More detailed: Introduction to Data

Presentation and Analysis:

PR 2 REVIEWER
DATA PRESENTATION & ○​ Highlights that good data
INTERPRETATION presentation is crucial for
convincing panelists, clients,
1.​ Significant Steps in Data or readers.
Analysis: ○​ States that regardless of the
○​ Encoding and organizing data's quality, poor
data according to research presentation can undermine
questions. its impact.
○​ Using statistical tests 2.​ Key Steps in Preparing and
identified in previous Writing Data Analysis:
modules. ○​ Encoding and Organizing
○​ Presenting results in tables Data:
or graphs. ■​ Data should be
○​ Writing interpretations for organized according
each table or graph. to the research
○​ Supporting findings with questions.
relevant literature. ○​ Using Statistical Tests:
○​ Editing grammatical and ■​ Perform statistical
typographical errors. tests as identified in
○​ Submitting work in the earlier stages of
prescribed format. research.
2.​ Techniques in Data Processing: ○​ Presenting Results:
○​ Editing: Checking data for ■​ Use appropriate
accuracy, consistency, and tabular or graphical
completeness. forms to display data.
○​ Coding: Categorizing and ○​ Writing Interpretations:
organizing data into ■​ Provide detailed
meaningful units. interpretations of
○​ Tabulation: Arranging data each table or graph,
into tables or charts for focusing on
easier visualization and significant results and
analysis. their implications.
3.​ Presentation and Interpretation of ○​ Supporting Findings:
Data: ■​ Correlate findings
○​ Utilization of non-prose with literature and
materials (graphs, tables, studies from Chapter
charts, diagrams, etc.) to 2 of the research
make results presentable. paper.
○​ Instructions on how to ○​ Editing Work:
interpret tables, including ■​ Check for
analyzing connections, grammatical and
identifying unusual patterns, typographical errors
and supporting findings with using tools like
literature. Grammarly.
4.​ Graphs: ○​ Submission:
○​ Describes the use of different ■​ Follow the
types of graphs: institutional format for
■​ Line Graphs: Show submitting the
trends and changes research work.
over time. 3.​ Techniques in Data Processing:
■​ Bar Graphs: Compare ○​ Editing: Ensures data
amounts and accuracy, consistency, and
quantities. completeness.
■​ Pie Charts: Display ○​ Coding: Categorizes data
the relationship of into meaningful units for
parts to a whole. easier analysis.
○​ Instructions for interpreting ○​ Tabulation: Organizes data
graphs, similar to interpreting into tables or charts for visual
tables.
 representation, using STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES
software like MS Excel.
4.​ Presentation and Interpretation of Statistical Techniques Covered:
Data:
○​ Data is presented using 1. Percentage
non-prose materials to make
results more visually ●​ Formula:
appealing and PERCENTAGE(%)=(PART/WHOLE)
understandable. X100
○​ Non-Prose Materials: ●​ Example: Data from Purok A City
Includes graphs, bars, tables, High School on Grade 7 parents
charts, diagrams, opting for digital learning modules.
illustrations, drawings, and
2. Mean
maps.
○​ Standard Formats:
●​ Definition: The mean is the
Recommendations for title,
middlemost value, obtained by
labels, and contents are
adding all values and dividing by the
given when no institutional
number of values.
format is provided.
●​ Formula: MEAN(X)=SUM OF ALL
5.​ Tables:
VALUES/NUMBER OF VALUES
○​ Tables summarize and
●​ Example for Ungrouped Data: Mean
categorize data using rows
number of parents opting for digital
and columns with headings.
learning modules.
○​ Interpreting Tables:
●​ Example for Grouped Data: Data
■​ Analyze connections
gathered from a survey on Study
among headings.
Habits by Grade 12 students for 150
■​ Identify unusual data
Grade 7 students.
patterns and reasons
behind them. 3. Likert Scale
■​ Present table
numbers and titles. ●​ Numerical Values:
■​ Highlight significant ○​ Strongly Agree (SA) - 5
figures and patterns. ○​ Agree (A) - 4
■​ Avoid repeating ○​ Undecided (U) - 3
content from the table ○​ Disagree (D) - 2
in the text. ○​ Strongly Disagree (SD) - 1
■​ Support findings with ●​ Interpretation:
relevant literature. ○​ 1 to 1.80: Strongly disagree
■​ Establish practical ○​ 1.81 to 2.60: Disagree
implications of the ○​ 2.61 to 3.40: Neutral
results. ○​ 3.41 to 4.20: Agree
■​ Conclude with a brief ○​ 4.21 to 5.00: Strongly agree
generalization.
6.​ Graphs: 4. Regression Analysis
○​ Graphs show the relationship
between variables. ●​ Definition: Explains the relationship
○​ Types of Graphs: between dependent and
■​ Line Graphs: Show independent variables.
trends over time. ●​ Uses:
■​ Bar Graphs: ○​ Casual Analysis: Causation
Compare quantities. of changes in Y by changes
■​ Pie Charts: Illustrate in X.
parts of a whole. ○​ Forecasting the Effect:
○​ Interpreting Graphs: Similar Estimate and predict the
to interpreting tables, with value of Y given the value of
focus on the relationship X.
between variables and data ○​ Linear Trend Forecasting:
trends. Trace the line of best fit to
time series.
5. Hypothesis Testing including interpretations of t-values
and p-values.
●​ Purpose: Determine if an
assumption holds or is violated. DRAWING CONCLUSION
●​ Types:
○​ Null Hypothesis (H₀): No 1. Drawing Conclusions:
difference between two
values or variables. ●​ A conclusion is vital in research,
○​ Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): summarizing the main idea for the
There is a difference readers.
between two values or ●​ Provides a smooth closure and
variables. well-written answers to research
●​ Methods: questions.
○​ One-tailed Test: Reject H₀ if ●​ It must consider the main idea and
the test value falls in the provide a sense of closure.
critical region on one side of
the mean.
○​ Two-tailed Test: Reject H₀ if 2. Importance of Drawing Conclusions:
the test value falls in either of
the two critical regions. ●​ No new information is introduced in
●​ Steps: the conclusion.
○​ State the hypotheses. ●​ Researchers revisit research
○​ Find the critical value(s). questions and provide precise
○​ Compute the test value. answers within the scope of the
○​ Make the decision. study's objectives.
○​ Summarize the result. ●​ Conclusions are precise statements
that address the research questions
6. Critical Value Approach directly.

●​ Steps:
○​ Locate confidence level and
degrees of freedom in the 3. Guidelines for Writing a Research
t-table to find the critical Conclusion:
value.
○​ Determine if the observed 1.​ Avoid merely summarizing:
test statistic is more extreme ○​ Instead, make inferences
than the critical value. from the results.
●​ Decision Rule: Reject H₀ if the test 2.​ Clear and simple language:
statistic exceeds the critical value. ○​ Emphasize the study's
purpose and relate findings
7. P-value Approach to other studies.
3.​ Do not reiterate discussions:
●​ Method: ○​ Provide a synthesis of
○​ Calculate the probability of arguments showing how they
observing a test statistic as address the research
extreme as the one problem.
calculated. 4.​ Avoid using numbers, figures, or
●​ Steps: repeating results:
○​ Define the Null and ○​ Focus on inferences and
Alternative Hypothesis. implications rather than
○​ State the alpha level and restating findings.
degrees of freedom. 5.​ Highlight opportunities for future
○​ Calculate the test statistic research:
and find the p-value. ○​ Demonstrate awareness of
●​ Decision: Accept or reject H₀ based the research problem by
on whether the p-value is less than proposing areas for further
the chosen alpha level. studies.
●​ Different formats for conclusions
Conclusion:
exist, such as numbered or
●​ Examples and outcomes of paragraph structures, depending on
hypothesis testing are provided, institutional guidelines.
 ●​ Facilitate the continuation of
research studies.
4. Research Implications:

●​ Definition: Logical relationships

resulting from the study's findings, 3. Characteristics of Effective
linked to specific theories or Recommendations:
practices.
●​ Types of Implications: 1.​ Relevant to the Study:
○​ Practical Implications: ○​ Based on findings, analysis,
■​ Realistic outcomes and conclusions.
derived from research 2.​ Logically Reasoned:
findings. ○​ Supported with valid reasons
■​ Example: related to the research
Room-to-room rationale.
campaigns were 3.​ Feasible and Attainable:
found more effective ○​ Practical and achievable.
in raising COVID-19 4.​ Concrete and Specific:
awareness compared ○​ Straightforward, detailed, and
to morning concise.
announcements.
○​ Theoretical Implications:
■​ Statements that
4. Activity Examples for Making
support, contradict, or
Recommendations:
create new theories
or findings. ●​ Scenario 1: Student A failed a
■​ Example: Based on posttest.​
Bolman’s Leadership Possible recommendation: Provide
Framework, student additional tutorials or review
government officers materials.
predominantly exhibit ●​ Scenario 2: A heated conversation
symbolic leadership. with a friend.​
This correlates with Possible recommendation: Have an
enhanced two-way open, calm discussion to resolve
communication within misunderstandings.
organizations and ●​ Scenario 3: Teacher is stressed.​
supports open Possible recommendation: Offer
forums. assistance with tasks or suggest
relaxation activities.

RECOMMENDATIONS
5. Functions of Recommendations:
1. What is a Recommendation?
1.​ Highlight areas of concern identified
●​ A suggestion for future researchers,
in the findings.
interested parties, or agencies.
2.​ Address limitations encountered in
●​ Provides ideas for improving or
the research.
addressing aspects of the study.
●​ Suggests the best course of action
based on results and conclusions.
6. Guidelines for Formulating
Recommendations (Barrot, 2017):

2. Purposes of Recommendations: 1.​ Base recommendations on

conclusions and study limitations.
●​ Guide researchers for successful
2.​ Ensure recommendations align with
outcomes.
the research’s purpose and scope.
●​ Identify factors that need
3.​ Write practical and achievable
improvement for better results.
suggestions.
●​ Open new research topics linked to
4.​ Be specific, concise, and clear.
the study.
5.​ Avoid overly simplistic
recommendations.
 6.​ Follow formatting guidelines
(numbered or paragraph form) per
institutional requirements.

7. Example of Recommendation and

Formulation:

●​ Research Title:​
"Predominant Factors Affecting the
Career Choice of Grade 12 Students
in Bamega National High School"
●​ Research Question:​
What influences the career choices
of Grade 12 students?
●​ Findings:​
Career choice is influenced by
significant environmental factors.
●​ Conclusion:​
Career choices are shaped by
individuals who significantly impact
students' lives.
●​ Recommendations:
○​ Parents should discuss
career choices with their
children and identify
influential individuals in their
lives.
○​ Career counselors should
help students evaluate how
external influences shape
their decisions.
○​ Further research could
explore the impact of
significant others on other
adolescent decisions.

GL YALL KAPOY NAAAA - trixia <3