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ML Basics

Machine Learning (ML) is a subset of artificial intelligence that enables computers to learn from data patterns without explicit programming, using techniques such as supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. It has various applications including automation, data-driven decision-making, and personalization, but also faces challenges like overfitting and the need for high-quality datasets. To start learning ML, one should focus on programming in Python, understand basic math concepts, and engage in practical projects.

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Matheus Santana
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8 views3 pages

ML Basics

Machine Learning (ML) is a subset of artificial intelligence that enables computers to learn from data patterns without explicit programming, using techniques such as supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. It has various applications including automation, data-driven decision-making, and personalization, but also faces challenges like overfitting and the need for high-quality datasets. To start learning ML, one should focus on programming in Python, understand basic math concepts, and engage in practical projects.

Uploaded by

Matheus Santana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is Machine Learning (ML)?

Machine Learning is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) where computers learn


patterns from data without being explicitly programmed. Instead of writing rules,
you "train" models to make predictions or decisions.
Example:
•A spam filter learns to flag emails as "spam" or "not spam" by analyzing thousands
of labeled examples.
•Netflix recommends movies based on your watching history.

Why Should You Care?

•Automation: ML powers self-driving cars, chatbots, and fraud detection.


•Data-Driven Decisions: Businesses use ML to predict sales, customer behavior,
and risks.
•Personalization: Tailored ads, recommendations, and healthcare treatments.

Key Concepts Simplified

1.Dataset: Collection of examples used to train/test a model (e.g., house prices


with features like size, location).
2.Features: Input variables (e.g., age, income) used to make predictions.
3.Labels: Output you’re predicting (e.g., "spam" or "not spam").
4.Model: A mathematical equation or algorithm that maps features to labels.
5.Training: Adjusting the model to fit the data (like teaching a child with examples).

Types of Machine Learning

Type Description Example


Uses labeled data (input- Predicting house prices (regression) or
Supervised Learning
output pairs). classifying images (classification).
Finds patterns in unlabeled
Unsupervised Learning Customer segmentation, topic modeling.
data.
Learns by trial-and-error
Reinforcement Learning Training a robot to walk or play chess.
with rewards.
Self-Supervised/Semi- Mix of labeled and
Language models like ChatGPT.
Supervised unlabeled data.
Common ML Algorithms

Algorithm Use Case Intuition


"Draw the best-fit line through data
Linear Regression Predict numeric values (e.g., sales).
points."
Classification/regression with simple
Decision Trees "Ask yes/no questions to split data."
rules.
Neural Networks Complex patterns (images, speech). "Simulate brain neurons with layers."
k-Means
Group similar data points. "Find natural clusters in data."
Clustering
Improve accuracy by combining many
Random Forest "Wisdom of the crowd for predictions."
trees.

ML Workflow

1.Collect Data: Gather relevant, clean data.


2.Preprocess: Handle missing values, normalize features.
3.Train Model: Split data into training/testing sets.
4.Evaluate: Measure accuracy (e.g., precision, recall).
5.Deploy: Integrate the model into apps/APIs.

Pros vs. Cons of ML


Pros Cons
Automates repetitive tasks. Requires large, high-quality datasets.
Adapts to new data over time. "Black box" models can lack transparency.
Solves complex problems (e.g., image recognition). Biased data → biased predictions.

Real-World Applications

1.Healthcare: Diagnose diseases from X-rays.


2.Finance: Detect fraudulent transactions.
3.Retail: Recommend products (e.g., Amazon).
4.Autonomous Vehicles: Recognize pedestrians and traffic signs.

Challenges in ML

•Overfitting: Model memorizes training data but fails on new data.


•Underfitting: Model is too simple to capture patterns.
•Computational Cost: Training large models (e.g., GPT-4) requires massive
resources.
Tools & Frameworks

•Python Libraries: Scikit-learn (beginner-friendly), TensorFlow/PyTorch (deep


learning).
•AutoML: Tools like Google AutoML (simplify model building).
•Cloud Services: AWS SageMaker, Azure ML.

How to Start Learning ML

1.Learn Python: The go-to language for ML.


2.Math Basics: Statistics, linear algebra, calculus.
3.Courses:
•Andrew Ng’s ML Coursera Course (foundational).
•Fast.ai (practical deep learning).
4.Projects: Predict stock prices, classify handwritten digits, build a chatbot.

Key Terms to Know

•AI vs. ML vs. Deep Learning:


•AI: Broad field of machines mimicking human intelligence.
•ML: Subset of AI focused on data-driven learning.
•Deep Learning: Subset of ML using neural networks.
•Epoch: One full pass through the training data.
•Loss Function: Measures how wrong the model’s predictions are.

Summary

•Machine Learning = Teaching computers to learn from data.


•Core Types: Supervised (labeled data), unsupervised (patterns), reinforcement
(rewards).
•Start Simple: Use libraries like scikit-learn, focus on real-world projects.
•Ethics Matters: Always check for bias in data/models!

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