PVB going through its large deflections.

Laminated glass products can also be produced with other specialty resins. Laminate
products produced with cast-in-place (CIP) resins eliminate the flat plate compression
and heating process of PVB lamination. CIP resin laminating is accomplished by
pumping the liquid resin into the space between the glass and allowing it to cure
(chemical curing) or curing it with UV light. CIP resins bond both chemically and
physically to glass lites and even will bond with uneven (wavy) surfaces. These resins
also produce stiff glazings which must be considered in the design.

3-2.6 Glazing Supported by a Frame

Regardless of which glazing type is being used, the lite has to be supported by the
window frame. That support is provided by sufficient engagement or bite of the glazing
in a frame pocket, and a bead of sealant material. Potential sealant materials may be a
dry glazing gasket, adhesive glazing tape, or structural silicone adhesive. In dry
glazing, bite is sometimes considered the total engagement length, or overlap, of the
glazing into the frame. However, for the purposes of this PDC-TR, bite shall be
considered the effective contact dimension of a structural sealant between the glazing
and frame member. As an example, a lite could be overlapped 1 inch within a frame
and have a ½ inch bead of structural silicone for the attachment, thus the actual bite
would be considered to be ½ inch. Figure 3-2 depicts graphically the definition of bite
and other important frame features.

Figure 3-2 Channel and Captured glazing

3-3 GLAZING STRENGTH AND GLASS PROBABILITY OF FAILURE

Since glass is a brittle material whose failure strength can be variable among identical
lites, the strength of glass is modeled using statistical methods, specifically a probability
distribution. This means that glass is designed primarily on historical experience and
engineering judgment. The probability distribution utilizes a bell curve to plot break

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strengths of lites of glass. Surface flaws and microscopic imperfections within the glass
cause the variations in strength among identical lites of glass.

From the bell curve a probability of failure value can be determined, ranging from 1-999.
This value is a fraction of glass lites that would break at the first occurrence of a
specified design load, expressed in lites per 1,000. The most common design
probability of failure used in conventional window designs is 8 lites per 1,000. For
dynamic design this value can be increased due to rate effects and the likelihood of a
blast threat occurring, but shall not exceed 500 lites per 1,000 as that may be
overestimating the strength of the glass. Essentially that would limit designs to the 50th
percentile. As the probability of failure increases, so does the assumed glass strength
(e.g. Use of a high POF for a given design means that the glass is assumed to have a
higher resistance and deformation capacity than is typically found in samples of that
glass type and age).

3-4 BLAST RESISTANT GLAZING CONSIDERATIONS

When using laminated glazing, framing systems need to have sufficient weep holes
within the frame’s glass pocket to allow moisture drainage. If laminated glass edges are
in contact with water for extended amounts of time the lite can delaminate (i.e. the
glazing layers begin to separate from the interlayer). This causes visual clarity issues in
the lite as it looks like there are air bubbles within the glazing. In addition contact with
incompatible glazing compounds can cause deterioration of PVB and delamination of
the pane, it is therefore important that either glazing tape or structural silicone glazing
be specified for mounting laminated windows.

In some instances a window system will need to use a stronger, heat strengthened
glass in a laminated window system. In these systems the thickness of interlayer can
be critical. During the heat treating process, the glass develops roller waves in the
surface of the glass as it passes over the rollers while it is quenched. If the thickness of
the interlayer is insufficient to adequately fill the gaps between the wave “peaks”, this
could create weakness within the lamination. Typically, the laminator will require the
use of a thicker interlayer material to accommodate these waves. It is best to discuss
these issues with the window laminator.

When polycarbonate is used in a window system, there are some considerations which
must be addressed to ensure a quality system is provided. Among these considerations
is ensuring the appropriate amount of bite in the frames since polycarbonate systems
are not typically installed using a wet glazed system. Additionally, a glass cladding or
some type of hard coating should be applied to ensure that the surfaces of the
polycarbonate are protected from being scratched and marred during typical usage.
.

3-5 TYPICAL MAKEUPS AND SYSTEMS

This section covers typical fenestrations which are commonly used in typical
construction.
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3-5.1 Punched Windows

Punched windows are individual windows that appear to have been “punched” through
the otherwise continuous wall system around it. The façade material is on all four sides
of the window. An illustration and an example of punched windows are shown in Figure
3-3 below.

Figure 3-3 Punched Windows

Punched windows are one the most common window systems currently being used in
construction. The opening is typically framed with jamb elements, which support the
vertical edge of the window. The wall space above and below usually does not provide
any lateral support for the window, and it is typically assumed that all of the load is
transferred to the vertical jambs.

3-5.2 Ribbon Windows

Ribbon windows are essentially a string of windows placed edge to edge forming a
horizontal band. They can be installed with or without exposed mullions and appear to
form a “ribbon” around the exterior of the building. An illustration and example of ribbon
windows are shown in Figure 3-4. Ribbon windows are generally connected to the head
and sill. Loads are typically transferred through the head and sill members directly to
the columns or by cantilever action of sill and head stem walls.

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Figure 3-4 Ribbon Windows

3-5.3 Storefronts

Storefronts are a non-residential system of doors and windows mulled, or combined, as

a composite structure consisting of larger expanses of glazing. They are typically
designed for high use/abuse and strength. The storefront system is non-load bearing
and is typically installed between the floor and header or is set back from the exterior
wall and provided with a ceiling and sidewalls to close the space between the storefront
and wall. The ceilings and sidewalls in some cases provide lateral support to the
storefront system and may also need to be designed for blast. An illustration and an
example of a storefront system are shown in Figure 3-5.

Figure 3-5 Storefront System

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For the purposes of storefronts and curtain walls, primary mullions are those that span
between points of structural support and are typically vertical. Intermediate mullions are
those which frame between the primary mullions and are typically horizontal. There are
many different variations of storefront designs, which mean the vertical mullions are not
always the primary mullions.

3-5.4 Curtain-Walls

Curtain walls are external non-load bearing walls which are intended to separate the
exterior and interior environments. Curtain walls can use a variety of materials ranging
from precast concrete to glass. Typically, curtain walls span multiple floors and are
considered part of the building envelope. An illustration and example of a curtain wall
are shown in Figure 3-6 below.

Figure 3-6 Curtain Wall Windows

Just as for storefronts, primary mullions are those that span between points of structural
support and are typically vertical. Intermediate mullions are those which frame between
the primary mullions and are typically horizontal. There are many different variations of
curtain walls, so the vertical mullions are not always the primary mullions.

3-5.5 Butt-Joint Glazing Systems

Butt-joint glazing systems consist of multiple lites supported on two edges (typically top
and bottom) in conventional (captured) window frames or wet glazed frame systems
while the remaining two edges (vertical edges) are “butted” together and weather sealed
with a bead of silicone sealant. Since there is no vertical framing member supporting
the vertical edges, the butt-joint cannot be considered to be structural. Being supported
on two edges, the glass is considered to span in only one direction thus leading to
higher deflections and stress than a four-side supported system. Butt-joint glazing can
typically be seen in ribbon or curtain wall systems.
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3-5.6 Structural Silicone Glazing Systems

Structural silicone glazing systems are similar in exterior appearance to butt-joint

glazing, but structural silicone glazing has a mullion to support the butted edges on the
interior of the system. These systems utilize structural silicone as an adhesive to affix
the glass to the framing system. The glass may or may not be retained on the exterior
side in a typical captured manner. Structural silicone glazing is usually supported on all
four sides but may be captured on the exterior side on two or more sides.

3-5.7 Glazing in Doors

Doors which contain glazing are analyzed similarly to glazing used in a typical wall
application. Glazing can be used in swing doors, slider doors, and single or double
leafed doors.

3-5.8 Operable Window Systems

Operable windows such as sliders, hoppers, or casement type windows which opens
outward are treated as fixed windows since it is assumed that they will seat themselves
against the window frame in a blast event. Windows which open inward must have the
operable and locking hardware analyzed to resist the blast load as to prevent the whole
window leaf from dislodging and becoming a hazardous projectile.

3-5.9 Non-Traditional Systems

It is not possible to cover all types of window systems and anchorage options.
Manufacturers are constantly researching and releasing new options for blast
protection. It is up to the engineer to determine the loads, behavior and adequacy of
the system. Alternately these types of systems can be tested dynamically to
demonstrate their capacity.

3-6 WINDOWS DESIGNED TO RESIST ENVIRONMENTAL LOADINGS

Windows may be required to provide protection from more than one hazard. For
example, in coastal regions where hurricane resistant glazing is required, there may
also be a requirement for blast resistant windows. Each design has its own unique
requirements in order to be successful. An approach to design for a dual purpose
would be to design the window to the more stringent requirement, most likely the
hurricane requirements, and then verify that design to ensure it is adequate for the
required blast loading and complies with all blast criteria. Analysis of windows for impact
is not included in this PDC-TR; the designer must consult the appropriate codes and
criteria for applicable requirements.

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CHAPTER 4 DESIGN APPROACHES

4-1 GENERAL

This chapter covers two design approaches, a static and dynamic approach. The static
approach uses simplified assumptions to model dynamic loadings and the response of
window components. Due to these assumptions, there tends to be conservatism within
the analyses. The dynamic approach models a component’s response based on the
actual dynamic loading due to a blast event. Also, the analysis takes into account
dynamic material properties and the allowable dynamic response of the component.
Often a statically designed system will be overly conservative in comparison to a
dynamically designed system. Dynamic analysis is preferred because it typically yields
a more economical design.

4-2 STATIC DESIGN APPROACH

For windows and skylights using laminated glass glazing, the static design approach is
allowed for the design of the glass, frame, bite, and connections. The design of
supporting structural elements may be done statically for window and skylight systems
of any glazing material, only when the wall conventional construction standoff distance
or greater is provided.

Using the static design approach, the laminated glass, frame, bite, and connections are
designed according to ASTM F 2248-09 and ASTM E 1300-09a practices. ASTM F
2248-09 is used to determine an equivalent 3-second duration design load, which is
used in conjunction with ASTM E 1300-09a to select an appropriate glass type and
thickness.

All static designs for window frames and their connections to the structure and
supporting structural elements and their connections should be performed using LRFD
with load factors equal to 1.0. Strength reduction factors (ø) shall be 1.0 for window
frame and supporting structural member designs. Strength reduction factors (ø) shall
be taken from the appropriate material code for all connection design.

Ru ≤ φRn

Where:

Ru = required strength
Rn = nominal strength
ø = resistance or strength reduction factor

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4-2.1 Alternate Glazing

Glazing other than laminated glass cannot be designed statically since there are
currently no national consensus standards available for the static design of alternate
glazing. Alternate glazings must be designed or tested dynamically to demonstrate the
appropriate level of protection.

4-2.2 Applicable Levels of Protection

The static design approach is applicable only for the low and very low LOPs. For a
medium or high LOP, window systems must be designed dynamically because the
dynamic analysis assures a more accurate modeling of the windows response.

4-2.3 Applicable Charge Weights

The static design approach is only applicable for the range of explosive weights and
standoff distances covered in ASTM F 2248-09. Do not extrapolate beyond the limits
shown in Figure 4-1.

4-2.4 Non-Reflected Pressures

The static design approach is predicated on fully reflected blast loadings of windows,
but it can be used for cases other than reflected pressures such as incident pressures
that would typically be used for horizontal skylights. The usage of this approach for
other than fully reflected blast loadings would likely produce conservative results. To
avoid overly conservative designs, use a dynamic design approach that accounts for the
angle of incidence of the blast.

4-2.5 Glazing

Laminated glass thickness is determined using ASTM E 1300 in conjunction with ASTM
F 2248-09. Glass can be annealed, heat strengthened or fully tempered. This
procedure determines a glass thickness based upon first break of the glass and does
not consider post break resistance of the PVB interlayer, thus the resulting glass
thickness produces a minimal hazard rating per ASTM F 1642.

Additionally, thicker PVB layers typically do not alter the glazing resistance as it is
calculated based on the combined thicknesses of glass and interlayer plies. The only
time it would affect the glazing resistance would be the case where a thick PVB layer
drives the combined thickness to the next higher monolithic thickness.

4-2.5.1 Determine Equivalent 3-Second Design Load

The first step is to identify the explosive weight and a standoff distance for the design.
Using the explosive weight and standoff distance pair, an equivalent 3-second duration
design load is determined from ASTM F 2248-09.

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To determine the equivalent 3-second duration design load, enter the chart in ASTM F
2248-09, see Figure 4-1, with the standoff distance on the X axis. Draw a vertical line
from the standoff distance. Then draw a horizontal line from the intersection of the
vertical line and the diagonal charge weight lines to the Y axis. The equivalent 3-
Second duration design load is the value where the horizontal line intersects the Y axis.
The load in pounds per square foot (psf) can be read from the left Y axis or in
kilopascals (kPa) from the right Y-axis.

Interpolate between charge weight lines as necessary. If a threat is beyond the limits of
the figure, extrapolation is not permitted and either testing or a dynamic analysis would
be required for the window.

It is important to note that the equivalent 3-second duration design load is not a “static
equivalent” of the blast load generated by a given explosive weight and standoff
distance. Rather it is a uniform lateral load of short duration which when used with
ASTM E 1300-09a, yields a glass thickness that would be capable of resisting the
lateral pressures of the actual dynamic load for a specified probability of breakage.

Figure 4-1 ASTM F 2248-09 Chart Used to Determine the 3-Second Load

Adapted, with permission, from ASTM Standard ASTM F2248-09, Standard Practice for Specifying an Equivalent 3-Second
Duration Design Loading for Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated Glass, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr
Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be obtained from ASTM International,
www.astm.org.)

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4-2.5.2 Determine Laminated Glass Thickness

Using the 3-second load, the glazing layup may be determined using ASTM E 1300-
09a. Select a glass type, thickness, and construction and then use the appropriate
procedure in section 6 of ASTM E 1300-09a. All procedures follow the same general
process; determine a non-factored load (NFL), glass type factor (GTF), and load share
factor (LS). Single lite glazing will have one value of each factor. Multi-lite glazing, will
have a value of each factor for each lite. The glass load resistance (LR) is then found
by multiplying all of the values together for each representative lite. The LR for multi-lite
units is the lowest of the calculated values. The process is iterative and must be
repeated if the LR is less than the 3-second load. Any or all of the glass type, thickness
or construction should be modified until the LR is greater than the 3-second load.

For low and very low LOP window systems, use the thickness determined from ASTM E
1300-09a including the interlayer thickness assumed, but not less than a minimum
0.030-inch thick interlayer. For medium and high level of protection the static design
approach is not allowed.

4-2.6 Frame Members

For static design of aluminum and steel frames, follow ASTM F 2248-09. Frames made
of other materials are acceptable but their performance must be established with
dynamic analysis or testing; ASTM F 2248-09 is not applicable.

The deflections limit for frame members designed statically is 1/60 of the length of the
glazing supported edge, regardless of anchor spacing, when subjected to a load of two
(2) times the glazing resistance determined from ASTM E 1300-09a. The member
should be checked based on section properties determined from the design strength
calculations under loading of two (2) times the glazing resistance at yield strength of the
frame material.

For punched and ribbon windows, the length of the supported edge is the longest span
of a single pane of glass, regardless of any intermediate support connections.

For storefront and curtain wall systems, the glazing supported edge length used in the
deflection calculation is dependent on whether the frame member under consideration
is a “primary” or “intermediate” mullion. For the purposes of this PDC TR, a “primary”
mullion is a frame member which spans between points of structural support, e.g., floor
to floor while an “intermediate” mullion is one which spans between primary mullions.
The length of the glazing supported edge for primary mullions will be taken as the full
span between points of structural support. The length of the glazing supported edge for
intermediate mullions will be taken as the longest edge of a lite of glass, which is
supported by that mullion. The supported edge lengths can be seen in Figure 4-2 and
Figure 4-3. The deflections of both mullions are restricted to 1/60 of the supported edge
length when subjected to two (2) times the glazing resistance applied over the tributary
area of the glazing for the frame member in question.

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Figure 4-2 Storefront Support Lengths

Figure 4-3 Curtain Wall Support Lengths

4-2.7 Bite

Determine the required bite using ASTM F 2248-09. The ASTM allows either structural
silicone sealant or adhesive glazing tape to adhere the glazing to the frame. Apply
structural silicone or glazing tape on both sides of a single laminated lite. For IGUs, the
structural silicone or glazing tape need only be applied to the inboard (protected) side.
The inboard lite of the IGU must be a laminated lite.

The minimum width of the structural silicone bead shall be the larger of 3/8” or the
thickness of the laminated pane. The structural silicone bead shall be no wider than
twice the laminated pane thickness. The width of glazing tape shall be a minimum of

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twice the laminated pane thickness but no wider than four times the laminated pane
thickness. Static design of dry glazed systems based on ASTM F2248 is not permitted.

4-2.8 Connections

Static design of connections follows the provisions of ASTM F 2248-09. Connections

include connection of frames to the surrounding structure, connection of hardware and
associated connections, connection of glazing stop connections, and connection of
other elements in shear.

4-2.8.1 Connection Design Load

The assumption in connection design using ASTM F 2248-09 is that the glazing will fail
before the frame members and their connections. To ensure this, connections are
designed to at least;

• Two (2) times the load resistance of the glazing determined from ASTM E 1300-
09a if the maximum airblast pressure is greater than one half magnitude of the
load resistance of the glazing;

OR

• One (1) times the load resistance of the glazing if the maximum airblast pressure
is less than one half magnitude of the load resistance of the glazing.

The maximum airblast pressure is the peak reflected pressure during the blast loading.

Typically, the load for connection design will be two (2) times the load resistance of the
glazing. This is due to maximum airblast pressures frequently being greater than the
maximum resistance determined from ASTM E 1300-09a.

4-2.8.2 Connection Design Strength

Design strength (øRn) of a connection should be based on the applicable design codes
for the connector and base material. The design shall take into account edge distance,
spacing, embedment depth, material strength, etc. to fully develop the connectors.
Strength reduction factors (ø) shall be taken from the appropriate material code for all
connection design.

The design load is applied over the tributary area of the glazing supported by the frame
members. The designer may choose to apply this load uniformly over the entire glazing
area to determine a total number of fasteners to be provided around the anchored
perimeter or may determine the number of anchors each frame member would require
based on the glazing area tributary to the individual frame member.

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4-2.9 Supporting Structural Elements

The static design approach for supporting structural elements may only be applied to
punched openings, and is only allowed when the standoff distance provided to the
window is at or greater than the wall conventional construction standoff distance.
Dynamic analysis or dynamic testing is required when the standoff is less than the wall
conventional construction standoff distance or when a ribbon window system is
provided. Where the static approach is allowed, base the static design of the supporting
element on the following.

4-2.9.1 Determination of Tributary Width Increase Factor

Account for an increased tributary area due to the addition of a window to a wall by
applying a tributary area increase factor (C) to the capacity of the wall. The tributary
area increase factor is shown in Equation 1 and shall not be taken as less than 1.0.
Equation 1 Tributary Area Increase Factor
atrib
C= ≥1
a wall

Where:

awall = tributary area for typical conventional wall section or element

atrib = combined tributary area for supported window or skylight and wall or
roof section or element

The tributary area of a typical structural element is the width of the element (e.g.
spacing of the studs, reinforcement, or other structural member) multiplied by the height
of that element. The tributary area of the supporting structural element is the width of
element plus the width of the window that transfers load to that supporting structural
element multiplied by the height of that element. Typically this width is half the window
width plus half of the stud/reinforcement spacing. The dimensions used in the
calculation are shown graphically in Figure 4-4 where the solid vertical lines are
studs/reinforcement and the dashed lines are the tributary width lines.

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Figure 4-4 Illustration of Tributary Width Values

4-2.9.2 Required Supporting Structural Element Capacities

Calculate the moment and shear capacities of the typical wall element. Design the
supporting structural elements (SSE) to have moment and shear capacities equal to or
greater than the typical wall element capacities multiplied by the applicable tributary
area increase factor as shown in Equation 2 and Equation 3.
Equation 2 Required Moment Capacity of Supporting Structural Element
M SSE ≥ C ⋅ M CW

Equation 3 Required Shear Capacity of Supporting Structural Element

VSSE ≥ C ⋅ VCW

Where:
MSSE and VSSE are moment and shear capacities of supporting structural
element.

MCW and VCW are moment and shear capacities of conventional wall
section.

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4-2.9.3 Supporting Structural Element Reactions

Design loads for connections between the supporting structural element and the primary
structure shall be determined based on the increased member shear capacity (VSSE).
The structural designer is to design the connection using the appropriate strength
reduction factors from the applicable design code.

The reactions from the supporting element analysis normally do not have to be carried
through the horizontal and lateral bracing systems of the building to the foundation. The
main concern is that these loads are transferred into horizontal floor and roof systems
without failing those connections or the attached elements, as the building mass should
be sufficient to dissipate these loads before they are transferred to the foundation. It is
left to the structural engineer to assess the adequacy of these connections, the
attaching elements, and the need for further analysis.

4-2.10 Skylights

Skylights designed using the static approach shall follow the same procedure as
outlined above.

4-3 DYNAMIC DESIGN APPROACH

Dynamic design of window systems can provide more economical designs than those
based on the static approach. The dynamic approach more accurately predicts
component response than the static approach by accounting for the time variance of the
blast load, dynamic material properties and dynamic response of the component. The
dynamic approach can use most glazing types, not just the laminated glass allowed in
the static approach. Most glazings, frame members, and supporting structural elements
can be modeled using a dynamic approach.

Dynamic design uses computer programs recognized by the blast community to predict
dynamic response. The dynamic approach is an iterative process of selecting a initial
glazing or member size, then analyzing it and repeating until the glazing or member is
found to have an acceptable response.

Only engineers having a thorough understanding of structural dynamics should use

dynamic analysis software. Users should also educate themselves on how the software
performs its analysis (i.e., methodology and assumptions used as well as hazard level
definitions). This can be done by reading methodology manuals and help files that
accompany the software. Using programs blindly without an understanding of the
methodology and assumptions can result in erroneous results.

4-3.1 Alternate Glazings

Dynamic design of glazing materials other than laminated glass requires defined
material properties and models for the material. Most glazing design programs include
a library of material types. It is good practice to verify the default material properties in

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the program before proceeding with an analysis. Use non-default values only when a
strong technical basis to do so exists.

4-3.2 Applicable Levels of Protection

The dynamic design approach is applicable for all levels of protection and the dynamic
design approach and the methodology remains the same for all levels of protection.
The response limits and hazard ratings are the key parameters that vary with level of
protection. Each level of protection has an associated component response limit and
glazing hazard rating, which reflect the acceptable amount of damage or hazard of that
component or glazing when subjected to the blast loading. Response limits may vary
with type of member, support conditions, material type, and various other parameters.

4-3.3 Applicable Charge Weights and Blast Parameters

The dynamic approach is an acceptable analysis method for glazing systems regardless
of the threat severity since the design is based on the actual airblast loading the
member will experience. Also, factors other than charge weight and standoff may
modify the airblast loading. These are the inclusion of negative phase and clearing
effects.

4-3.3.1 Charge Weights

When performing a dynamic design, the designer should use the dynamic blast load
associated with the applicable explosive weight at the available standoff distance.

4-3.3.2 Negative Phase

Traditionally, analysis of component response to blast has only considered positive

phase loading. An approach used by some engineers with experience in blast effects is
to include the negative phase when analyzing blast damage to existing building
components and to ignore the negative phase when designing new components.
Negative phase has a more significant effect on the element response when the full
duration of the negative phase occurs prior to the elements maximum response.
Conversely, it has little or no effect when the positive phase loading duration exceeds
the element maximum response time. For Medium and High Levels of Protection,
negative phase shall be checked. For the purpose of design, whenever negative phase
is accounted for in the analysis, an additional load case of positive phase only shall be
performed to determine the worst case response of the positive and negative phase
load and the positive phase only load.

4-3.3.3 Clearing Effects

Clearing effects occur due to pressure discontinuities at the edges of surfaces that
develop when the blast wave impacts a surface. Higher pressures (reflected pressures)
occur on the surface than exist a short distance off from the edge of the surface. The
pressure discontinuity can result in quicker dissipation of the blast wave in higher-
pressure areas. For windows away from building corners, the dissipation does not
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occur soon enough to result in significant load reduction; hence, ignoring clearing is
acceptable and results in a conservative analysis. For windows being analyzed near
building corners and some skylights, accounting for clearing effects may result in a
design that is more economical.

4-3.4 Glazing

There are various programs available to analyze glazing dynamically, two of which are
SBEDS-W and WinGARD. SBEDS-W is available from the Protective Design Center
(PDC) and WinGARD is available from the Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG).

Typical input data includes window pane dimensions, height above the floor, glazing
makeup, glazing properties, and blast load parameters. The window pane size should
be taken as the clear span of the glazing in both directions. If the height above floor is
not known, a reasonable assumption should be made.

Typically windows are supported uniformly on all four sides, but there are some
instances where different support methods are used. One method would be butt-joint
glazed systems where the top and bottom are supported and the vertical edges are
glued together with silicone. Another glazing support method would be point supported
systems, where the glazing pane is attached only at its corner points by the means of
“spider” clips. Currently there are no SDOF tools available which can analyze point
supported systems, so analysis would have to be by higher fidelity finite element
analysis. Ultimately, it is up to the designer to determine how the glazing is supported
and use the appropriate method of analysis.

Typical glazing properties are generally populated by the program when a glazing type
is selected. In most cases, the default values will be acceptable, but if specific input
data is used, it should come from a manufacturer, a testing lab, or other credible source.
In some programs, user-defined glazing types may be generated, but the designer must
ensure that all input properties are appropriate for the defined material. Again, these
input properties should come from a credible source.

Use the default probability of failure (POF) value of the analysis program, but it shall not
be greater than 500 per 1,000. By restricting the POF to 500 per 1,000 or less, it
prevents the user from under predicting the glazing response by modeling an unusually
strong piece of glass.

If the analysis indicates that the required hazard rating has not been met, the designer
will need to revise various input parameters and perform another analysis. Designing a
window to achieve a desired hazard rating is typically an iterative process.

When revisions need to be made to a glazing layup, it is not always necessary to

thicken the glass. In some instances, it may be more beneficial to thicken the PVB
interlayer. In order to provide a more economical window, which performs to the
appropriate hazard rating, the designer will likely have to experiment by balancing

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various input parameters such as window size, glass thickness, glass type, and PVB
thickness.

4-3.5 Frame Members

Frames that are designed dynamically may be analyzed using a single degree of
freedom (SDOF) program such as SBEDS, which is available from the PDC. SBEDS-W
also includes a mullion analysis tool that can model mullions consisting of standard
structural shapes or extruded shapes with or without thermal breaks, and can account
for composite and non-composite inserts. There are other programs available, but for
the purposes of this PDC TR, SBEDS will be demonstrated. Additionally, finite element
modeling (FEM) would be acceptable if performed by an experienced engineer using a
recognized FEM program.

In most SDOF programs, required input data may include span length, spacing
(tributary width), material properties, section properties, blast load parameters, and
response criteria. Most manufacturers’ window frame cross sections will not be
available as a default selection within the programs’ libraries. A user-defined section
will typically need to be created using the frame’s section properties.

The blast loading of the window frame members should be based upon the tributary
area of the glazing supported by the frame member being analyzed. Additionally, for
dynamic design, the member’s span length may be taken as the distance between
intermediate support connections when those intermediate support connections are
directly anchored to or supported by the structure. Operable windows can be designed
similarly to those with fixed frames provided they are constructed and installed so the
sash will bear against the frame under blast loading.

4-3.5.1 Frame Member Response Limits

For the purposes of this report, the response limits for aluminum and steel frame
members shall be taken from Table 4-1. Response limits for steel frame members shall
be in accordance with PDC TR 06-08 and ASCE 59-11.

Table 4-1 Mullion Response Limits

Level of Protection
Mullion Material High Medium Low Very Low
μmax θmax μmax θmax μmax θmax μmax θmax
Aluminum 1 - 5 3° 7 6° 10 10°
Steel 1 - - 3° - 6° - 10°

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4-3.6 Bite and Engagement

When glass is designed dynamically using SBEDS-W and WinGARD, one of the output
values is the required bite. This is usually based on a shortening or pullout calculation
due to the deflection of the glazing. When the glazing deflects inward, the edges are
drawn towards the center of the window causing a shortening of the plan dimensions of
the pane. If this shortening is too great, the window could disengage from the frame.
The required bite is a calculated value that provides sufficient engagement of the
glazing in a non-adhered system. Using this value is conservative, since structural
silicone adhesive or glazing tape within the bite is normally provided. Therefore the bite
required by computer analysis shall be provided at Medium and High LOP. Alternately,
for low and very low LOPs, the required bite can be determined using the requirements
found in ASTM F 2248-09.

4-3.7 Frame Connections to Supporting Structural Elements

Connections designed dynamically are based on equivalent static reaction loads from a
glazing analysis or from the reactions of a frame analysis. Using glazing analysis
typically results in more conservative design due to designed for the ultimate resistance
of the glazing and the assumptions which go into the calculations. Frame analysis
loads tend to be more accurate since they are based on the actual blast loading that is
acting on the frame, but it can be difficult to get the proper design load out of the results
of these analyses.

Generally, the connection design loads are taken as the equivalent static reactions from
a dynamic blast loading. Take fastener design strengths (øRn) from manufacturers’
data. The number of connectors is calculated according to the applicable LRFD design
code being used and the reduced nominal strength of the connector using all
appropriate strength reductions factors (ø). Connectors around the window frame
typically start about six inches from the corners and are spaced evenly between those
points.

4-3.8 Supporting Structural Elements

Generally, structural wall elements are designed as being part of the field of the wall.
The addition of an opening usually increases the tributary area of the supporting
components, which results in increased load transfer to the supporting structural
elements around that opening. The additional load must be taken into account in the
analysis. Often the portion of the wall above and below the window is non structural
and is generally not considered to aid in resisting the blast load.

Do not use a dynamic reaction load history output from a glazing analysis as a blast
load input type when analyzing supporting structural elements. These dynamic reaction
loads are only applicable for blast load input types in frame design since the frame

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directly supports the glazing. Therefore they are not applicable for blast load input
types in supporting structural element design.

Analyze supporting structural elements for the explosive weight, standoff distance, and
to the required LOP. The LOP determines the response limits for the specific
component. Response limits are presented in PDC TR-06-08. If the response of the
structural elements is unacceptable, the analysis must be redone with structural
elements that provide the required stiffness and flexural resistance to meet the
response limits and also provide the required shear capacity. Using a dynamic analysis
to design the supporting structural elements will usually provide a more economical
design and higher level of accuracy than the simplified method used in static method.

4-3.8.1 Supporting Structural Element Connections

Connections of supporting structural elements to the structure are designed dynamically

based on the equivalent static reaction of that member subjected to a specific blast
load. Take fastener design strengths (øRn) from manufacturers’ data. The number of
connectors is calculated according to the LRFD design code being used and the
reduced nominal strength of the connector using all appropriate strength reductions
factors (ø). Connections should account for all potential failure modes for the given
connection type and base material being connected to.

When designing members to remain elastic, i.e. High Level of Protection, a load factor
of 1.5 should be applied to the equivalent static reaction, but not larger than the
maximum resistance force that member can transfer. This is to ensure that the
connection remains elastic and does not fail before the member can fully respond. At
lower levels of protection this is not required since the structure is allowed to be
damaged.

4-3.9 Skylights

Skylights designed using the dynamic approach shall follow the same procedure as
outlined above with the following adjustments.

The dynamic blast load that is applied to the skylight in most cases will be an incident
load to account for the slope of the skylight. Additionally, the standoff distance can be
increased by means of straight line measures from the explosive device to the skylight.
Just as the static design approach is restricted to a medium LOP for skylights, so shall
the dynamic design procedure. This means the glazing will have a minimal hazard as
defined in ASTM F 1642. Designing to a medium LOP is required due to increased
glazing fragment hazards when debris falls from the elevation of skylights. Therefore,
skylight glazing may be designed to break, but must remain in the frame.

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GLOSSARY

ACRYLIC
Acrylic is a plastic or Plexiglas® material often used for window glazing.

AIRSPACE
The measured distance between the inner surfaces of the two pieces of glass in an
insulated unit. Also used in reference to the thickness of the spacer bar.

ANNEALED GLASS (AN)

This is the most common glass type that is used in construction. It is also the weakest
glass type and fails in large hazardous dagger-like fragments.

BITE
The effective structural contact dimension of a structural sealant

CHARGE WEIGHT
See Explosive Weight

CHANNEL GLAZING
The installation of glass products into U-shaped glazing channels which may have fixed
glazing stops. At least one glazing stop on one edge must be removable.

COMMERCIAL WINDOW
A window used in commercial buildings, which are normally heavier than residential
windows and often anodized.

CURTAIN WALL
An external nonbearing wall, intended to separate the exterior and interior spaces.

DRY GLAZING
Glass or plastic lites, constructions or insulated glass units (IGU) that are held in a
frame system with glazing tape, gaskets or other non-structural materials.

EXPLOSIVE WEIGHT
The equivalent weight of TNT used to describe an explosive threat. Charge weight is
another term used.

EXTRUSION
A component produced by forcing a material through a die to form a part that has a
cross section similar to the opening in the die. In the window industry, the resulting part
obtained from the extrusion process makes up the structural members of a window or
door. This part is usually aluminum or a vinyl. Vinyl parts are sometimes called
"Profiles" and aluminum parts are sometimes called "Shapes" or "Extruded Shapes".

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EQUIVALENT STATIC REACTION

The reaction force from the maximum calculated resistance in a component applied as
a load. This force is used to check the shear capacity of components and to design the
component connections using a static design approach.

FIXED LITE
A lite of glass in a window or door that does not operate (i.e. cannot be opened). It is
usually the upper light of a single hung window. Sometimes the same as a picture
window or fixed frame window.

FRAME
The outer members of a window or door. The frame includes the head, sill or threshold,
the two jambs and the meeting rail of a window.

FULLY TEMPERED GLASS (FT)

A glass type that is heat treated and has about four times the compressive strength of
regular annealed glass. FT is the same glass used by car manufacturers for side
windows in automobiles. It is often called safety glass. The fully tempered glass tends to
shatter into small cube like pieces upon failure.

GASKET
A type of channel glazing that uses vinyl glazing material formed into a rectangular
piece that fits around a particular size of glass. The gasket has welded corners to form a
continuous cushion and seal. This type of glazing is usually found in sliding glass door
units or commercial applications.

GLASS
Any of a large class of materials with highly variable mechanical and optical properties
that solidify from the molten state without crystallization. They are typically based on
silicon dioxide (sand), boric oxide, aluminum oxide, or phosphorus pentoxide, generally
transparent or translucent, and are regarded physically as super cooled liquids rather
than true solids.

GLAZING
The infill material held within the window frame. Various types of glass and/or plastic
are the most common glazing materials. This term is also the physical act of installing
such material.

GLAZING TAPE
A preformed tape with adhesive on both sides used to glaze glass to a frame member.

HEAD
The top or uppermost horizontal member or of the frame of a window or door.
Sometimes called a header.

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HEADER
The structural member in a building that spans over the upper portion of a window or
door opening. (Also see Head)

HEAT-STRENGTHENED GLASS
This glass is produced in much the same way as tempered glass, but with lower levels
of surface compression, 3500-7500 psi. The final product is two times stronger than
annealed glass. The break pattern varies with level of surface compression with lower
levels having a break pattern similar to annealed glass and higher levels resulting in
patterns similar to tempered glass.

INSULATED GLASS UNIT (IGU)

A glass unit made up of two lites of glass, a spacer bar filled with a desiccant material
placed between the two lites at the perimeter, and a sealant applied around the entire
perimeter of the assembly. The space between the panes is filled with a dry inert gas
before sealing. This creates an envelope of dead air which when used in a window or
door, greatly reduces the passage of heat through the glass, thereby producing an
energy savings at an increased material cost.

INTERLAYER
Any material used to bond two lites of glass and/or other glazing material together to
form a laminate. For annealed glass the interlayer is normally a 0.030 in. thick polyvinyl
butyral (PVB). Some applications use a thicker interlayer (0.060 or 0.090 inch
interlayers are sometimes used in special applications).

INTERMEDIATE MULLION
For the purposes of this PDC-TR, those mullion which span between primary mullions.

JAMB
The sides or outermost vertical side members of a window or door unit.

LAMINATED GLASS
Two or more lites of glass bonded together by interlayer(s). When fractured, the
interlayer tends to retain the glass fragments.

LEVEL OF PROTECTION (LOP)

Indicators established by DoD to characterize building damage and potential dangers to
occupants. Table 2-2 of this document presents LOP’s for blast loads.

LINTEL
A structural member, usually a steel angle or channel, designed to support the wall or
siding above a window or door.

LITE
Another term for a single undivided panel (pane) of glazing used in a window assembly.
Typically spelled "lite" in the industry literature to avoid confusion with light as in "visible
light".
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MEETING RAIL
One of the two horizontal members of a sliding sash which come together when in the
closed position.

MIL
Unit of measure commonly used for reporting laminate interlayer or security window film
thickness. 1 mil = 1/1000th of 1 inch.

MONOLITHIC GLAZING
A single ply of glazing without any laminations.

MULL
To join two or more individual windows together at mullions

MULLION
A horizontal or vertical member that holds together two adjacent lights of glass or
windows or sections of curtain wall.

MUNTIN
A part of a window that divides a light of glass into smaller sections. A true muntin (the
first "n" in "muntin" is silent) actually separates the pieces of glass. Insulated glass
usually uses internal “false” muntins, which only appear to divide the glass into smaller
lights. Muntins are normally either vertical or horizontal although diagonal and curved
are also used.

OPERABLE WINDOW
A window that can be opened for ventilation.

PANE
A single lite of glazing. This term is also applied to the inner and outer panels of glazing
in insulated glass units. See Lite.

POLYCARBONATE
Any of a family of thermoplastics marked by a high softening temperature and high
impact strength. Polycarbonate is extensively used in ballistic and impact resistant
window applications.

PRIMARY MULLION
For the purposes of this PDC-TR, those mullions which span between points of
structural support.

PRIMARY STRUCTURE
The primary vertical and horizontal load carrying elements of the structure.

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PUNCHED WINDOW
A window with single or multiple lites which fills an opening that appears to have been
“punched” through the otherwise continuous wall system around it. The wall façade
material is on all four sides of the window.

RIBBON WINDOW
A string of windows placed edge to edge forming a horizontal band around a building.
They can be installed with or without exposed mullions and are generally connected to
the head and sill.

ROUGH OPENING
The space in the wall of a structure into which a window or door is to be installed. This
space is slightly larger than the actual frame size of the window or door. Shims are
used at the anchor points to adjust the position of the frame in the opening and prevent
movement after installation.

SASH
The portion of a window or skylight which includes the glass and framing sections which
are directly attached to the glass. Normally, the moving segment of a window, although
sash is sometimes referred to as fixed sash.

SEALANT
A compound used to fill and seal a joint or opening, as contrasted to a sealer, which is a
liquid used to seal a porous surface. Also, the material used to seal the edges of
insulated glass.

SETTING BLOCK
A small block of material, usually a rubber-like product but sometimes wood, placed
between the edge of glazing and the frame to position and cushion the glass. These
blocks are usually placed at the bottom of the glazing but sometimes are also used at
the sides and top edge.

SILICONE
A plastic type material used for sealing cracks in window frames, and is used
sometimes as a glazing compound. When used to anchor laminated glazing or
attached film to the frame, a specialized structural silicone must be used; conventional
silicone glazing is not acceptable in such applications. Also see ‘WET GLAZING”.

SILL
The threshold or lowest horizontal member of the frame of a window or door.

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SINGLE-DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM
Single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems are commonly used for the analysis of
windows under blast-induced loads. Using this approach for dynamic analysis, a given
structure or window component is reduced to an “equivalent” SDOF system and its
dynamic deflections can be determined. Deflections determined from the SDOF system
will be equivalent to the deflection of a specified point in the real structure or structural
element. With the deflections known, basic structural analysis principles can then be
used to proceed with the analysis and/or design. More sophisticated methods such as
multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) or finite element methods may be required or
preferred in some cases.

SINGLE GLAZED
A window or door that is glazed with a single sheet glass, as opposed to multiple
glazing (insulated glass) which uses two or more lites of glass.

SKYLIGHT
A type of window installed in the roof of a structure to allow admittance of sunlight.
These units can be fixed in placed or they can be of a type that opens for ventilation.
The glazing can be a single sheet or multiple and can be clear or tinted.

SLANT RANGE
The distance, taking into account horizontal and vertical offsets and angles, maintained
between a building or portion thereof and the potential location for an explosive
detonation

SPANDREL GLASS
The opaque areas of a building envelope which typically conceal structural columns,
floors, and shear walls.

STOREFRONT
A non-residential system of doors and windows mulled together typically installed
between floor and ceiling.

STANDOFF DISTANCE
The horizontal distance maintained between a building or portion thereof and the
potential location for an explosive detonation.

STILE
Another name for the vertical side rails of a sash or a sash jamb.

STRUCTURAL GLAZING
See Wet Glazing.

SUPPORTING STRUCTURAL ELEMENT

Structural elements which frame the rough opening of the window or skylight system

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TEMPERED GLASS
A type of safety glass that has been heat treated so when it breaks it separates into
very small pieces that reducing the possibility of injury. The result of heat treating are
layers of high compression at the surfaces balanced by a high-tension layer through the
center of the glass making it stronger than annealed glass. Once tempered, the glass
will fracture if cut. Tempered glass is used in doors, windows located near doors, and
other locations where safety is critical.

THERMAL BREAK/THERMALLY BROKEN

A type of window that employs an insulating material in the sash and frame members to
reduce the flow of heat either inward or outward. The outer portion of the frame and
sash are separated from the inner portion. This type of frame (“thermally broken”) is
mostly used in colder climates because it saves energy and reduces condensation on
the inner surfaces of the window.

THREAT
Threat is a certain weight of a particular explosive detonated at a specified distance
away. TNT is typically used as the characteristic explosive. Threat is also applied to
other types and methods of attack that are not addressed in this PDC TR.

TNT
Trinitrotoluene (TNT), a pale yellow, solid organic nitrogen compound used chiefly as an
explosive, prepared by stepwise nitration of toluene. Because TNT melts at 82º C (178º
F) and does not explode below 240º C (464º F), it can be melted in steam-heated
vessels and poured into casings. It is relatively insensitive to shock and cannot be
exploded without a detonator. For these reasons, it is one of the most favored chemical
explosives and is extensively used in munitions and for demolitions.

TNT EQUIVALENCE
Threat charge weights are generally expressed in weight of TNT. When other
explosives are considered in blast prediction, linear equivalency factors are generally
applied to adjust the charge weight to an equivalent weight of TNT. Blast prediction
tools can then be used with this equivalent weight.

WET GLAZING/ WET GLAZED

The application of a bead of structural silicone to secure film of attached film windows
and laminated glass to the window frame. The silicone bead is designed to resist
membrane action of the laminate or film and is typically placed within the bite. For
laminated panes in IGUs the structural silicone is placed only on the laminated pane
(which is always on the interior side of the window). For single pane windows the
silicone is placed on both sides of the pane. For attached film windows in retrofit
applications the bead may be placed along the edge of the frame.

WINDOW
An opening constructed in a wall or roof and functioning to admit light or air to an
enclosure, usually framed and spanned with glass and sometimes mounted to permit
opening and closing.
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This Page Intentionally Left Blank

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APPENDIX A SBEDS DYNAMIC DESIGN PROCEDURE

A-1 DESIGN OF WINDOW USING SBEDS-W

This section will cover the dynamic design procedure for the design and analysis of
glazing when SBEDS-W is used. The procedure for frames and supporting structural
elements are in the subsequent sections. (Clicking on the “Show Help Notes” button at
the top of the Input page will enable users to view information describing various inputs
and results by placing the cursor over any cell having a small red triangle in the upper
right corner.)

A-1.1 Glazing Design Properties

The first inputs that the designer will need to know are the general window
characteristics. These include the height and width of the window and also the distance
from the floor to the bottom of the glazing, which are input directly on the Input page.
Additionally, the boundary conditions for the window must be selected using the
dropdown menu. The window boundary conditions represent the support of the glazing
edges, as opposed to membrane attachment, and can be two-sided vertical, two-sided
horizontal, or four-sided support. Other parameters need to be input using the “Input
Window Properties” form as discussed below.

After the window characteristics are entered, the window properties can be input by
clicking the “Input Window Properties” button on the Input page. (Window properties
cannot be input until the general window characteristics are input.) The first step on the
window properties screen will be to select either a single pane or double pane (IGU)
window. Then the glazing type for the inner pane and if applicable, the outer pane is
selected as monolithic, laminated, or filmed. If a laminated or attached filmed window is
selected, the membrane boundary conditions will be available for selection. The
membrane boundary conditions should be selected to match the Window Boundary
Conditions previously selected on the Input page except in very unusual situations.

Next, the glass material, nominal pane thickness for the pane (or inner pane and the
outer pane if applicable) and bite are input. SBEDS-W will automatically calculate the
actual glazing thickness corresponding to the selected nominal thickness. For IGUs,
the inner pane should always be laminated. If the bite is not specified (i.e. left blank, as
is typically done) SBEDS-W will automatically calculate the bite required to prevent the
pane from popping through the opening before reaching its ultimate flexural capacity,
and will report either that value or the minimum recommended bite of 3/8”, whichever is
greater. (See the SBEDS-W Users Guide for more information.) The calculated bite
does not consider the width required to accommodate the structural silicone. It is
recommended that the default Probability of Failure and Glass Failure Prediction Model
(GFPM) flaw parameters be used. Note that the user should ALWAYS select “Defaults
for Window Design“ when designing windows for a new project or when assessing the
capacity of existing windows. The Default Parameters for Window Design are
correlated with test data on windows taken from existing buildings and therefore

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account for the effects of pitting and scratching that typically occur over time. “Defaults
for Analysis of Tested New Windows” should only be selected when SBEDS-W is being
used for such purposes as analyzing data from tests involving new glass or for
estimating the capacity of windows using new glass in preparation for testing.

If an IGU is selected, the airgap between panes also needs to be input. For laminated
and attached film window types, interlayer or film material properties can be entered. It
is recommended to change the interlayer or film thickness only as appropriate. It is not
recommended to modify any of the other default values (e.g. tensile strength, Poisson’s
ratio.) The lamination factor for laminated glazing in DoD projects should always be set
to 0.75. Once all the input values are entered, clicking done will return the designer to
the main SBEDS-W input page.

A-1.2 Design Requirements

The next step is to enter the design requirements for the analysis. This consists of the
blast parameters, time step, and required hazard level/level of protection. The blast
parameters can be entered after clicking the input blast parameters button.

The first input box is used to determine what sort of blast load input will be used.
Available inputs are manual pressure/time pairs, charge weight standoff combination,
multiple charge weight standoff combinations, a pressure/time history file, or to
determine the blast load causing a selected hazard. Additionally, the blast load phase
and type will need to be input. It is normally conservative to run the analysis using
positive phase only with no clearing effects and ignoring incidence angle (i.e. use angle
of 0 or leave blank). Once all the input values are entered, clicking “Done” will return
the designer to the main SBEDS-W input page.

Once the designer has returned to the main SBEDS-W input screen, the time step and
hazard level criteria can be input. The time step is found in the Solution Control section
and should not exceed the max recommended time step which is provided in the cell
above. Also provided in the solution control section is a percent of critical damping
input. This input should remain at the default 0.2% in order to stabilize the calculation.

The Hazard Level Criteria or Level of Protection (LOP) is entered by using a drop down
menu to select the appropriate hazard level, which are described in ASTM F1642 as
well as UFC 4-010-01. Along with hazard level the dropdown choices indicate the LOP
that correlates to the ASTM F1642 hazard ratings and UFC 4-010-01 level of protection
descriptions.

A-1.3 Results Summary

After all the input has been entered, an analysis can be run by clicking the run analysis
button. After the analysis is finished, the results summary section is automatically
populated with the results of the analysis. At this point the user should check the
Errors/Warnings box at the top of the Input page to determine whether SBEDS-W has
identified any issues that may affect the results. (Note that SBEDS-W only checks for a
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limited number of conditions that can cause errors. The User is responsible for verifying
that all inputs and results are correct.) The User should also check the graphs on the
Results page to see if the displacements, loads, etc. indicate any unexpected or
unusual variations and that the window has reached its maximum response.

After verifying there are no significant issues with the analysis, the next item to check is
the calculated hazard level of the window relative to the required hazard level. This is
shown in the Results Summary on the Input page.

If the calculated Hazard Level is acceptable, the next result to check arethe peak values
from the window analysis. The peak displacements and resistances for the inner and
outer pane are presented as well as the time that each occurred. If the User left the
Bite value blank on the Window Properties Input form, then SBEDS-W will report the
greater of the bite required to prevent the window from popping out of the frame before
reaching its flexural capacity (including an allowance for off-center placement of the
glazing in the frame) and the minimum recommended bite of 3/8”. (This is for the typical
case of laminated glazing where no bite was input. Other glazing types, such as
polycarbonate, and cases where a Bite dimension was input by the User, the reported
bite may be based on other factors. See the SBEDS-W documentation for further
information.) Note that the calculated bite does not consider the bite width required to
accommodate the structural silicone: that must be determined by the designer

The tension force in the membrane at maximum deflection and the ultimate tension
force at failure are also presented. When calculating the required width of structural
silicone to restrain the laminate (or attached film if applicable), the ultimate tension force
should be used. Lastly, the maximum out of plane reaction force is given. This is an
average value equal to maximum lateral resistance (Rmax) over window area divided by
perimeter length along supports. This is the force that would be used for the design of
the connections between the window frame and the supporting structural elements.

The last result is the fragment throw information. It is here where the specific throw
distances and impact heights are presented. Peak window velocity and initial throw
velocity are also given. It is the throw distances and impact heights which determine
the hazard rating from ASTM F1642. (Near cell X8 Users can see the throw distance
that would be calculated neglecting the wall at 3m used in the ASTM test procedure.
This may be of interest when analyzing test data.)

A-1.4 Results Tab

In addition to the information in the Results Summary on the Input page, there is further
important information presented on the Results page. The peak dynamic reactions are
given for the long side and short side of the window in terms of pressures applied to the
glazing. To determine the peak dynamic reaction load per unit width along the support,
these pressures should be multiplied by the full window span length. (i.e. Use the full
short span length for the reactions along the long side and the full long span length for
the reactions along the short side for four side supported windows. Do not use ½ of the
span.)
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Glazing Dynamic Reaction Loads to be used as a blast load input type for frame
member analysis can be saved from the Output Tab. (In this case SBEDS-W
automatically doubles the reaction based on the assumption that the mullion supports
two windows of the same size, make-up, and loading.)

A-2 DESIGN OF WINDOW FRAME USING SBEDS-W

Window frames and mullions can be designed using SBEDS-W and choosing the
Mullion Component type from the “Intro Tab”. In this approach the loading that would
be applied to the glazing is conservatively assumed to be applied directly to the mullion,
which ignores the “cushioning” effect of the glazing as it deforms and absorbs energy.

A-2.1 Mullion Properties

The first parameters that a designer will need to input will be the span, spacing, and
boundary conditions for the mullion. The spacing value should be the width of glazing
which the mullion supports. For example, if in a curtain wall system, the mullions are
spaced at 5 feet, the spacing would be 5 feet. For a punched window of 5 foot width,
the spacing would be 2.5 feet since the opposite mullion takes the other half of the
window load.

The mullion properties are entered by clicking the “Input Mullion Properties” button.
From this dialog box, the mullion shape and properties are input. These include thermal
breaks and inserts within the mullion section, when applicable. Specific cross-sectional
geometric properties are input by clicking the “Edit/Input Mullion Dimensions” button.
Within this box, specific mullion dimensions are input, which are then used by SBESS-
W to calculate the section properties of the mullion. Once all the data is input, clicking
“Done” will return the designer to the main input screen.

A-2.2 Design Requirements

The next step is to enter the design requirements for the analysis. This consists of the
blast parameters, time step, supported weight, loaded area factor, and required
response criteria. The blast parameters can be entered after clicking the input blast
parameters button.

The first input box is used to determine what sort of blast load input will be used.
Available inputs are manual pressure/time pairs, charge weight standoff combination,
multiple charge weight standoff combinations, a pressure/time history file, or to
determine the blast load causing a selected hazard. Additionally, the blast load phase
and type will need to be input. For the most conservative results, run the analysis using
positive phase only with no clearing effects and ignore any incidence angle. Once all
the input values are entered, clicking “Done” will return the designer to the main
SBEDS-W input page.

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Once the designer has returned to the main SBEDS-W input screen, the time step,
supported weight, loaded area factor, and response criteria can be input. The time step
is found in the solution control section and should not exceed the max recommended
time step, which is provided in the cell above. Also provided in the solution control
section is a percent of critical damping input. This input should be taken as appropriate
for the frame material type.

The supported weight should be taken as attached weight that moves through the same
deflection as the mullion. This would be equal to the weight per unit area of the
supported glazing and any supported wall. An area-weighted average can be used if
both are present. The loaded area factor (Af) accounts for loads that are applied by
secondary framing members that are of varying spans. For the most conservative
results the loaded area factor should be taken as 1.0.

When selecting the response criteria, either steel, aluminum, or user defined response
limits can be selected using a drop down menu. After the material is selected, then the
appropriate level of protection can be selected from the next drop down menu.

After all the input has been entered, an analysis can be run by clicking the “Run
Analysis” button.

A-2.3 Results Summary

After the analysis is finished, the Error/Warnings box and inspect the graphs on the
Results page should be checked to determine if there were any issues with the analysis.

The information at the top of the Results Summary section on the Input page will
indicate whether the component response is within the limits of the selected response
criteria.

The next items summarize the peak values from the mullion analysis. The peak
displacements for inbound and rebound and the maximum and minimum resistances
are provided along with the time that each occurs.

The last results displayed are the equivalent static reactions. The ultimate shear (i.e.
shear based on the ultimate flexural capacity of the member, also referred to as the
equivalent static reaction) at each support is given for the mullion and, if applicable, the
insert. The maximum shear, which is the worst case support reaction, is provided for
use in designing connections to the support. (If an insert is used the Summed
Maximum Reaction is reported and is equal to the combined ultimate reaction of the
insert plus mullion at the support with the greatest reaction.) Next, the shear strength
of the mullion (and insert, if applicable) is checked and compared to the ultimate shear
at the supports. Lastly, if an insert is used, the load is provided for design of the
connection between the insert and the mullion. If the insert is non-composite, the
resistance provided by the insert and by the mullion at the maximum calculated
deflection is shown. This information indicates how much load is resisted by each
component.
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A-2.4 Results Tab

In addition to the results summary, there is additional information presented in the

results tab found at the bottom of the window. Here the peak dynamic reactions are
given for the supports.

A-3 DESIGN OF SUPPORTING STRUCTURE USING SBEDS

Once the window and mullion analysis has been performed using SBEDS-W, the
supporting structural elements can be designed using SBEDS. The applicable wall
material module should be used for this analysis. The main difference between
analyzing the supporting structural elements compared to analyzing a wall element is to
account for the width of the window. This is handled by either increasing the element
spacing or utilizing a Bw factor.

One way of analyzing window supporting structural elements is to use an increased

member spacing. This increase takes into account the additional width of wall that must
transfer load back to the element due to the addition of a window. This is typical for
studs, both wood and metal. The spacing value is equal to half the typical element
spacing, plus half of the window width, or the tributary width of that element.

The Bw factor for analysis of supporting structural elements is generally applicable to

masonry or concrete supports. The Bw factor is a ratio of the width resisting a blast load
over the loaded width. For the case of a pier between two windows it would be the pier
width divided by the center to center distance of those windows. This ratio will always
be greater than zero but less than or equal to one.

A-3.1 Results

Regardless of which approach is taken to analyze the supporting structural elements,

the adequacy of the system is still checked against the typical response limits for the
material being analyzed. This will be either one or a combination of a ductility ratio and
a rotational limit. The values will vary depending on the level of protection and the type
of element, (i.e. primary or secondary). Additionally, the shear capacity of the section
will be checked to ensure the member doesn’t fail in shear. The next step is to design
the connection of the supporting structural element.

A-3.2 Connection Design

Once the supporting structural element has been designed, its connection to the
primary structure should then be designed using the appropriate strength reduction
factors for the material being used. This can be done two different ways; one by using
the member’s ultimate resistance, and the other by using the maximum resistance of
the member generated during the blast load.

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By using the member’s ultimate resistance, the connection design will conservative
since that would be the most load that could ever be applied to the connection. Using
the maximum resistance of the member developed under the blast loading, a lighter
connection may result since it is only designed for the given load case. Since blast-
loaded members will in many cases be driven beyond the elastic range, the maximum
resistance will often be equal to the ultimate resistance. In cases where this does not
occur, connections designed for the maximum resistance may fail if the actual blast load
is greater than the assumed blast load; therefore, for a conservative design or where
the blast load is uncertain, the ultimate reaction should be used. However, if the
ultimate resistance of the member is much higher than the maximum resistance, using
the maximum resistance for the connection design would be appropriate. Regardless of
which method is chosen, all failure mechanisms should be checked for the type of
connection which is being designed.

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APPENDIX B DESIGN EXAMPLES

B-1 INTRODUCTION

The following examples are provided to show designers the proper design methods to
use and how to interpret the results of various analyses.

Please note that in order to keep this document openly distributable, charge weights
and standoff are different than the Charge Weights I and II from UFC 4-010-01. These
examples provide guidance on only a specific method to analyze the window.

B-2 EXAMPLE 1 – SINGLE PANE WINDOW, STATIC DESIGN

Problem Statement: Statically design the glazing for a 64 in tall by 38 in wide single
pane window for 88 lbs at 100 ft.

Solution: First determine the equivalent 3-second duration load from ASTM F 2248-09,
FIG. 1. It is found to equal 60.2 psf as shown in Figure B-1.

Figure B-1 Determination of 3-Second Duration Equivalent Design Load

Adapted, with permission, from ASTM Standard ASTM F2248-09, Standard Practice for Specifying an Equivalent 3-Second
Duration Design Loading for Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated Glass, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr
Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be obtained from ASTM International,
www.astm.org.)

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Use ASTM E 1300-09a to determine a window with a load resistance (LR) greater than
the equivalent 3-second load, starting with a 1/4” laminated window with a minimum of
0.030” PVB interlayer. A 1/4” laminated lite yields a LR of 55.4 psf which is less than
the 60.2 psf 3-second load.

𝐿𝑅1/4 = 𝑁𝐹𝐿(𝐺𝑇𝐹) → 55.4(1.0) = 55.4 𝑝𝑠𝑓 < 60.2 𝑝𝑠𝑓 × 𝑁𝐺

Next, try a 5/16” thick laminated lite. The 5/16” lite has a LR of 79.7 psf which is larger
than the 3-second load and is thus acceptable. Both Nonfactored Load (NFL)
determinations are shown in Figure B-2 and Figure B-3. The final glass layup is 5/16”
laminated lite with 0.030” PVB interlayer.

𝐿𝑅5/16 = 𝑁𝐹𝐿(𝐺𝑇𝐹) → 79.7(1.0) = 79.7 𝑝𝑠𝑓 < 60.2 𝑝𝑠𝑓 √𝑜𝑘

Figure B-2 Determination of NFL for 1/4” laminated glass

Adapted, with permission, from ASTM Standard ASTM E 1300-09a, Standard Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in
Buildings, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard
may be obtained from ASTM International, www.astm.org.)

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Figure B-3 Determination of NFL for 5/16” laminated glass

Adapted, with permission, from ASTM Standard ASTM E 1300-09a, Standard Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in
Buildings, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard
may be obtained from ASTM International, www.astm.org.)

B-3 EXAMPLE 2 – IGU WINDOW, STATIC DESIGN

Problem Statement: Statically design the glazing, framing, bite, and connection
requirements for a 64 in tall by 38 in wide IGU window for 88 lbs at 100 ft.

Solution: First determine the equivalent 3-second duration load from ASTM F 2248-09,
FIG. 1. It is found to equal 60.2 psf as shown in Example 1.

Use ASTM E 1300 to determine a window with a load resistance greater than the
equivalent 3-second load, starting with a 1/4” laminated window with a minimum of
0.030” PVB interlayer inner pane and a 1/4” monolithic outer pane.

The process for IG windows supported on four sides is described in Section 6.11 of
ASTM E 1300. The NFL for each lite is found using the charts in Appendix A. Lite 1 will
be the monolithic pane while Lite 2 is the laminated pane. NFL1 is found to be 51.2 psf
using FIG. A1.6 and NFL2 is found to be 55.4 psf using FIG. A1.28. NFL
determinations are shown in graphically in Figure B-4 and Figure B-5.

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Figure B-4 Determination of NFL for 1/4” monolithic glass

Figure B-5 Determination of NFL for 1/4” laminated glass

Adapted, with permission, from ASTM Standard ASTM E 1300-09a, Standard Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in
Buildings, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard
may be obtained from ASTM International, www.astm.org.)

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The Glass Type Factor (GTF) for each lite is determined from Table 2 in ASTM E 1300
and GTF1 and GTF2 were both found to be 0.9. The Load Share Factor (LS) for each
lite is determined from Table 5 in ASTM E 1300 and LS1 and LS2 were both found to be
2.0 since both lites are the same thickness.

Now, the LR for each lite can be computed by multiplying NFL, GTF, and LS all
together. Multiplying the values, LR1 was found to be 92.2 psf and LR2 to be 99.7 psf.
The system load resistance is equal to the lower of the values, hence the LR for this
design is 92.2 psf which is larger than the 3 second load of 60.2 psf so the glazing is
acceptable.

𝐿𝑅𝑥 = 𝑁𝐹𝐿𝑥 𝐺𝑇𝐹𝑥 𝐿𝑆𝑥

𝐿𝑅1 = 51.2(0.9)2 = 92.2 𝑝𝑠𝑓

𝐿𝑅2 = 55.4(0.9)2 = 99.7 𝑝𝑠𝑓

𝐿𝑅 = 92.2 𝑝𝑠𝑓 > 60.2 𝑝𝑠𝑓 √𝑜𝑘

Next, the framing is designed using twice the LR found above, which is equal to 184.4
psf. This load is then divided into a long span and short span line load which yields
17.1 lbs/in and 12.2 lbs/in respectively. The deflection limits of L/60 for the long and
short span are found to be 1.1” and 0.63” respectively. Using a simple beam deflection
equation for an aluminum frame with a modulus of elasticity of 10,000,000 psi, the
minimum required moment of inertia can be determined. By providing a frame with a
moment of inertia of at least 0.334 in4 in the long direction and 0.053 in4 in the short
direction, the deflection will be less than L/60 for each, and thus be acceptable.

𝑤 = 2(𝐿𝑅) → 2(92.2) = 184.4 𝑝𝑠𝑓

38 2 38
𝑤(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎) 184.4 �� � + (64 − 38) � ��
2 2
𝑤𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 = → = 17.1 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 144(64)

38 1
𝑤(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎) 184.4 �(38) � � � ��
𝑤𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 = → 2 2 = 12.2 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 144(38)

𝐿 64
∆𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 = → = 1.1"
60 60

5𝑤𝑙4 5(17.1)644
𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 = → 𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 = = 0.340 𝑖𝑛4
384𝐸∆𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 384(10,000,000)1.1

𝐿 38
∆𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 = → = 0.63"
60 60

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5𝑤𝑙4 5(12.2)384
𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 = → 𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 = = 0.053 𝑖𝑛4
384𝐸∆𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 384(10,000,000)0.63

Using ASTM F 2248-09 to determine the bite requirement the minimum depth is found
to be 3/8” with a maximum of 1/2”. Since the window is an IG, the structural silicon only
needs to be applied to the interior, laminated, lite.

The connection load determined from ASTM F 2248-09 is twice the LR since the peak
blast pressure is larger than one half the LR. This load can be transferred into a single
force yielding 3,114 lbs, which must be resisted by the connections.

184.3
𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐿𝑅(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎) → [(38)(64)] = 3,114 𝑙𝑏
144

For this example, a self drilling screw was chosen with an ultimate shear capacity of
2,016 lbs. By dividing the connection load by the screw capacity the number of
connectors required can be determined. For this example only two connectors are
required, but to provide proper support for the window four connectors are used, one at
each corner fastened into the jam through the vertical frame member.

B-4 EXAMPLE 3 – CURTAIN WALL, STATIC DESIGN

Problem Statement: Statically check the curtain wall design shown below for 65 lbs at
80 ft. Assume the as designed glazing is an IGU with ¼” AN outer pane, ½” air space,
and ¼” AN laminated inner pane with 0.030” PVB. Also, assume the framing members
have a moment of inertia of 2.291in4.

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Solution: The first step is to design the glazing. Using the ASTM F 2248 method as
shown in Examples 1 and 2, the equivalent 3-sec design load was determined to be 59
psf. Then by using the ASTM E 1300 method also shown in Examples 1 and 2, the
glazing resistance was determined to be 64.8 psf for the larger pane and 125 psf for the
smaller pane. The spandrel glass was determined to have a glazing resistance of 136
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psf. Since the load resistance for all three panes is greater than the 3-second load, the
glazings are acceptable.

The primary mullions for this example are those which span vertically. The assumption
here is that the vertical mullions span continuously from floor to floor. The design load
for the primary mullions is twice the glazing resistance, which is 272 psf for the spandrel
pane, 250 psf for the small pane, and 129.6 psf for the large pane. This load is applied
to the tributary width of the glazing. For this example a weighted average load will be
used in the check. The calculation is shown below. For this example, Area 1 is the
large pane, Area 2 is the small pane, and Area 3 is the spandrel pane.

[𝐿𝑅1 (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎1 )] + [𝐿𝑅2 (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎2 )] + [𝐿𝑅3 (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎3 )]

𝐿𝑅𝑎𝑣𝑔 = →
[(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎1 ) + (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎2 ) + (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎3 )]

129.6(47)(84) + 250(47)(42) + 272(47)(36)

= 192.5 𝑝𝑠𝑓
(47)(84) + (47)(42) + (47)(36)

192.5
𝑤𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝐿𝑅𝑎𝑣𝑔 (𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ) → (47) = 62.8 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛
144
𝐿 162
∆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = → = 2.7"
60 60

5𝑤𝑙4 5(62.8)1624
𝐼= →𝐼= → 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 20.8 𝑖𝑛4
384𝐸∆ 384(10,000,000)2.7

This means that the 6x4x1/4 HSS steel tube provided with a moment of inertia of 20.9
in4 is adequate.

The intermediate mullions only need to be designed for the deflections limits. The
calculations are shown below.

[𝐿𝑅1 (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎1 )] + [𝐿𝑅2 (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎2 )]

𝐿𝑅𝑎𝑣𝑔 = →
[(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎1 ) + (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎2 )]

84 42
129.6(47) � � + 250(47) � �
𝐿𝑅1 = 2 2 = 169.7 𝑝𝑠𝑓
84 42
(47) � � + (47) � �
2 2

42 36
250(47) � � + 272(47) � �
𝐿𝑅2 = 2 2 = 260.1 𝑝𝑠𝑓
42 36
(47) � � + (47) � �
2 2

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84 36
129.6(47) � � + 272(47) � �
𝐿𝑅3 = 2 2 = 172.3 𝑝𝑠𝑓
84 36
(47) � � + (47) � �
2 2

169.7
𝑤1𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝐿𝑅1 (𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) → (63) = 74.2 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛
144
260.1
𝑤2𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝐿𝑅2 (𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) → (39) = 70.4 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛
144
172.3
𝑤3𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝐿𝑅3 (𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) → (60) = 71.8 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛
144

Condition 1 is the controlling condition since the line load is the highest. This is the
mullion between the large pane and small pane.

𝐿 47
∆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = → = 0.78"
60 60

5𝑤𝑙4 5(74.2)474
𝐼= →𝐼= → 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.6 𝑖𝑛4
384𝐸∆ 384(10,000,000)0.78

Which means the standard mullion with a moment of inertia of 2.291 in4 is acceptable.

B-5 EXAMPLE 4 – IGU WINDOW, DYNAMIC DESIGN

Problem Statement: Dynamically design the glazing, framing, bite, and connection
requirements for a 64 in tall by 38 in wide IG window for 88 lbs at 100 ft for a very low
level of protection.

Solution: First, the glazing is designed using SBEDS-W. Input the proper window
height, width and distance from floor in the input boxes. The window height can be
assumed to be 24 in. The input can be seen in Figure B-6

Figure B-6 Example 4 Window Input

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Next, the window properties are specified. Input a laminated, annealed glass window of
1/4” with 0.030” PVB thickness as the inner pane and a monolithic annealed 1/4” outer
pane. Use the default POF (500/1000) and interlayer properties and a lamination factor
of 1.0. Leave the Bite blank as SBEDS-W will automatically calculate the bite required.
(Note that the calculated bite does not consider the width required to accommodate the
structural silicone: that must be determined by the designer.) Under GFPM Flaw
parameters select “Default for Window Design (Recommended)”. The input can be
seen in Figure B-7 below.

Figure B-7 Example 4 Window Properties Input

The next blast parameters input are the charge weight and standoff distance. For this
example, negative phase will be ignored along with any clearing effects and angle of
incidence. The blast load parameter input can be seen in Figure B-8.

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Figure B-8 Example 4 Blast Parameter Input

The last input before the analysis can be run is the time step and the hazard level
criteria. The time step should not exceed the maximum recommended time step. The
default percent of critical damping is used. The hazard level for this analysis is input as
low hazard, or very low level of protection. Once all the proper input is entered,
SBEDS-W can be run. The results of the analysis are summarized at the bottom right
of the Input page, and are shown in Figure B-9. The given window has a Minimal
Hazard level, which means the glazing fractured but remained in the frame. A Minimal
Hazard rating corresponds to a Medium or Low Level of Protection. The required bite is
0.38” or 3/8”.
Figure B-9 Example 4 Window Results Summary

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The next step is to design the window frame for the blast load using the SBEDS-W
mullion module. Start with a given aluminum frame as shown in Figure B-10 below.
Note that torsion is neglected (The shear center for a channel will be very near the
location of the window reaction, so if the member is supported at the web there will be
little torsion developed.) In-plane forces on frames are also neglected.

Figure B-10 Aluminum Frame Section Properties

The mullion module should be opened in SBEDS-W and all proper input entered into
the worksheet. As previously discussed, the span in feet should be taken as the full
length of the frame member and the spacing should be half of the window span. See
Figure B-11

Figure B-11 Example 4 Mullion Input

The mullion section properties can be entered as a user defined section as shown in
Figure B-12. After the section properties are input, the mullion material can be defined.
The blast parameter inputs are the same as in the window module of SBEDS-W as
shown above. The supported weight should be the weight of the glass. In this case
1/4” glass is 3 psf and 0.030”PVB is 0.17 psf resulting in a total of 6.17 psf support
weight since there are two lites of ¼” glass. Run the analysis as a Charge Weight and
Standoff with 88 lbs at 100 ft standoff.

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Figure B-12 Example 4 Mullion Properties Input

Once all the proper input has been entered, the problem can be run. At the lower right
corner is a results summary, which displays the calculated response. Aluminum
response limits for a Very Low Level of Protection are a ductility ratio of 10 and a
rotational limit of 10 degrees. Based on these response limits, this section is
acceptable. Additionally, the connection load can be determined from this analysis.
Using the Peak Reactions as the required connection load ensures that the frame will
be sufficiently anchored. For this example, the connection must have a minimum
capacity (Vu) of 2,273 lbs as shown in Figure B-13.

Figure B-13 Example 4 Mullion Results Summary

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B-6 EXAMPLE 5 – CURTAIN WALL, DYNAMIC DESIGN

Problem Statement: Dynamically check the glazing and framing requirements for the
curtain wall in Example 3 for 80 lbs at 100’.

Solution: First the glazing is checked using SBEDS-W. The glazing input follows the
same procedure as outlined in Example 4 above. The height above floor can be
calculated by finding the distance of the bottom of the glazing from the floor. For this
example it is 0”, 84”, and 126” for the large pane, the small pane, and the spandrel
glass respectively.

Each window pane is analyzed for the specified blast load to determine its adequacy.
After all three analyses, the results show that the specified windows only have a
Minimal Hazard, which means the glazing fractured but remained in the frame. A
Minimal Hazard rating corresponds to a Medium or Low Level of Protection.

The next step is to check the frames for the blast load by using SBEDS and using the
area tributary to the window frame and the applicable level of protection based on
response limits. The provided frame is shown in Figure B-14 below.

Figure B-14 Aluminum Curtain Wall Section Properties.

The mullion module should be opened in SBEDS-W and all proper input entered into
the worksheet. The span should be taken as the span of the frame in feet and the
spacing should be half of the glazing span on each side of the frame. The material and
section properties should be entered as a tube section. The supported weight should
be the weight of the glass. In this case 1/4” glass is 3 psf and 0.030”PVB is 0.17 psf
resulting in a 6.17 psf supported weight since there are two lites of 1/4:” glass. Run the
analysis as a Charge Weight and Standoff with 80 lbs at 100 foot standoff. The frame
properties input and results summary for the analysis are shown in Figure B-15 and
Figure B-16 respectively.

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Figure B-15 Example 5 SBEDS input for primary mullion

Figure B-16 Example 5 SBEDS results for primary mullion

Next, check the intermediate mullions to make sure they are acceptable as well. By
changing the span and spacing from the previous analysis, the intermediate mullions
can be checked. Since these mullions are a shorter span, it is unlikely that they will
control, but they should be checked. By using the longest horizontal mullion with the
largest tributary area, the span is determined to be 3ft-11in and the spacing 5.125 ft.
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After running the analysis, it was found that the intermediate mullions are also
acceptable.

B-7 EXAMPLE 6 – MASONRY SUPPORTING STRUCTURAL ELEMENT,

STATIC DESIGN

Problem Statement: Statically design the supporting structural elements of an 8 inch

thick, 10 ft high CMU wall with reinforcement of #4 bars at 32 inches. The window is
64” high by 36” wide. Assume that conventional construction standoff distances are
available.

Solution: The first step is to determine the moment and shear strengths of the typical
wall section. By using the equation below to determine the nominal moment strength
(Mn), it is determined to be 1,441 in-lbs per inch.

𝐴𝑠 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠 𝐹𝑦
𝑀𝑛 = �𝑑 − �
𝑏 1.6𝑏𝑓`𝑚

0.2(60,000) 0.2(60,000) 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑙𝑏𝑠

𝑀𝑛 = �4 − � = 1,441
32 1.6(32)(1,500) 𝑖𝑛

Likewise the nominal shear strength (Vn) can be found by using the equations below,
which yields a shear capacity of 4,545 lb per foot.
𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑚 + 𝑉𝑠

𝑀𝑢
𝑉𝑚 = �4 − 1.75 � �� 𝐴𝑛 �𝑓`𝑚
𝑉𝑢 𝑑𝑣

𝐴𝑣
𝑉𝑠 = 0.5 � �𝑓 𝑑
𝑠 𝑦 𝑣

Assume that the Mu/Vudv ratio is 1.0. An was found to be 46 in2 per foot, based on an 8”
CMU block with reinforcing at 32 inches.

𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑉𝑚 = [4 − 1.75(1)]𝐴𝑛 �𝑓`𝑚 → (2.25)46�1,500 = 4,009
𝑓𝑡

0.2 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑉𝑠 = 0.5 � � (60,000)(7.625) = 1,430 𝑙𝑏𝑠 → 536
32 𝑓𝑡

𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑉𝑛 = 4,009 + 536 = 4,545
𝑓𝑡

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The next step is to determine the tributary area factor using Equation 1 from UFC 4-
010-01 which is shown below.
𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏
𝐶= ≥1
𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

The window spacing is calculated by adding together half the reinforcing spacing, half
the window width, and the distance from the reinforcing bar to the edge of the rough
opening and multiplying the sum by the height.

𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏 = [(0.5 ∙ 32) + (0.5 ∙ 36) + (4)]120 = 4,680 𝑖𝑛2

4,680
𝐶= = 1.22
32(120)

The wall area is 32 inches multiplied by the height. The tributary area factor is then
calculated yielding a value of 1.22.

By applying this factor to the moment and shear nominal strengths, the supporting
structural elements must have a nominal moment and shear capacity of 1,758 in-lbs per
inch and 462 lbs per inch respectively.

𝑖𝑛 − 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑀𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝐶(𝑀𝐶𝑊 ) → 1.22(1,441) = 1,758
𝑖𝑛
𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑉𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝐶(𝑉𝐶𝑊 ) → 1.22(4,545) = 5,545 → 462
𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛

Try reducing the rebar spacing to 16 inches check the moment capacity using the same
equations as above.

0.2(60,000) 0.2(60,000) 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑙𝑏𝑠

𝑀𝑛 = �4 − � = 2,766 > 1,758 √𝑜𝑘
16 1.6(16)(1,500) 𝑖𝑛

Next, check the shear strength of the wall using the reduced rebar spacing.

𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑉𝑚 = [4 − 1.75(1)]𝐴𝑛 �𝑓`𝑚 → (2.25)62�1,500 = 5,403
𝑓𝑡

0.2 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑉𝑠 = 0.5 � � (60,000)(7.625) = 2,859 𝑙𝑏𝑠 → 2,145
16 𝑓𝑡

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𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑉𝑛 = 5,403 + 2,145 = 7,548 > 5,545 √𝑜𝑘
𝑓𝑡

Since the moment and shear strengths are both greater than required, reduce the
spacing to 16 inches.

B-8 EXAMPLE 7 – STEEL STUD SUPPORTING STRUCTURAL ELEMENT,

STATIC DESIGN

Problem Statement: Statically design the supporting structural elements of a 12 ft high

steel stud wall using 600S162-54, 50 ksi studs spaced at 16 in on center. The window
that the supporting structural elements will support is 64 in high by 38in wide. Assume
that conventional construction standoff distances are available.

Solution: The first step is to determine the moment and shear nominal strengths of the
typical stud. By using the equation below and the section properties of the stud, the
nominal moment strength can be calculated and was determined to be 47,650 in-lbs.

𝑀𝑛 = 𝑆𝑒 𝐹𝑦 → (0.953)(50,000) = 47,650 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑙𝑏𝑠

Likewise the shear nominal strength (Vn) can be found by using the following equations
which gives a value of 4,231 lb.

𝑉𝑛 = 𝐴𝑤 𝐹𝑣

0.904𝐸𝐾𝑣 (0.904)(29,000,000)(5.34)
𝐹𝑣 = → = 12,459 𝑝𝑠𝑖
ℎ 2 6 2
� � � �
𝑡 0.0566
𝑉𝑢 = (1.0)(6)(0.0566)(12,459) = 4,231 𝑙𝑏𝑠

The next step is to determine the tributary area factor. The window spacing is
calculated by adding together half the stud spacing and half the window width and
multiplying the sum by the wall height.

[(0.5 ∙ 16) + (0.5 ∙ 38)]144 = 3,888 𝑖𝑛2

3,888
𝐶= = 1.7
16(144)

The stud spacing is 16 inches. The tributary area factor can be calculated now by
dividing 3,888 by the wall area, which gives a factor of 1.7.

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By applying this factor to the moment and shear strengths, the supporting structural
elements must have a moment and shear strength of 81,005 in-lbs 7,193 lbs
respectively.

𝑀𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝐶(𝑀𝐶𝑊 ) → 1.7(47,650) = 81,005 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑙𝑏𝑠

𝑉𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝐶(𝑉𝐶𝑊 ) → 1.7(4,231) = 7,193 𝑙𝑏𝑠

For the supporting structural elements the first trial will be with a doubled stud. The
moment and shear of the doubled stud section should now be calculated to show that it
is sufficient. The moment strength of the double stud is calculated to equal 95,300 in-
lbs which is greater than the required 81,005 in-lbs so the moment strength is ok.

𝑀𝑛 = 𝑆𝑒 𝐹𝑦 → (1.906)(50,000) = 95,300 > 81,005 √𝑜𝑘

Likewise the shear strength can be calculated and determined by multiplying the shear
strength of one stud by 2 to get 8,462 lb which is greater than the required 7,193 lbs so
the shear strength is ok.

𝑉𝑛 = (2.0)(4,231) = 8,462 > 7,193 √𝑜𝑘

B-9 EXAMPLE 8 – MASONRY SUPPORTING STRUCTURAL ELEMENT,

DYNAMIC DESIGN

Problem Statement: Dynamically design the supporting structural elements of an 8

inch thick CMU wall with reinforcement of #4 bars at 32 in, which spans 10 ft. The
threat is 88 lbs of TNT at 100 ft. The window that the supporting structural elements will
support is 64” high by 38” wide. Assume a 15 psf façade.

Solution: Using SBEDS, the supporting structural elements can be designed. Most of
the input values are straight forward, while there are a few that could be confusing at
how they were derived. Bw is a ratio of the effective width resisting the blast over the
loaded width. In the case of a supporting structural element, it is half the distance to the
next reinforcement divided by the total tributary width, essentially the solid strip that
exists. For this example, the Bw factor is shown below.

(16 + 4) 20
𝐵𝑤 = → = 0.51
(16 + 4 + 19) 39

The assumed reinforcing spacing will not be the typical spacing used for the rest of the
wall. The spacing should be the tributary width of the supporting structural element, and
in this example it would be 39 inches.

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Rather than using typical reinforcing bar size, try a #5 at the supports placed in the
center of the block.

The percent of void space grouted is another tricky calculation. The easiest way to
determine this value is to take the width of one cell of the masonry and divide it by the
tributary width, assuming there are no other cells between reinforcing that are grouted
full. For this example blocks are 16” wide, so a cell would be 8”. Assuming that there
are no other cells grouted in the 39” tributary width, the calculation would be 8 divided
by 39 which gives a 20.5% void space grouted.

Figure B-17 Example 8 SBEDS Input

Figure B-18 Example 8 SBEDS Calculated Properties

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The results box displays the majority of the output that is needed. Assuming a LLOP
and the masonry wall being a primary member, the wall has a limiting response of 2
degrees rotation per PDC TR 06-08. Since the response is less than the limits and the
shear is ok, the design is acceptable.
Figure B-19 Example 8 SBEDS Output

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B-10 EXAMPLE 9 – STEEL STUD SUPPORTING STRUCTURAL ELEMENT,

DYNAMIC DESIGN

Problem Statement: Dynamically design the supporting structural elements of a steel

stud wall using 600S162-54, 50 ksi studs spaced at 16 inches on center which span 10
ft. The window that the supporting structural elements will support is 64 in high by 38 in
wide. Assume there is 15 psf on the wall due to the façade.

Solution: The first step is to determine all of the appropriate input for an SBEDS
analysis. The stud spacing is not the typical stud spacing, but the tributary width of the
supporting structural element, which in this example would be half of the typical spacing
plus half of the window width, or 35 inches. Note the spacing is in feet and not inches.

Since the spacing is almost twice the typical, start with two studs backed together.
Calculate the appropriate section properties of the built-up section and enter them as a
user defined section.

Figure B-20 Example 9 SBEDS Input

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The results box displays the majority of the output that is needed. Assuming a LLOP
and the stud wall is an infill wall, which means it is a secondary member, the wall has a
limiting response of a ductility ratio of 2 per PDC TR 06-08. Since the response is less
than this limit and the shear is ok, the design is acceptable.

Figure B-21 Example 9 SBEDS Output

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APPENDIX C DESIGN AND ANALYSIS COMPUTER PROGRAMS

C-1 SBEDS-W

Current Version:
Version 1.0, 2012

Distribution of SBEDS-W:
SBEDS-W distribution authorized to U.S. Government agencies and their contractors:
Critical Technology, March 2002 (U.S. citizenship required.)

Technical Support:
For technical support with the SBEDS program please contact:
Protective Design Center
CENWO-ED-S
1616 Capitol Ave.
Omaha, NE 68102-4901
Email: PDC.Web@usace.army.mil

Introduction:
The SBEDS-W workbook is an Excel-based tool for design and analysis of windows and
mullions subjected to dynamic loads that models components as equivalent single-
degree-of freedom (SDOF) systems. For purposes of SBEDS-W, a mullion directly
supports the window, including storefront curtain walls. Backup structural members that
do not directly support the window should be analyzed using SBEDS. Mullions can
include thermal breaks and interior inserts.

SBEDS_W is designed to run in a broad range of Windows® operating systems,

including Windows 7, Vista and XP. General information on the distribution,
development, and terms of use of SBEDS_W is provided on the Readme worksheet in
the SBEDS_W workbook (the first worksheet in the workbook). SBEDS-W is distributed
with the SBEDS workbook, which is a very similar workbook that is intended for blast-
loaded non-window components. Typically, both SBEDS-W and SBEDS are installed
into the same directory and used for blast design and analysis of window and non-
window components, respectively.

SBEDS-W has been developed for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Protective Design
Center (PDC) as a design tool to satisfy Department of Defense (DoD) antiterrorism
standards. It may also be used for other types of blast design if appropriate blast load
input, dynamic material properties, and response limits are used, which may vary from
default values in SBEDS-W. SBEDS-W uses equivalent single-degree-of-freedom
systems to analyze the dynamic response of single pane windows and mullions. It uses
a two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) methodology to analyze insulated glazing units (IGU
(i.e. double pane windows) that consists of SDOF models for each pane that are both
loaded by the pressure from volume change of the gap between panes as they move
relative to each other. All windows are analyzed assuming rigid supports, which is often
not the case in actual construction. However, window frame movement usually limits
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the dynamic response of the glass so that this assumption is generally conservative.
SBEDS-W is only intended for windows supported on four sides or two opposite sides
(i.e. butt glazed).

SBEDS-W can be used to design or analyze windows with monolithic, filmed, and
laminated glazing of various glass types, as well as windows with polycarbonate
glazing. The windows can consist of one pane, or two glass panes in an IGU (insulated
glass unit) configuration. Laminated windows can only include one glazing type. Also,
laminated glass panes with multiple laminate interlayers are simplistically modeled with
a single interlayer equal to the sum of all the interlayers and two panes of glass with a
total thickness equal to the sum of all pane thicknesses. SBEDS-W uses a semi-
empirical method for analyzing the response of laminated windows to blast loads. This
method was developed specifically for windows with PVB laminate interlayer and is not
applicable to other types of interlayer materials.

SBEDS-W will only calculate blast loads for the basic case of an external (i.e. outside
the building) surface burst explosion of high explosive that is not affected by any
reflecting surfaces from nearby adjacent buildings, etc. High explosives other than TNT
can be input and SBEDS-W will convert them to an equivalent amount of TNT. Other
approaches such as a ray-tracing code or computational fluid dynamics code can be
used to calculate blast loads from more complex cases involving multiple shockwaves
reflections, confined (internal) explosions, etc., and these loads can be saved into a text
file and read into SBEDS-W. Simplified design blast loads, such as those commonly
specified for design of many U.S. government buildings, can be input directly onto the
Input sheet with a maximum of eight pressure-time pairs.

Intended Audience:
The SBEDS-W workbook is intended for engineers experienced in structural
engineering, dynamics, and blast design. It is not for the non-structural engineer.
SBEDS-W is suited for preliminary design or final design when used by a skilled
engineer. It will aid the engineer in design of window members, but the actual design of
members and connections is the full responsibility of the engineer.

C-2 WINGARD PE

Current version:
Version 5.5.1, 2008.

Distribution of WINGARD:
WINGARD is not widely distributed. The program is generally reserved for employees of
GSA; other U.S. government agencies; established U.S. blast, structural, and security
consulting firms; or other U.S. firms involved with protective glazing. All users are highly
encouraged to thoroughly read the technical and user manuals prior to using this
program. To obtain a copy of WINGARD, contact the Building Security Technology
Program team at oca.bstp@gsa.gov and provide your name, address, phone number,
organization, and a description of your intended use of the software.
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Technical Support:
For technical support with the WINGARD program please contact:
Building Security Technology Program (BSTP) Team
oca.bst@gsa.gov
or:
Applied Research Associates, Inc.
wingardpesupport@ara.com

Introduction:
WINdow Glazing Analysis Response and Design (WINGARD) was developed for the
General Services Administration by Applied Research Associates (ARA). The goal was
to develop a simple but accurate mode of the response of windows to the effects of an
explosion. The program, which has become the national standard for analysis of glazing
for blast loadings, calculates and graphically displays the response of window systems
subjected to blast loads. WINGARD is an analysis tool that accepts user input of
window system properties and explosion characteristics, and then calculates the
performance of the window system when subjected to defined blast loads. The
WINGARD software is available in three versions: WINGARD PE (Professional Edition),
LE (Limited Edition), and MP (Multi-Pane).

Intended Audience:
The users of WINGARD will typically range from an engineer or architect with
rudimentary blast experience to the engineer or architect with explosive effects
expertise. This tool is written for the technical practitioner. WINGARD is suited for
preliminary design or final design when used by a skilled user. WINGARD will aid the in
design of the window with the understanding that the actual design and member
connections are the full responsibility of the designer.

C-3 SBEDS

Current version:
Version 4.1a, 2009.

Distribution of SBEDS:
SBEDS is approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Technical Support:
For technical support with the SBEDS program please contact:
Protective Design Center
CENWO-ED-S
1616 Capitol Ave.
Omaha, NE 68102-4901
Email: PDC.Web@usace.army.mil

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Introduction:
SBEDS is an Excel© based tool for the design and analysis of structural components
subjected to dynamic loads, such as airblast from explosives, using single-degree-of-
freedom (SDOF) methodology. SBEDS is based on Army TM 5-1300 (also designated
as NAVFAC P-397 and AFR 88-22) and UFC 3-340-01, but draws on other sources
where improved methodologies are available.

The user can choose from twelve common structural components and then enter readily
available parameters related to material properties and geometry, allowing the
workbook to calculate the SDOF properties or directly entering the SDOF properties.
Masonry, reinforced concrete, steel, cold-formed metal, and wood components are
included. Standard materials and members can be selected from dropdown menus to
ease input. Various support conditions can be selected for one-way and two-way
members. A flexure resistance function is used with compression membrane and/or
tension membrane contributions where applicable and selected by the user. Either
uniformly distributed or concentrated loads are accommodated.

Three options for entering the load to drive the SDOF system are available: the user
can enter a piecewise linear load consisting of up to eight segments; an ASCII file
containing up to 2900 time-pressure pairs can be specified and the workbook will read
in the load; or a uniform distributed airblast from detonation of a high explosive (HE)
hemispherical surface burst can be generated by the workbook for a specified charge
weight and standoff distance. When using the HE load generation option, the user can
specify whether to include the negative phase of the pressure history or not, reflected or
side-on pressure, angle of incidence for calculation of reflected pressure, and distance
to free edges of the structure for adjusting the loading for clearing effects.

Numeric integration of the equation of motion is accomplished using a constant velocity

method with user-specified dampening considered. Maximum and minimum
displacements, maximum support rotation, ductility, resistance, and peak reactions are
reported. Additionally, histories for displacement, resistance, reactions, and load are
provided. Shear capacity of the component is evaluated and reported. For concrete and
masonry elements required areas of shear steel are also calculated and reported.

SBEDS includes the option of generating pressure-impulse (P-i) diagrams and charge
weight-standoff (CW-S) diagrams for up to four levels of response defined by support
rotations or ductility ratios for the specified component. These types of diagrams are
valuable when performing assessments or repetitive design. The user specifies whether
the CW-S diagrams are for either fully reflected or side-on loading from hemispherical
HE surface burst and whether to consider the negative phase in the calculations.

Intended Audience:
SBEDS was developed for structural engineers with solid knowledge of structural
engineering, dynamics and blast effects. This tool is not for the non-engineer. SBEDS is
suited for preliminary design or final design when used by a skilled engineer. SBEDS
will aid the engineer in design of the member, but the actual design of members and
connections is the full responsibility of the engineer.
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