Agriculture

This transformation
from a plant to a
finished product
involves three types
of economic activities.
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1. Primary
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2. 2.Secondary
3.3.Tertiary
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Primary activities

Which are, all those connected with extraction and

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production of natural resources.

Eg: Agriculture, -
fishing and hunting and gathering etc.
Secondary activities

Secondary activities are concerned with the processing of

these resources

Eg. Manufacturing of steel, baking of bread and weaving

of cloth are examples of this activity
Tertiary activities provide support to the primary
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and secondary sectors through services

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Eg. transport, trade, banking etc.

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Features of agriculture

Primary activity
It includes growing crops, fruits, vegetable
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vegetables, flowers, and rearing of livestock

In the world , 50 per cent of persons are
engaged in agricultural activities

Two third of India’s population is dependent

on agriculture
 Factors influencing agriculture

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① Climate

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② Suit

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Topography
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 Agai
Silvam-Sea -
Selk work

fish-pisci -fish
+ Culture

Grape Viti
-Grape
fruits
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Vegetables Veggies, facts
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Farm system

Agriculture or farming is a system.

The important inputs are seeds,

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fertilisers, machinery and labour
Some of the operations involved are ploughing,
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sowing, irrigation, weeding and harvesting

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The outputs from the system include crops,

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wool, dairy and poultry products
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Types of farming

Farming is practiced in various ways across the

world.

Farming activities depends on

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Geographical conditions
Demand of produce
Labour and level of technology
According to this farming can be classified into two.

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Subsistence farming

This type of farming is

& Commercial farming

In commercial farming
practised to meet the crops are grown and
needs of the farmer’s animals are reared for
family. sale in market/ profit
 Interesting Fact

Organic farming in this type of farming , organic manure

and natural pesticides are used instead of chemicals. No
genetic modification is done to increase the yield of the
crop
Subsistence farming

Features of subsistence farming *

Use of low level of technology

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Household labour are used to produce on small

output.
 Subsistence farming

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Intensive subsistence Primitive subsistence
farming
Intensive subsistence agriculture

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The farmer cultivates a small plot of land using simple
tools and-
- more labour.

Climate with large number of days with sunshine and

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fertile soils permit growing of more than one crop

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annually on the same plot

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Rice is the main crop. Other crops include wheat , maize,
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pulses and d oilseeds.

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Intensive subsistence agriculture is prevalent in the thickly

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populated areas of the monsoon regions of south, southeast

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and east asia.

 Primitive subsistence agriculture

Shifting cultivation Nomadic herding

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Shifting cultivation &

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*Practiced in the thickly forested * These are the areas
areas of Amazon basin , tropical of heavy rainfall and
Africa, parts of Southeast Asia quick regeneration of
and northeast India. vegetation.
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What is shifting cultivation

A plot of land is cleared by felling the trees and

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burning them
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The ashes are then mixed with the soil and crops like
maize, yam, potatoes and cassava growing
Shifting cultivation is known by different names
in different parts of the world

of
Jhumming - northeast India
Milpa- Mexico
Roca- &
Brazil
Ladang- malaysia
 Nomadic herding

Nomadic herding is practiced in the semi- arid and

arid regions of -
Sahara , Central Asia and some
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parts of India, like Rajasthan and Jammu Kashmir

In this type of farming, herdsmen move from place to

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place with their&animals for fodder and water , along

defined routes , in accordance with the climatic conditions
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Sheep, camel, yak and goats are most commonly
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reared. They provide milk, meat, wool and other

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products to the headers and their families

 Commercial farming

In commercial farming crops are grown and animals are

reared for sale in market

The area cultivated and the amount of capital used is large

=Most of the work is done by machines.

 Commercial farming

Commercial Plantation
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Mixed farming
grain farming
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farming
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Commercial grain farming

In commercial grain farming crops are grown for

commercial purposes.
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Wheat and maize are common commercially grown grains.
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Major areas where commercial grain farming is practiced

are temperate grasslands of North America, Europe and
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Asia
These areas are sparsely populated with large
farms spreading over hundreds of hectares
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Severe winters restrict the growing season and only

a single crop can be grown.
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Mixed farming

In mixed farming the land is used for growing food

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and
-o fodder crops and rearing livestock.

It is practiced in
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Europe, eastern USA, Argentina,
southeast Australia, New Zealand and South Africa
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Plantation agriculture

Plantations are a type of commercial farming

where single crop of tea, coffee, sugarcane,
cashew, rubber, banana or cotton are grown

Large
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amount of &
labour and capital are
required
The produce may be processed on the farm itself
or in nearby factories.

The development of a transport network is thus

essential for such farming

Major plantations are found in the tropical regions

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of the world. Rubber in Malaysia, coffee in Brazil,
tea in India and Sri Lanka are some examples
 Major Crops

A large variety of crops are grown to meet the

requirements of the growing population.

Crops also supply raw materials for agri based industries.

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Major food crops are wheat , rice, maize and Millets. Jute
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and
- cotton are-fibre crops . Important beverage crops are
tea and coffee
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Rice: Rice is the major food crop of the world. It is the
staple diet of the tropical and subtropical regions.

Rice needs high temperature, high humidity and rainfall.

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It grows best in alluvial clayey soil, which can retain

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water.

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China leads
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in the production of rice followed by India,
an
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Japan, Sri Lanka and Egypt

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In favourable climatic conditions as in West Bengal and
Bangladeshi two to three crops are growing season and
bright sunshine at the time of harvest.

Wheat: wheat requires moderate temperature and d

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rainfall during growing season and bright sunshine at the

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time of harvest.

It
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thrives best in well &
drained loamy soil. Wheat is grown
addad
extensively in USA , Canada, Argentina, Russia, Ukraine,
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Australia and India. In India it is grown in winter.
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Millets: They are also known as coarse grains and d
can be grown on less fertile and Sandy’s oils.

It is a hardy crop that needs low rainfall and high

to moderate temperature and adequate rainfall.
Jowar, bajra and ragi are grown in India. Other
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countries
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are Nigeria, China
Maize: Maize requires moderate temperature,
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rainfall and lots of sunshine.

It needs well drained fertiliser soils.

Maize is grown in North America , Brazil, china,

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Russia, Canada, India and Mexico

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Cotton: it requires high temperature, light
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rainfall, two hundred and ten frost- free days
and bright sunshine for its growth.
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It grows best on black and alluvial soil

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Jute: Jute was also known as the Golden fibre.

Grows well -in alluvial soil and requires high temperature,

heavy rainfall and humid climate
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This crop is grown in the tropical areas . India and

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Bangladesh are the leading producers of jute.

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Coffee: requires warm and wet climate. Well
drained loamy
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- soil. Hill slopes are more
suitable for growth of this crop.

Brazil is the leading producer followed by

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Columbia and India

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Tea: Tea is a beverage crop grown on plantation.

Requires cool climate and well distributed high

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rainfall throughout the year for the growth of its

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tender leaves

Well drained loamy soil and gentle slopes

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 Various ways to improve agricultural products
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Increasing
-- the cropped area and the number of
crops grown
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7 Improving irrigation facilities

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T
- Use-
of fertilisers and high yielding variety of Hyy
seeds.

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Mechanisation of agriculture
Agriculture has developed at different places in
different parts of the world.
India
Developing countries with large populations usually
practice intensive agriculture where crops are grown
on small holdings mostly for subsistence.
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Large holdings are more suitable for commercial

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agriculture as in USA , ananda and Australia

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Two case studies for understanding agriculture in
developing and developed countries.

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farm in India v/s farm in USA

The average size of a farm in the USA is much larger

than Indian farm

A typical farm size in the USA is about 250 hectares.

The farmer generally resides in the farm.
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Major crops grown are corn , soybean , wheat, cotton etc.

The farmer in USA works like a business and not like a

peasant farmer.