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Relay Coordination

The document provides an overview of power system protection, detailing the concepts of fault detection, protection system features such as reliability, speed, sensitivity, selectivity, stability, accuracy, and flexibility. It also discusses the classification of protection systems based on working principles, device operation, time of operation, and application, along with the evolution of protective devices from electromechanical relays to modern intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). Additionally, it covers the importance of protection coordination and the definition of protection zones.

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20 views28 pages

Relay Coordination

The document provides an overview of power system protection, detailing the concepts of fault detection, protection system features such as reliability, speed, sensitivity, selectivity, stability, accuracy, and flexibility. It also discusses the classification of protection systems based on working principles, device operation, time of operation, and application, along with the evolution of protective devices from electromechanical relays to modern intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). Additionally, it covers the importance of protection coordination and the definition of protection zones.

Uploaded by

rambo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basics of Power System Protection

Contact us
Electrical Learning Portal
+91- 8430180594
(ELP) Electrical Learning Portal | ELP
info@electricallearningportal.com
Trainer: Er. Kunal Singh https://electricallearningportal.com
What is Fault ?????
Any abnormal condition for any system which can
damage system or other nearby environment or lives
Power System analogy with water Pipe Line
Salient Features of Protection System
Reliability

• Definition: Consistent performance over time without failure

• Key Aspects:

o Fault Detection Accuracy: Minimize false positives and negatives

o System Redundancy: Backup systems in place to ensure operation during


failures

o Durability: Components designed for long-term use

Speed

• Definition: The time it takes for the system to detect and respond to faults

• Key Aspects:

o Response Time: Quick detection and isolation of faults

o Processing Speed: Efficient computation of protection algorithms

o Real-time Operation: Immediate action to prevent damage


Salient Features of Protection System
Sensitivity

• Definition: The ability to detect minor faults or deviations

• Key Aspects:

o Threshold Settings: Adjustable sensitivity levels to detect varying fault


conditions

o Accuracy: Precision in detecting small disturbances without triggering false


alarms

o Calibration: Regular adjustments to maintain optimal sensitivity

Selectivity

• Definition: The system's ability to isolate only the affected section while keeping
the rest operational

• Key Aspects:

o Coordination: Ensures that only the closest protective device operates


during a fault

o Zoning: Dividing the system into distinct zones for targeted isolation

o Time Coordination: Delayed operation of upstream devices to allow


downstream devices to clear the fault first
Salient Features of Protection System
Stability

• Definition: The system's ability to remain operational and avoid unnecessary


interruptions during fault conditions

• Key Aspects:

o Avoidance of Maloperation: Preventing unintended trips or shutdowns

o Dynamic Stability: Adaptation to varying load and fault conditions

o System Integration: Ensuring seamless interaction with other system


components

Accuracy

• Definition: Precision in detecting and evaluating fault conditions

• Key Aspects:

o Measurement Precision: Accurate sensing of electrical parameters

o Algorithm Reliability: Correct interpretation of data and fault conditions

o Error Minimization: Reducing measurement and processing errors

o Ensuring seamless interaction with other system components


Salient Features of Protection System
Flexibility

• Definition: The system’s ability to adapt to changing conditions and requirements

• Key Aspects:

o Configurability: Adjustable settings for different operational scenarios

o Upgradability: Ability to incorporate new technologies or features

o Customization: Tailoring protection functions to specific needs


Zones of Protection System
Zones of Protection System
1. How Zones are defined ???
2. What are blind areas in zone concept ??
3. Why we need Protection Coordination ??
4. What are Unit & Backup Protection ???
Zones of Protection System
1. How Zones are defined ???
Zones are segregated mostly based on location of CT. CT Position and star point plays
very important role in Definition of Zones.
Zones of Protection System
2. What are blind areas in zone concept ??
Are which is not covered in any zone is called blind zone, so to tackle this zone
overlapping is adapted. But still due to position of Circuit Breaker and CT’s some
times few faults cannot be detected which comes under blind zones. These kind of
issues can be seen due to economical reasons when CT’s are only on one side of CB.
Zones of Protection System

3. Why we need Protection Coordination ??


Since there are various Protection schemes Co existing
for various zones, so it is very important to set them in
such fashion that they can achieve selectivity for
particular zone it is assigned for.
Zones of Protection System

4. What are Unit & Backup Protection ???


Unit Protection is specific for a particular zone
Backup Protections can also operate for other zones.
Inputs & Tools for Protection
Coordination

• Grid Data :- Fault Levels, X/R Ratio, Voltage level, Grid Codes.
• Network SLD.
• Instrument Transformer Details.
• Protection IED Details.
• All Equipment details
• Thermal Rating of all series equipment.
• Harmonics Studies.
• Inrush Studies.
• CB Information.
Process of Protection Coordination

• Definition of Protection elements for each zone.


• Network Modelling.
• Getting Maximum and Minimum Fault Levels.
• Defining Unit Protection elements based on Equipment data.
• Coordination of Backup Protection based on Current & Time Grading.
• Inrush & Thermal Protection.
• Non Electrical Protection Considerations.
• Power System Parameter Variation related Functions.
• Plan and Execute any Spl protection Scheme.
• Action Definition.
Classification of Protection System
1. Based on Working Principle

a. Overcurrent Protection

• Principle: Detects excessive current flow.

• Operation: Operates when current exceeds a preset threshold.

• Types:

o Instantaneous Overcurrent: Trips instantly when the current exceeds a


certain level.

o Time-Delayed Overcurrent: Trips after a time delay when the current


exceeds a threshold, allowing for temporary overloads.

b. Overvoltage Protection

• Principle: Protects against voltage surges.

• Operation: Operates when voltage exceeds a preset limit.

• Types:

o Transients: Protects against sudden voltage spikes (e.g., lightning).

o Sustained Overvoltage: Protects against continuous overvoltage


conditions.
Classification of Protection System
c. Undervoltage Protection
• Principle: Detects voltage drops below a preset limit.
• Operation: Trips or alarms when the voltage drops below a threshold.
• Types:
o Instantaneous Undervoltage: Reacts immediately to undervoltage
conditions.
o Time-Delayed Undervoltage: Allows a delay before acting, to avoid
nuisance trips due to brief voltage dips.
d. Differential Protection
• Principle: Compares current entering and leaving a device or section.
• Operation: Trips if there is a difference between incoming and outgoing
current, indicating an internal fault.
• Types:
o Transformer Differential Protection: Protects against internal faults
within transformers.
o Generator Differential Protection: Protects generators from internal
faults.
Classification of Protection System
e. Earth Fault Protection
• Principle: Detects faults to the ground.
• Operation: Activates when current leakage to the earth exceeds a
preset value.
• Types:
o Residual-Current Devices (RCDs): Detects unbalanced currents that
may indicate an earth fault.
o Earth Fault Relays: Monitors and reacts to earth fault conditions in
electrical systems.

f. Reverse Power Protection


• Principle: Protects against power flowing in the reverse direction.
• Operation: Trips when power flows in the opposite direction, which
may indicate a generator running as a motor or fault conditions.
Classification of Protection System
g. Distance Protection
• Principle: Measures impedance to determine the distance to a fault.
• Operation: Trips based on the distance to the fault relative to the
protection zone.
• Types:
o Impedance Protection: Uses impedance measurements to
determine fault location.
o Reactance Protection: Focuses on the reactance component of
impedance for fault detection.
Classification of Protection System
2. Based on Device Operation
a. Manual Protection Systems
• Principle: Requires human intervention for activation or deactivation.
• Examples: Manual circuit breakers and isolators.

b. Automatic Protection Systems


• Principle: Operates automatically without human intervention.
• Examples:
o Automatic Circuit Breakers: Trip and isolate faults automatically.
o Protection Relays: Detect faults and initiate actions like tripping
circuit breakers.
Classification of Protection System
3. Based on Time of Operation
a. Instantaneous Protection
• Principle: Acts immediately when a fault condition is detected.
• Examples: Instantaneous overcurrent relays and instantaneous
undervoltage relays.
b. Time-Delayed Protection
• Principle: Incorporates a time delay before acting.
• Examples: Time-delay overcurrent relays and time-delay undervoltage
relays.
Classification of Protection System
4. Based on Application

a. Transmission Line Protection

• Principle: Protects transmission lines from faults.

• Examples: Distance protection, and differential protection.

b. Generator Protection

• Principle: Safeguards generators from internal and external faults.

• Examples: Differential protection, overcurrent protection, and reverse power


protection.

c. Transformer Protection

• Principle: Protects transformers from faults and abnormal conditions.

• Examples: Differential protection, overcurrent protection, and Buchholz relay.

d. Busbar Protection

• Principle: Protects busbars from faults.

• Examples: Differential protection, and overcurrent protection.

e. Filter & other Auxiliary Protections.


Protective Devices Journey
• Old Electromechanical Relays

• Few Coils
• Few Outputs
• Not Customization
• Longer Lead times.
• No Configuration
Protective Devices Journey
• Static Relays

• Less Customization
• No HMI.
• No Configuration
• Less Communication
Protective Devices Journey
• 1St Gen Numerical Relays

• Less Customization
• LED Display.
• Few Configuration
• Private Communication
Protective Devices Journey
• Modern Days IED’s

• Customization to very larger Extend


• Big HMI.
• Almost every thing Configurable
• Multiple Communication
• Many Protection Functions.
Thankyou

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