CHAPTER – ONE

Derivatives and Their Applications

Definition: The derivative of a function f at a no_ a in the domain of f denoted by is defined as

or , provided that this limit exists.

i.e., A function f is differentiable at iff the left hand and right hand derivatives are equal.

i.e.,

Example

Using the definition find the derivatives of the following functions.

a) √

Solution: - a)

Therefore

b & c are exercise.

Differentiability and continuity

a) If f is differentiable at , then f is continuous at .

i.e Every differentiable fun_ is continuous.

b) consider a piece wise function of the form {

i) The function f is said to be differentiable at iff otherwise f is not

differentiable at

ii) The function f is said to be continuous at iff

Note: Every continuous function need not be differentiable.

Example

1. Show that the function is continuous but not differentiable at the given no_.

{ at

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 Solution: - i) it is defined.
ii)

Therefor limit exists.

iii)
Therefor f is continuous at

Left hand derivative and

Right hand derivative

Therefor f is not differentiable at

2. Let { , then find a and b so that f is differentiable at .

Solution: - since f is differentiable at

Since, Every differentiable function is continuous.

So,

_________________________________(**)

From equation (*) and (**) we get ,

Definition: - If f is differentiable at each no_ x in its domain, then f is differentiable fun_ and is denoted

by ) or

Derivatives of Different functions

1. Derivative of constant function.

If .
2. Derivative of power function.
If
3. Derivatives of trigonometric functions.
a) b) c)

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 d) e) f)

4. Derivative of exponential function.

a) If , then .

b) If , then .

5. Derivative of logarithmic function.

a) If

b) If .

Derivatives of combinations of functions

Suppose f and g are differentiable functions and k is any constant, then

1. (Sum and difference rule)

2. (Constant multiple rule)
3. (Product rule)

4. ( ) (quotient rule)

Exercise

Find the derivative of the following functions.

a) √

The chain Rule

Let f be differentiable at x and let g be differentiable at f(x), then ( )

Remark: The chain rule can be extended to any no_ of finite compositions of functions. For three
functions it becomes ( ) ( )

Example: Find the derivative of the following functions.

a)

3
d) √

Solution:

Higher Order Derivatives

The derivative of f at a for denoted by is defined by

, if the limit exists.

Note: The formula for the derivative of is obtained by finding the few derivatives of f and
critically observing patterns of the powers of the terms, coefficients and sign of coefficients.

Example: Find the formula for the derivative of the following functions.

a)

Solution: a)

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 b)

c)

Exercise: Find the derivative of the following functions.

a) ( )

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 Implicit Differentiation

-In an equation if can be expressed in terms of then is defined explicitly.

Eg. a)

-In an equation if can’t be expressed in terms of then is defined implicitly.

Eg.

 The process of differentiating both sides of an equation that defines implicitly in terms of and

then solving for is called implicit differentiation.

Example: Find using implicit differentiation.

Solution:

b,c &d are exercise.

Notation:

Example: Find by implicit differentiation.

a)

Solution: a)

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 Again ( ) * +

( ) ( )

b is exercise.

Equation of a Tangent and Normal lines

-The first derivative of a function at a given point is a slope of the tangent line at that point.

i.e. Slope , then we can determine the equation of the tangent and
normal line as follow.

…….. equation of tangent line at and

equation of normal line at .

Note: 1) If f’ (a) = 0, then the function has horizontal tangent line with equation and equation

of Normal line:

2.If then has vertical tangent line with equation and equation of
Normal line:
 To find the equation of a tangent and normal line at we have to follow the following
steps.

Step 1. Find the slope

Step 2. Evaluate at .

Step 3. Write the equation for tangent line

for normal line.

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 Example: Find the equation of the tangent and the normal lines to the graphs of the following

functions at the indicated point.

a)

d) √

g)

Solution:

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 Related Rates

-Let be a function of r (i.e. and r is a function of (i.e then volume of a sphere

is given by .

-Differentiating both sides with respect to and we get

( )

-Here are related rates.

Example

1. Suppose an inflated spherical balloon is losing its content (the gas is escaping) at a rate of

450 ⁄ . How fast is the surface area of the balloon shrinking when the radius is 150cm?

Solution: Since the balloon is losing its content. So its volume is decreasing. i.e. V = -450 ⁄.

Let the radius of the sphere be r at time t, then the volume and surface area will be and

and since

From these rates we get ( ) ( ⁄ )

( ⁄ ) ⁄

(The negative sign indicates the decreasing of its surface area).

2. One end of a 13 foot ladder is on the ground and the other end rests on a vertical wall. If the
bottom end is drawn away from the wall at 3 feet per sec. at what rate is the top end of the ladder
sliding down to the ground when the bottom of the ladder is 5 feet away from the wall?

3. Water is poured in to a conical paper cup at the rate of ⁄ . If the cup is 6 cm tall and the

top of the cup has a radius of 2 cm. How fast does the water level rise when the water is 4 cm
deep?
Solution:

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 Derivatives of invers functions
Suppose has an inverse and is continuous on an open interval I containing a such that )
exists, then also exists and defined by
-------------------------(*)

Example: 1. Find , where

a)
b)

2. Let then find and let , then find

Solution: c)

Since

Trigonometric functions and Derivatives of their inverses

A. The arc sine function (The inverse sine function)

- The sine function doesn’t have an inverse in its domain because it is periodic function.
However, if we restrict the domain to , then the function has an inverse, which can call

the arc sine function.

 The domain of the arc sine function is [-1, 1].
 The range of the arc sine function is [ ].

 Its value at is usually written as or .

Thus, for .
 We also have the equations.

* +

A. Derivative of

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 √

Thus,
√

In general, =
√

Example: 1. Evaluate a)

2. Simplify ( √ )

3. Find the derivative ( ) of .

Solution:

Exercise: Find the derivative ( ) of the following functions.

a)
B) The arc cosine function

Derivative of

 In general ( )
√

Example: Find = ----------------------

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 C) The arc tangent function

Derivative of

 In general, ( )

Example: 1. Find a)

2. Simplify .

Solution: 1. a) Let

b) Let

c) =

2. Let
√

( ( )) √

D. In the same way

a)

In general ( )

b)

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 √

In general ( )
√

c)

 In general, ( )
√

Example: Find the derivative ( ) of the following functions.

1.

Solution:

Hyperbolic functions, Inverse of hyperbolic functions and their Derivatives

A. Hyperbolic functions

Definition: The two most important hyperbolic functions are defined as

Note: are read as ‘’hyperbolic sin of x’’ and ‘’hyperbolic cosine of x’’ respectively.

The other hyperbolic functions are defined in terms of x as

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 a)

b) d)

A. Hyperbolic Identities
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

B. Derivative of hyperbolic functions

1.

2.

C. Inverse of Hyperbolic functions

1. ( √ ) ( )

2. ( √ ) ( )

√ √
5. ( ) ( )

Proof: a) ( √ )

√
√

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 D. Derivative of Inverse of hyperbolic functions

1. ( )
√ √

2. ( )
√ √

3. ( )

4. ( )

5.
√

( )
√

6.
√

( )
√
Proof:

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 Example:

1. Find for

a)
b) √

c)

2. Simplify

a) ( ( ))

Solution:

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 Application of Derivatives

1. Extreme values

Definition:

a) A function has an absolute maximum value on a set I if there is a no- in I such that
We say is the absolute maximum value of on I.

b) A function has an absolute minimum value on a set I if there is such that

We say is the absolute minimum value of on I.

c) A value of that is either an absolute maximum value or an absolute minimum value on I is called an
absolute extreme value of on I.

Theorem: Maximum-Minimum value Theorem

 Let be continuous on a closed, bounded interval then f has a maximum and a minimum
value on

Theorem: Let be defined on [a, b]. If an extreme value of occurs at a no- c in at

which has a derivative, then .

Definition: A no- in the domain of is said to be critical no- of iff either or doesn’t
exist. .

 The point is critical point.

 Steps that we use to find the extreme values of on the given domain.
Step 1: Find all its critical no-s in the given domain.
Step 2: Evaluate at all its critical no-s and at the end points of the given interval.
Step 3: From step 2, the largest value is its absolute maximum value and the smallest value is its
absolute minimum value.

Example: Find the extreme values of on the given domain.

a)

Solution:

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 2. Relative(local) Extreme values

Definition:

a) A function has a relative (local) maximum value at (critical no- of ) if such that
is the maximum value of on the interval .
b) A function f has a relative (local) minimum value at (critical no- of ) if such that
is the minimum value of on the interval .
c) A value that is either a relative maximum or relative minimum value is called a relative (local)
extreme value.
2.1.First and second Derivative Test for Relative extreme value

Theorem 1: First Derivative Test (FDT)

 Let be continuous on I and let be a critical no-of in I.

i) If changes from positive to negative at , then is a relative (local) maximum value
of .
ii) If changes from negative to positive at c, then is a relative (local) minimum value
of .
 Steps that we use to find relative (local) extreme values.

Step 1: Find all critical no-s.

Step 2: Form sign chart for using the critical no-s as a boundary.

Step 3: Apply FDT and decide the answer.

Theorem 2: Second Derivative Test (SDT)

 Let be continuous on I, let be a critical no- of and

i) If , then is a relative (local) maximum value of .
ii) If , then is a relative (local) minimum value of .
iii) If , then we can’t draw any conclusion about a relative extreme value of at . So
in this case we apply FDT.

Example: Find the relative extreme values for the following functions using FDT and SDT.

a)

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 Solution:

3. Monotonic functions

Definition:

i) A function is said to be increasing on I iff

ii)A function is said to be decreasing on I iff

iii)A function which is either increasing or decreasing is called monotonic function. The interval
where is increasing or decreasing is said to be interval of monotone.

FDT for interval of monotone

Theorem: Let be continuous on I and differentiable at each interior point of I.

i) If for x in the interior of I and for at most a finite no- of points in I,

then is increasing on I.
ii) If for x in the interior of I and for at most a finite no- of points in I,
then is decreasing on I.
iii) If , for all x in the interior of I, then is constant on I.
 Steps that we use to determine interval of monotone of .
Step 1: Find all its critical no-s.
Step 2: Form the sign chart for using the critical no-s as a boundary.
Step 3: Read the required intervals from the sign chart.
Example: Find the interval of monotone of the following functions.
a)
Solution:

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 4. Concavity and Inflection points

Definition: Let be differentiable at b on I and be the line tangent to the graph of at The
graph of is

a) concave up ward at if there is an open interval which contains such that if is in

and then lies above and
b) concave down ward at if there is an open interval which contains b such that if is
in and , then lies below .

SDT for concavity

Theorem: Assume that exists on an open interval I.

a) If , then the graph of is concave up ward on I.

b) If , then the graph of is concave down ward on I.
 Steps that we use to find intervals of concavity.

Step 1: Find all the points where or .

Step 2: Form the sign chart for using the points obtained in step 1 as boundary.

Step 3: Apply SDT for concavity and decide.

Example: Find interval of concavity of the following functions.

a)

Solution:

Definition: A point on the graph of is continuous) is said to be an inflection point iff the graph of
changes its concavity.

OR: The point is an inflection point of if has opposite sign on different sides of i.e.
continuous at c)

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Example: Find the inflection points of the graph of the following functions.

a)

Solution:

Optimization problems

 Optimization is the process of optimizing ( i.e. either minimizing or maximizing) the values of a
given applied problem.

Example:

1. Find two no-s whose sum is 16 and whose product is as large as possible.
Answer:
2. Find the dimensions of the rectangle with maximum area whose perimeter is 12.
Answer:
3. Find the maximum volume of an open box with square base and total surface area of
. Answer: √
4. Find a point on the curve closest to the point (3,0) ?
Answer: (1,1)

Solution:

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 In determinant forms and L’Hopital’s Rules
a) If has the in

determinant form .

b) If has the

in determinant form

c) Other in determinant forms are … can converted in to the in

determinant form and then evaluate it by using L’Hopital’s Rule.

Theorem: and version of L’Hopital’s Rule

Let L be a real no- or . Suppose are differentiable on I and .

a) version of L’Hopital’s Rule

If and then .

b) version of L’Hopital’s Rule

If and then

Example: Find a)

d)

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