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1. USE AS INDICATORS
Certain test solutions are intended for use as acid-base indicators in volumetric analyses.
Such solutions should be so adjusted that when 0.15 mL of the indicator solution is added to
25 mL of carbon dioxide-free water, 0.25 mL of 0.02 N acid or alkali will produce the
characteristic color change. Similar solutions are intended for use in pH measurement.
Where no special directions for their preparation are given, the same solution is suitable for
both purposes.
2. VOLUMETRIC SOLUTIONS USED AS TEST SOLUTIONS
Where it is directed that a volumetric solution be used as the test solution in a qualitative
procedure, standardization of the solution used as the test solution is not required.
3. SOLUTIONS PREPARED FRESH
In general, the directive to prepare a solution “fresh” indicates that the solution is of limited
stability and must be prepared on the day of use.
Acetaldehyde TS—Mix 4 mL of acetaldehyde, 3 mL of alcohol, and 1 mL of water. Prepare
this solution fresh.
Acetate Buffer TS—Dissolve 320 g of ammonium acetate in 500 mL of water, add 5 mL of
glacial acetic acid, dilute with water to 1000.0 mL, and mix. This solution has a pH between
5.9 and 6.0.

Add the following:

1 M Acetic Acid TS—Transfer 57.4 mL of glacial acetic acid to a 1000-mL volumetric flask.
Dilute with water to volume. USP40

Add the following:

2 M Acetic Acid TS—Transfer 114.8 mL of glacial acetic acid to a 1000-mL volumetric flask.
Dilute with water to volume. USP40
Acetic Acid, Glacial, TS—Determine the water content of a specimen of glacial acetic acid
by the Titrimetric Method (see Water Determination 〈921〉). If the acid contains more than
0.4% of water, add a few mL of acetic anhydride, mix, allow to stand overnight, and again
determine the water content. If the acid contains less than 0.02% of water, add sufficient
water to make the final concentration between 0.02% and 0.4%, mix, allow to stand
overnight, and again determine the water content. Repeat the adjustment with acetic
anhydride or water, as necessary, until the resulting solution shows a water content of not
more than 0.4%.
Acetic Acid, Strong, TS—Add 300.0 mL of glacial acetic acid, and dilute with water to 1000
mL. This solution contains about 30% (v/v) of CH3COOH and has a concentration of about 5
N.
Acetic Acid–Ammonium Acetate Buffer TS—Dissolve 77.1 g of ammonium acetate in
water, add 57 mL of glacial acetic acid, and dilute with water to 1000 mL.
Acetone, Buffered, TS—Dissolve 8.15 g of sodium acetate and 42 g of sodium chloride in
about 100 mL of water, and add 68 mL of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid and 150 mL of acetone.
Mix, and dilute with water to 500 mL.
Acid Ferric Chloride TS—Mix 60 mL of glacial acetic acid with 5 mL of sulfuric acid, add 1
mL of ferric chloride TS, mix, and cool.
Acid Ferrous Sulfate TS—See Ferrous Sulfate, Acid, TS.
Acid Stannous Chloride TS—See Stannous Chloride, Acid, TS.
Acid Stannous Chloride TS, Stronger—See Stannous Chloride, Acid, Stronger, TS.
Albumen TS—Carefully separate the white from the yolk of a strictly fresh hen's egg. Shake
the white with 100 mL of water until mixed and all but the chalaza has undergone solution;
then filter. Prepare the solution fresh.

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Alcohol–Phenol TS—Dissolve 780 mg of phenol in alcohol to make 100 mL.

Alcoholic TS—It contains 95 parts of specially denaturated alcohol 3A with 5 parts of
isopropyl alcohol. The final concentrations are approximately 90% alcohol, 5% methanol, and
5% isopropanol.
[NOTE—A suitable grade is available as Reagent alcohol, catalog number R8382, available
at www.sigma-aldrich.com.]
Alcoholic Ammonia TS—See Ammonia TS, Alcoholic.
Alcoholic Mercuric Bromide TS—See Mercuric Bromide TS, Alcoholic.
Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide TS—See Potassium Hydroxide TS, Alcoholic.
Alkaline Cupric Citrate TS—See Cupric Citrate TS, Alkaline.
Alkaline Cupric Citrate TS 2—See Cupric Citrate TS 2, Alkaline.
Alkaline Cupric Iodide TS—See Cupric Iodide TS, Alkaline.
Alkaline Cupric Tartrate TS (Fehling's Solution)—See Cupric Tartrate TS, Alkaline.
Alkaline Mercuric–Potassium Iodide TS—See Mercuric–Potassium Iodide TS, Alkaline.
Alkaline Picrate TS—See Picrate TS, Alkaline.
Alkaline Sodium Hydrosulfite TS—See Sodium Hydrosulfite TS, Alkaline.
Amaranth TS—Dissolve 20 mg of amaranth in 10 mL of water.
Aminonaphtholsulfonic Acid TS—Accurately weigh 5 g of sodium sulfite, 94.3 g of sodium
bisulfite, and 700 mg of 1,2,4-aminonaphtholsulfonic acid, and mix. Prepare
aminonaphtholsulfonic acid TS fresh on the day of use by dissolving 1.5 g of the dry mixture
in 10 mL of water.
Ammonia TS—It contains between 9.5% and 10.5% of NH3. Prepare by diluting 350 mL of
Ammonia Water, Stronger (see in the section, Reagents) with water to make 1000 mL.
Ammonia TS 2—Prepare by diluting 13.5 mL of Ammonia Water, Stronger (see Reagent
Specifications in the section Reagents) with water to make 100 mL.
Ammonia TS, Alcoholic—A solution of ammonia gas in alcohol. Clear, colorless liquid having
a strong odor of ammonia. Specific gravity: about 0.80. It contains between 9% and 11% of
NH3. Store it in alkali-resistant containers, in a cold place.
Ammonia TS, Stronger—Use Ammonia Water, Stronger (see in the section Reagents).
Ammonia–Ammonium Chloride Buffer TS—Dissolve 67.5 g of ammonium chloride in
water, add 570 mL of ammonium hydroxide, and dilute with water to 1000 mL.
Ammonia–Cyanide TS—Dissolve 2 g of potassium cyanide in 15 mL of ammonium
hydroxide, and dilute with water to 100 mL.
Ammoniacal Potassium Ferricyanide TS—Dissolve 2 g of potassium ferricyanide in 75 mL
of water, add 25 mL of ammonium hydroxide, and mix.
Ammoniated Cupric Oxide TS—See Cupric Oxide, Ammoniated, TS.
Ammonium Acetate TS—Dissolve 10 g of ammonium acetate in water to make 100 mL.
Ammonium Carbonate TS—Dissolve 20 g of ammonium carbonate and 20 mL of ammonia
TS in water to make 100 mL.
Ammonium Carbonate TS 2—Prepare a 158-mg/mL solution of ammonium carbonate in
water.
Ammonium Chloride TS—Dissolve 10.5 g of ammonium chloride in water to make 100 mL.
Ammonium Chloride–Ammonium Hydroxide TS—Mix equal volumes of water and
ammonium hydroxide, and saturate with ammonium chloride.

Add the following:

1 M Ammonium Hydroxide TS—Transfer 67.6 mL of ammonium hydroxide to a 1000-mL
volumetric flask. Dilute with water to volume. USP40

Add the following:

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2 M Ammonium Hydroxide TS—Transfer 135 mL of ammonium hydroxide to a 1000-mL

volumetric flask. Dilute with water to volume. USP40
Ammonium Molybdate TS—Dissolve 6.5 g of finely powdered molybdic acid in a mixture of
14 mL of water and 14.5 mL of ammonium hydroxide. Cool the solution, and add it slowly,
with stirring, to a well-cooled mixture of 32 mL of nitric acid and 40 mL of water. Allow to
stand for 48 hours, and filter through a fine-porosity, sintered-glass crucible. This solution
deteriorates upon standing and is unsuitable for use if, upon the addition of 2 mL of dibasic
sodium phosphate TS to 5 mL of the solution, an abundant yellow precipitate does not form
at once or after slight warming. Store it in the dark. If a precipitate forms during storage, use
only the clear supernatant.
Ammonium Oxalate TS—Dissolve 3.5 g of ammonium oxalate in water to make 100 mL.
Ammonium Phosphate, Dibasic, TS (Ammonium Phosphate TS)—Dissolve 13 g of dibasic
ammonium phosphate in water to make 100 mL.
Ammonium Polysulfide TS—Yellow liquid, made by saturating ammonium sulfide TS with
sulfur.
Ammonium Pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate, Saturated, TS—Add about 10 g of ammonium
pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate to a 1000-mL volumetric flask, and dilute with water to volume.
Ammonium Reineckate TS—Shake about 500 mg of ammonium reineckate with 20 mL of
water frequently during 1 hour, and filter. Use within 2 days.
Ammonium Sulfide TS—Use ACS reagent-grade Ammonium Sulfide Solution.
Ammonium Thiocyanate TS—Dissolve 8 g of ammonium thiocyanate in water to make 100
mL.
Ammonium Vanadate TS—Dissolve 2.5 g of ammonium vanadate in 500 mL of boiling
water, cool, and add 20 mL of nitric acid. Mix, cool, and add water to make 1 L. Store in
polyethylene containers.
Anthrone TS—Within 12 hours of use, rapidly dissolve 35 mg of anthrone in a hot mixture of
35 mL of water and 65 mL of sulfuric acid. Immediately cool in an ice bath to room
temperature, and filter through glass wool. Allow the solution to stand at room temperature
for 30 minutes before use.
Antimony Trichloride TS—Dissolve 20 g of antimony trichloride in chloroform to make 100
mL. Filter if necessary.
10% Ascorbic Acid TS—Transfer 10 g of ascorbic acid to a 100-mL volumetric flask.
Dissolve in and dilute with water to volume.
Barium Chloride TS—Dissolve 12 g of barium chloride in water to make 100 mL.
Barium Hydroxide TS—A saturated solution of barium hydroxide in recently boiled water.
Prepare the solution fresh.
Barium Nitrate TS—Dissolve 6.5 g of barium nitrate in water to make 100 mL.
Betanaphthol TS—See 2-Naphthol TS.
Biuret Reagent TS—Dissolve 1.5 g of cupric sulfate and 6.0 g of potassium sodium tartrate
in 500 mL of water in a 1000-mL volumetric flask. Add 300 mL of carbonate-free sodium
hydroxide solution (1 in 10), dilute with carbonate-free sodium hydroxide solution (1 in 10) to
1000 mL, and mix.
Blue Tetrazolium TS—Dissolve 500 mg of blue tetrazolium in alcohol to make 100 mL.
Brilliant Blue G TS—Transfer 25 mg of brilliant blue G to a 100-mL volumetric flask, add
12.5 mL of alcohol and 25 mL of phosphoric acid, dilute with water to volume, and mix.
Bromine TS (Bromine Water)—A saturated solution of bromine, prepared by agitating 2 to 3
mL of bromine with 100 mL of cold water in a glass-stoppered bottle, the stopper of which
should be lubricated with petrolatum. Store it in a cold place, protected from light.
Bromine–Sodium Acetate TS—Dissolve 100 g of sodium acetate in 1000 mL of glacial
acetic acid, add 50 mL of bromine, and mix.

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p-Bromoaniline TS—Add 8 g of p-bromoaniline to a mixture of 380 mL of thiourea-saturated

glacial acetic acid, 10 mL of sodium chloride solution (1 in 5), 5 mL of oxalic acid solution (1
in 20), and 5 mL of dibasic sodium phosphate solution (1 in 10) in a low-actinic glass bottle.
Mix, and allow to stand overnight before using. Protect from light, and use within 7 days.
Bromocresol Blue TS—Use Bromocresol Green TS.
Bromocresol Green TS—Dissolve 50 mg of bromocresol green in 100 mL of alcohol, and
filter if necessary.
Bromocresol Green–Methyl Red TS—Dissolve 0.15 g of bromocresol green and 0.1 g of
methyl red in 180 mL of alcohol, and dilute with water to 200 mL.
Bromocresol Purple TS—Dissolve 250 mg of bromocresol purple in 20 mL of 0.05 N sodium
hydroxide, and dilute with water to 250 mL.
Bromophenol Blue TS—Dissolve 100 mg of bromophenol blue in 100 mL of diluted alcohol,
and filter if necessary.
Bromothymol Blue TS—Dissolve 100 mg of bromothymol blue in 100 mL of diluted alcohol,
and filter if necessary.
Buffered Acetone TS—See Acetone, Buffered, TS.
Calcium Chloride TS—Dissolve 7.5 g of calcium chloride in water to make 100 mL.
Calcium Hydroxide TS—Use Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution (USP monograph).
Calcium Sulfate TS—A saturated solution of calcium sulfate in water.
Ceric Ammonium Nitrate TS—Dissolve 6.25 g of ceric ammonium nitrate in 10 mL of 0.25
N nitric acid. Use within 3 days.
Chloral Hydrate TS—Dissolve 50 g of chloral hydrate in a mixture of 15 mL of water and 10
mL of glycerin.
Chlorine TS (Chlorine Water)—A saturated solution of chlorine in water. Place the solution in
small, completely filled, light-resistant containers. Chlorine TS, even when kept from light and
air, is apt to deteriorate. Store it in a cold, dark place. For full strength, prepare this solution
fresh.
Chromotropic Acid TS—Dissolve 50 mg of chromotropic acid or its disodium salt in 100 mL
of 75% sulfuric acid, which may be made by cautiously adding 75 mL of sulfuric acid to 33.3
mL of water.
Cobalt–Uranyl Acetate TS—Dissolve, with warming, 40 g of uranyl acetate in a mixture of
30 g of glacial acetic acid and sufficient water to make 500 mL. Similarly, prepare a solution
containing 200 g of cobaltous acetate in a mixture of 30 g of glacial acetic acid and sufficient
water to make 500 mL. Mix the two solutions while still warm, and cool to 20°. Maintain the
temperature at 20° for about 2 hours to separate the excess salts from solution, and then
pass through a dry filter.
Cobaltous Chloride TS—Dissolve 2 g of cobaltous chloride in 1 mL of hydrochloric acid and
sufficient water to make 100 mL.
Congo Red TS—Dissolve 500 mg of congo red in a mixture of 10 mL of alcohol and 90 mL of
water.
m-Cresol Purple TS—Dissolve 0.10 g of metacresol purple in 13 mL of 0.01 N sodium
hydroxide, dilute with water to 100 mL, and mix.
Cresol Red TS—Triturate 100 mg of cresol red in a mortar with 26.2 mL of 0.01 N sodium
hydroxide until solution is complete, then dilute the solution with water to 250 mL.
Cresol Red–Thymol Blue TS—Add 15 mL of thymol blue TS to 5 mL of cresol red TS, and
mix.
Crystal Violet TS—Dissolve 100 mg of crystal violet in 10 mL of glacial acetic acid.
Cupric Acetate TS—Dissolve 100 mg of cupric acetate in about 5 mL of water to which a few
drops of acetic acid have been added. Dilute to 100 mL, and filter, if necessary.

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Cupric Acetate TS, Stronger (Barfoed's Reagent)—Dissolve 13.3 g of cupric acetate in a

mixture of 195 mL of water and 5 mL of acetic acid.
Cupric-Ammonium Sulfate TS—To cupric sulfate TS add ammonia TS, dropwise, until the
precipitate initially formed is nearly but not completely dissolved. Allow to settle, and decant
the clear solution. Prepare this solution fresh.
Cupric Citrate TS—Dissolve 25 g of cupric sulfate, 50 g of citric acid, and 144 g of
anhydrous sodium carbonate in water, and dilute with water to 1000 mL.
Cupric Citrate TS, Alkaline—With the aid of heat, dissolve 173 g of dihydrated sodium
citrate and 117 g of monohydrated sodium carbonate in about 700 mL of water, and filter
through paper, if necessary, to obtain a clear solution. In a separate container dissolve 17.3 g
of cupric sulfate in about 100 mL of water, and slowly add this solution, with constant stirring,
to the first solution. Cool the mixture, add water to make 1000 mL, and mix.
Cupric Citrate TS 2, Alkaline—With the aid of heat, dissolve about 173 g of sodium citrate
dihydrate and 117 g of sodium carbonate monohydrate in about 700 mL of water, and filter.
In a second flask, dissolve about 27.06 g of cupric sulfate (CuSO4·5H2O) in about 100 mL of
water. Slowly combine the two solutions while stirring, and dilute with water to 1000 mL.
Cupric Iodide TS, Alkaline—Dissolve 7.5 g of cupric sulfate (CuSO4·5H2O) in about 100 mL
of water. In a separate container dissolve 25 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate, 20 g of
sodium bicarbonate, and 25 g of potassium sodium tartrate in about 600 mL of water. With
constant stirring, add the cupric sulfate solution to the bottom of the alkaline tartrate solution
by means of a funnel that touches the bottom of the container. Add 1.5 g of potassium iodide,
200 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate, 50 to 150 mL of 0.02 M potassium iodate, and sufficient
water to make 1000 mL.
Cupric Oxide, Ammoniated, TS (Schweitzer's Reagent)—Dissolve 10 g of cupric sulfate in
100 mL of water, add sufficient sodium hydroxide solution (1 in 5) to precipitate the copper
hydroxide, collect the latter on a filter, and wash free from sulfate with cold water. Dissolve
the precipitate, which must be kept wet during the entire process, in the minimum quantity of
ammonia TS necessary for complete solution.
Cupric Sulfate TS—Dissolve 12.5 g of cupric sulfate in water to make 100 mL.
Cupric Tartrate TS, Alkaline (Fehling's Solution)

THE COPPER SOLUTION (A): Dissolve 34.66 g of carefully selected, small crystals of cupric
sulfate, showing no trace of efflorescence of adhering moisture, in water to make 500 mL.
Store this solution in small, tight containers.

THE ALKALINE TARTRATE SOLUTION (B): Dissolve 173 g of crystallized potassium sodium
tartrate and 50 g of sodium hydroxide in water to make 500 mL. Store this solution in small,
alkali-resistant containers.
For use, mix exactly equal volumes of Solutions A and B at the time required.

Delafield's Hematoxylin TS—Prepare 400 mL of a saturated solution of ammonium alum

(Solution A). Dissolve 4 g of hematoxylin in 25 mL of alcohol, mix it with Solution A, and
allow it to stand for 4 days in a flask closed with a pledget of purified cotton and exposed to
light and air (Solution B). Then filter Solution B, and add to it a Solution C consisting of a
mixture of 100 mL of glycerin and 100 mL of methanol. Mix, and allow the mixture to stand in
a warm place, exposed to light, for 6 weeks until it becomes dark-colored. Store in tightly
stoppered bottles.
For use in staining endocrine tissue, dilute this test solution with an equal volume of water.
Denaturated Alcoholic TS—A specially denaturated alcohol containing either rubber
hydrocarbon solvent of heptane or toluene. [NOTE—A suitable grade is available from

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www.lyondell.com or from www.sasol.com, as Ethanol SDA 2B HEP 200, or Ethanol SDA 2B

TOL 200, or Ethanol SDA 2B TOL 190, or Alcohol SDA 2B-2.]
Denigès' Reagent—See Mercuric Sulfate TS.
Diazobenzenesulfonic Acid TS—Place in a beaker 1.57 g of sulfanilic acid, previously dried
at 105° for 3 hours, add 80 mL of water and 10 mL of diluted hydrochloric acid, and warm on
a steam bath until dissolved. Cool to 15° (some of the sulfanilic acid may separate but will
dissolve later), and add slowly, with constant stirring, 6.5 mL of sodium nitrite solution (1 in
10). Then dilute with water to 100 mL.
Dichlorofluorescein TS—Dissolve 100 mg of dichlorofluorescein in 60 mL of alcohol, add 2.5
mL of 0.1 N sodium hydroxide, mix, and dilute with water to 100 mL.
2,7-Dihydroxynaphthalene TS—Dissolve 100 mg of 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene in 1000 mL
of sulfuric acid, and allow the solution to stand until the yellow color disappears. If the
solution is very dark, discard it and prepare a new solution from a different supply of sulfuric
acid. This solution is stable for approximately 1 month if stored in a dark bottle.
Diiodofluorescein TS—Dissolve 500 mg of diiodofluorescein in a mixture of 75 mL of alcohol
and 30 mL of water.
Diluted Lead Subacetate TS—See Lead Subacetate TS, Diluted.
p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde TS—Dissolve 125 mg of p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in
a cooled mixture of 65 mL of sulfuric acid and 35 mL of water, and add 0.05 mL of ferric
chloride TS. Use within 7 days.
Dinitrophenylhydrazine TS—Carefully mix 10 mL of water and 10 mL of sulfuric acid, and
cool. To the mixture, contained in a glass-stoppered flask, add 2 g of
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, and shake until dissolved. To the solution add 35 mL of water,
mix, cool, and filter.
Diphenylamine TS—Dissolve 1.0 g of diphenylamine in 100 mL of sulfuric acid. The solution
should be colorless.
Diphenylcarbazone TS—Dissolve 1 g of crystalline diphenylcarbazone in 75 mL of alcohol,
then add alcohol to make 100 mL. Store in a brown bottle.
Dithizone TS—Dissolve 25.6 mg of dithizone in 100 mL of alcohol. Store in a cold place, and
use within 2 months.
Dragendorff's TS—Mix 850 mg of bismuth subnitrate with 40 mL of water and 10 mL of
glacial acetic acid (Solution A). Dissolve 8 g of potassium iodide in 20 mL of water (Solution
B). Mix equal portions of Solution A and Solution B to obtain a stock solution, which can be
stored for several months in a dark bottle. Mix 10 mL of the stock solution with 20 mL of
glacial acetic acid, and dilute with water to make 100 mL.
Edetate Disodium TS—Dissolve 1 g of edetate disodium in 950 mL of water, add 50 mL of
alcohol, and mix.

Add the following:

0.01 M Edetate Disodium TS—Transfer 100 mL of 0.1 M edetate disodium VS to a 1000-
mL volumetric flask. Dilute with water to volume. USP40
Eosin Y TS (adsorption indicator)—Dissolve 50 mg of eosin Y in 10 mL of water.
Eriochrome Black TS—Dissolve 200 mg of eriochrome black T and 2 g of hydroxylamine
hydrochloride in methanol to make 50 mL.
Eriochrome Cyanine TS—Dissolve 750 mg of eriochrome cyanine R in 200 mL of water, add
25 g of sodium chloride, 25 g of ammonium nitrate, and 2 mL of nitric acid, and dilute with
water to 1000 mL.
Fehling's Solution—See Cupric Tartrate TS, Alkaline.
Ferric Ammonium Sulfate TS—Dissolve 8 g of ferric ammonium sulfate in water to make
100 mL.

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Ferric Chloride TS—Dissolve 9 g of ferric chloride in water to make 100 mL.

Ferroin TS—Dissolve 0.7 g of ferrous sulfate and 1.76 g of o-phenanthroline
monohydrochloride monohydrate in water, and dilute with water to 100 mL.
Ferrous Sulfate TS—Dissolve 8 g of clear crystals of ferrous sulfate in about 100 mL of
recently boiled and thoroughly cooled water. Prepare this solution fresh.
Ferrous Sulfate, Acid, TS—Dissolve 7 g of ferrous sulfate crystals in 90 mL of recently
boiled and thoroughly cooled water, and add sulfuric acid to make 100 mL. Prepare this
solution immediately prior to use.
Folin-Ciocalteu Phenol TS—Into a 1500-mL flask introduce 100 g of sodium tungstate, 25 g
of sodium molybdate, 700 mL of water, 50 mL of phosphoric acid, and 100 mL of hydrochloric
acid. Gently reflux the mixture for about 10 hours, and add 150 g of lithium sulfate, 50 mL of
water, and a few drops of bromine. Boil the mixture, without the condenser, for about 15
minutes, or until the excess bromine is expelled. Cool, dilute with water to 1 L, and filter: the
filtrate has no greenish tint. Before use, dilute 1 part of the filtrate with 1 part of water. When
used for protein determination (i.e., Lowry assay), this reagent must be further diluted (1:5)
with water. See Method 2 in Total Protein Assay under Biotechnology-Derived Articles—Total
Protein Assay 〈1057〉.
Formaldehyde TS—Use Formaldehyde Solution (see in the section Reagents).
Fuchsin–Pyrogallol TS—Dissolve 100 mg of basic fuchsin in 50 mL of water that previously
has been boiled for 15 minutes and allowed to cool slightly. Cool, add 2 mL of a saturated
solution of sodium bisulfite, mix, and allow to stand for not less than 3 hours. Add 0.9 mL of
hydrochloric acid, mix, and allow to stand overnight. Add 100 mg of pyrogallol, shake until
solution is effected, and dilute with water to 100 mL. Store in an amber-colored glass bottle
in a refrigerator.
Fuchsin–Sulfurous Acid TS—Dissolve 200 mg of basic fuchsin in 120 mL of hot water, and
allow the solution to cool. Add a solution of 2 g of anhydrous sodium sulfite in 20 mL of
water, then add 2 mL of hydrochloric acid. Dilute the solution with water to 200 mL, and allow
to stand for at least 1 hour. Prepare this solution fresh.
Gastric Fluid, Simulated, TS—Dissolve 2.0 g of sodium chloride and 3.2 g of purified
pepsin, that is derived from porcine stomach mucosa, with an activity of 800 to 2500 units
per mg of protein, in 7.0 mL of hydrochloric acid and sufficient water to make 1000 mL.
[NOTE—Pepsin activity is described in the Food Chemicals Codex specifications under General
Tests and Assays.] This test solution has a pH of about 1.2.
Gelatin TS (for the assay of Corticotropin Injection)—Dissolve 340 g of acid-treated
precursor gelatin (Type A) in water to make 1000 mL. Heat the solution in an autoclave at
115° for 30 minutes after the exhaust line temperature has reached 115°. Cool the solution,
and add 10 g of phenol and 1000 mL of water. Store in tight containers in a refrigerator.
Glacial Acetic Acid TS—See Acetic Acid, Glacial, TS.
Glucose Oxidase–Chromogen TS—A solution containing, in each mL, 0.5 µmol of
4-aminoantipyrine, 22.0 µmol of sodium p-hydroxybenzoate, not less than 7.0 units of
glucose oxidase, and not less than 0.5 units of peroxidase, and buffered to a pH of 7.0 ± 0.1.

SUITABILITY: When used for determining glucose in Inulin, ascertain that no significant
color results by reaction with fructose, and that a suitable absorbance-versus-concentration
slope is obtained with glucose.
[NOTE—Glucose oxidase can be from Aspergillus niger.]

Glycerin Base TS—To 200 g of glycerin add water to bring the total weight to 235 g. Add
140 mL of 1 N sodium hydroxide and 50 mL of water.
Gold Chloride TS—Dissolve 1 g of gold chloride in 35 mL of water.

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0.001 N Hydrochloric Acid TS—Transfer 1.0 mL of 1 N hydrochloric acid VS to a 1000-mL

volumetric flask and dilute with water to volume.

Add the following:

0.01 N Hydrochloric Acid TS—Transfer 100 mL of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid VS to a 1000-
mL volumetric flask. Dilute with water to volume. USP40

Add the following:

0.025 N Hydrochloric Acid TS—Transfer 25 mL of 1 N hydrochloric acid VS to a 1000-mL
volumetric flask. Dilute with water to volume. USP40

Add the following:

0.05 N Hydrochloric Acid TS—Transfer 4.1 mL of hydrochloric acid to a 1000-mL
volumetric flask containing about 500 mL of water. Cool and dilute with water to volume.
USP40
0.06 N Hydrochloric Acid TS—Transfer 20.0 mL of 3 N hydrochloric acid TS to a 1000-mL
volumetric flask. Dilute with water to volume.
0.36 N Hydrochloric Acid TS—Transfer 120 mL of 3 N hydrochloric acid TS to a 1000-mL
volumetric flask. Dilute with water to volume.
2 N Hydrochloric Acid TS—Transfer 17.0 mL of hydrochloric acid to a 100-mL volumetric
flask containing about 50 mL of water. Cool and dilute with water to volume.
3 N Hydrochloric Acid TS—Transfer 246 mL of hydrochloric acid to a 1000-mL volumetric
flask containing about 500 mL of water. Cool and dilute with water to volume.
6 N Hydrochloric Acid TS—Slowly transfer 49.8 mL of hydrochloric acid to a 100-mL
volumetric flask containing about 45 mL of water. Cool and dilute with water to volume.
Hydrogen Peroxide TS—Use Hydrogen Peroxide Topical Solution (USP monograph).
Hydrogen Sulfide TS—A saturated solution of hydrogen sulfide, made by passing H2S into
cold water. Store it in small, dark amber-colored bottles, filled nearly to the top. It is
unsuitable unless it possesses a strong odor of H2S, and unless it produces at once a copious
precipitate of sulfur when added to an equal volume of ferric chloride TS. Store in a cold, dark
place.
Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride TS—Dissolve 3.5 g of hydroxylamine hydrochloride in 95 mL
of 60% alcohol, and add 0.5 mL of bromophenol blue solution (1 in 1000 of alcohol) and 0.5
N alcoholic potassium hydroxide until a greenish tint develops in the solution. Then add 60%
alcohol to make 100 mL.
8-Hydroxyquinoline TS—Dissolve 5 g of 8-hydroxyquinoline in alcohol to make 100 mL.
Indigo Carmine TS (Sodium Indigotindisulfonate TS)—Dissolve a quantity of sodium
indigotindisulfonate, equivalent to 180 mg of C16H8N2O2(SO3Na)2, in water to make 100 mL.
Use within 60 days.
Indophenol–Acetate TS (for the assay of Corticotropin Injection)—To 60 mL of standard
dichlorophenol-indophenol solution (see in the section Volumetric Solutions) add water to
make 250 mL. Add to the resulting solution an equal volume of sodium acetate solution
freshly prepared by dissolving 13.66 g of anhydrous sodium acetate in water to make 500 mL
and adjusting with 0.5 N acetic acid to a pH of 7. Store in a refrigerator, and use within 2
weeks.
Intestinal Fluid, Simulated, TS—Dissolve 6.8 g of monobasic potassium phosphate in 250
mL of water, mix, and add 77 mL of 0.2 N sodium hydroxide and 500 mL of water. Add 10.0
g of pancreatin, mix, and adjust the resulting solution with either 0.2 N sodium hydroxide or
0.2 N hydrochloric acid to a pH of 6.8 ± 0.1. Dilute with water to 1000 mL.
Iodine TS—Use 0.1 N Iodine (see in the section Volumetric Solutions).
Iodine, Diluted TS: Transfer 10.0 mL of 0.1 N iodine VS to a 100-mL volumetric flask, dilute
with water to volume, and mix.

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Iodine Monochloride TS—Dissolve 10 g of potassium iodide and 6.44 g of potassium iodate

in 75 mL of water in a glass-stoppered container. Add 75 mL of hydrochloric acid and 5 mL of
chloroform, and adjust to a faint iodine color (in the chloroform) by adding dilute potassium
iodide or potassium iodate solution. If much iodine is liberated, use a stronger solution of
potassium iodate than 0.01 M at first, making the final adjustment with the 0.01 M potassium
iodate. Store in a dark place, and readjust to a faint iodine color as necessary.
Iodine and Potassium Iodide TS 1—Dissolve 500 mg of iodine and 1.5 g of potassium
iodide in 25 mL of water.
Iodine and Potassium Iodide TS 2—Dissolve 12.7 g of iodine and 20 g of potassium iodide
in water, and dilute with water to 1000.0 mL. To 10.0 mL of this solution, add 0.6 g of
potassium iodide, and dilute with water to 100.0 mL. Prepare immediately before use.
Iodine and Potassium Iodide TS 3—Dissolve 0.127 g of iodine and 0.20 g of potassium
iodide in water, and dilute with water to 10.0 mL.
Iodobromide TS—Dissolve 20 g of iodine monobromide in glacial acetic acid to make 1000
mL. Store in glass containers, protected from light.
Iodochloride TS—Dissolve 16.5 g of iodine monochloride in 1000 mL of glacial acetic acid.
Iodoplatinate TS—Dissolve 300 mg of platinic chloride in 97 mL of water. Immediately prior
to use, add 3.5 mL of potassium iodide TS, and mix.
Iron–Phenol TS (Iron-Kober Reagent)—Dissolve 1.054 g of ferrous ammonium sulfate in 20
mL of water, and add 1 mL of sulfuric acid and 1 mL of 30 percent hydrogen peroxide. Mix,
heat until effervescence ceases, and dilute with water to 50 mL. To 3 volumes of this solution
contained in a volumetric flask add sulfuric acid, with cooling, to make 100 volumes. Purify
phenol by distillation, discarding the first 10% and the last 5%, collecting the distillate, with
exclusion of moisture, in a dry, tared glass-stoppered flask of about twice the volume of the
phenol. Solidify the phenol in an ice bath, breaking the top crust with a glass rod to ensure
complete crystallization. Weigh the flask and its contents, add to the phenol 1.13 times its
weight of the iron–sulfuric acid solution prepared as directed, insert the stopper in the flask,
and allow to stand, without cooling but with occasional mixing, until the phenol is liquefied.
Shake the mixture vigorously until mixed, allow to stand in the dark for 16 to 24 hours, and
again weigh the flask and its contents. To the mixture add 23.5% of its weight of a solution of
100 volumes of sulfuric acid in 110 volumes of water, mix, transfer to dry glass-stoppered
bottles, and store in the dark, protected from atmospheric moisture. Use within 6 months.
Dispense the reagent from a small-bore buret, arranged to exclude moisture, capable of
delivering 1 mL in 30 seconds or less, and having no lubricant, other than reagent, on its
stopcock. Wipe the buret tip with tissue before each addition.
Iron Salicylate TS—Dissolve 500 mg of ferric ammonium sulfate in 250 mL of water
containing 10 mL of diluted sulfuric acid, and add water to make 500 mL. To 100 mL of the
resulting solution add 50 mL of a 1.15% solution of sodium salicylate, 20 mL of diluted acetic
acid, and 80 mL of a 13.6% solution of sodium acetate, then add water to make 500 mL.
Store in a well-closed container. Protect from light. Use within 2 weeks.
Lanthanum Nitrate TS—Dissolve 5.0 g of lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate in 100 mL of
water.
Lead Acetate TS—Dissolve 9.5 g of clear, transparent crystals of lead acetate in recently
boiled water to make 100 mL. Store in well-stoppered bottles.
Lead Acetate TS, Alcoholic—Dissolve 2 g of clear, transparent crystals of lead acetate in
alcohol to make 100 mL. Store in tight containers.
Lead Nitrate Stock Solution TS—Dissolve 159.8 mg of lead nitrate in 100 mL of water to
which 1 mL of nitric acid has been added, then dilute with water to 1000 mL. Prepare and
store this solution in glass containers free from soluble lead salts.

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Lead Subacetate TS—Dissolve 40.0 g of lead acetate in 90 mL of carbon dioxide-free water.

Adjust with 10 M sodium hydroxide to a pH of 7.5, centrifuge, and use the clear supernatant.
It contains NLT 16.7% (w/w) and NMT 17.4% (w/w) of Pb in a form corresponding to the
formula C8H14O10Pb3. The solution remains clear when stored in a well-closed container.
Lead Subacetate TS, Diluted—Dilute 3.25 mL of lead subacetate TS with water, recently
boiled and cooled, to make 100 mL. Store in small, well-filled, tight containers.
Litmus TS—Digest 25 g of powdered litmus with three successive 100-mL portions of boiling
alcohol, continuing each extraction for about 1 hour. Filter, wash with alcohol, and discard the
alcohol filtrate. Macerate the residue with about 25 mL of cold water for 4 hours, filter, and
discard the filtrate. Finally digest the residue with 125 mL of boiling water for 1 hour, cool,
and filter.
Locke-Ringer's Solution—See Locke-Ringer's TS.
Locke-Ringer's TS (Locke-Ringer's Solution)
Sodium Chloride 9.0 g

Potassium Chloride 0.42 g

Calcium Chloride 0.24 g

Magnesium Chloride 0.2 g

Sodium Bicarbonate 0.5 g

Dextrose 0.5 g

Water, recently distilled from a hard-glass flask, a sufficient quantity to 1000

make mL
Prepare fresh each day. The constituents (except the dextrose and the sodium bicarbonate)
may be made up in stock solutions and diluted as needed.
Magnesia Mixture TS—Dissolve 5.5 g of magnesium chloride and 7 g of ammonium chloride
in 65 mL of water, add 35 mL of ammonia TS, set the mixture aside for a few days in a well-
stoppered bottle, and filter. If the solution is not perfectly clear, filter it before using.
Magnesium Sulfate TS—Dissolve 12 g of crystals of magnesium sulfate, selected for
freedom from efflorescence, in water to make 100 mL.
Malachite Green TS—Dissolve 1 g of malachite green oxalate in 100 mL of glacial acetic
acid.
Mallory's Stain—Dissolve 500 mg of water-soluble aniline blue, 2 g of orange G, and 2 g of
oxalic acid in 100 mL of water.
Mayer's Reagent—See Mercuric–Potassium Iodide TS.
Mercuric Acetate TS—Dissolve 6.0 g of mercuric acetate in glacial acetic acid to make 100
mL. Store in tight containers, protected from direct sunlight.
Mercuric–Ammonium Thiocyanate TS—Dissolve 30 g of ammonium thiocyanate and 27 g
of mercuric chloride in water to make 1000 mL.
Mercuric Bromide TS, Alcoholic—Dissolve 5 g of mercuric bromide in 100 mL of alcohol,
employing gentle heat to facilitate solution. Store in glass containers, protected from light.
Mercuric Chloride TS—Dissolve 6.5 g of mercuric chloride in water to make 100 mL.
Mercuric Iodide TS (Valser's Reagent)—Slowly add potassium iodide solution (1 in 10) to
red mercuric iodide until almost all of the latter is dissolved, and filter off the excess. A
solution containing 10 g of potassium iodide in 100 mL dissolves approximately 14 g of HgI2
at 20°.
Mercuric Nitrate TS—Dissolve 40 g of mercuric oxide (red or yellow) in a mixture of 32 mL
of nitric acid and 15 mL of water. Store in glass containers, protected from light.

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Mercuric–Potassium Iodide TS (Mayer's Reagent)—Dissolve 1.358 g of mercuric chloride

in 60 mL of water. Dissolve 5 g of potassium iodide in 10 mL of water. Mix the two solutions,
and dilute with water to 100 mL.
Mercuric–Potassium Iodide TS, Alkaline (Nessler's Reagent)—Dissolve 143 g of sodium
hydroxide in 700 mL of water. Dissolve 50 g of red mercuric iodide and 40 g of potassium
iodide in 200 mL of water. Pour the iodide solution into the hydroxide solution, and dilute with
water to 1000 mL. Allow to settle, and use the clear supernatant.
Mercuric Sulfate TS (Denigès' Reagent)—Mix 5 g of yellow mercuric oxide with 40 mL of
water, and while stirring slowly add 20 mL of sulfuric acid, then add another 40 mL of water,
and stir until completely dissolved.
Mercurous Nitrate TS—Dissolve 15 g of mercurous nitrate in a mixture of 90 mL of water
and 10 mL of diluted nitric acid. Store in dark, amber-colored bottles in which a small globule
of mercury has been placed.
Metaphenylenediamine Hydrochloride TS—Dissolve 1 g of metaphenylenediamine
hydrochloride in 200 mL of water. The solution must be colorless when used. If necessary,
decolorize by heating with activated charcoal.
Metaphosphoric–Acetic Acids TS—Dissolve 15 g of metaphosphoric acid in 40 mL of glacial
acetic acid and sufficient water to make 500 mL. Store in a cold place, and use within 2 days.
Methoxyphenylacetic TS—Dissolve 2.7 g of methoxyphenylacetic acid in 6 mL of
Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide TS, and add 20 mL of dehydrated alcohol. Store in a
polyethylene container.
Methyl Orange TS—Dissolve 100 mg of methyl orange in 100 mL of water, and filter if
necessary.
Methyl Purple TS—Use Methyl Red–Methylene Blue TS.
Methyl Red TS—Dissolve 100 mg of methyl red in 100 mL of alcohol, and filter if necessary.
Methyl Red TS 2—To 1.86 mL of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide and 50 mL of alcohol, add 50 mg
of methyl red, and dilute with water to 100 mL.
Methyl Red TS, Methanolic—Dissolve 1 g of methyl red in 100 mL of methanol, and filter, if
necessary. Store protected from light, and use within 21 days.
Methyl Red–Methylene Blue TS—Add 10 mL of methyl red TS to 10 mL of methylene blue
TS, and mix.
Methyl Violet TS—Use Crystal Violet TS.
Methyl Yellow TS: Prepare a solution containing 0.10 mg per mL in alcohol.
Methyl Yellow–Methylene Blue TS—Dissolve 1 g of methyl yellow and 100 mg of
methylene blue in 125 mL of methanol.
3-Methyl-2-benzothiazolinone Hydrazone Hydrochloride TS—Dissolve 0.1 g of
3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride monohydrate in 10 mL of water,
dilute the resulting solution with methanol to 100 mL, and mix.
Methylene Blue TS—Dissolve 125 mg of methylene blue in 100 mL of alcohol, and dilute
with alcohol to 250 mL.
Methylthionine Perchlorate TS—To 500 mL of potassium perchlorate solution (1 in 1000)
add dropwise, with constant shaking, methylene blue solution (1 in 100) until a slight,
permanent turbidity results. Allow the precipitate to settle, decant the supernatant through
paper, and use only the clear solution.
Millon's Reagent—To 2 mL of mercury in a conical flask add 20 mL of nitric acid. Shake the
flask under a hood to break up the mercury into small globules. After about 10 minutes, add
35 mL of water, and, if a precipitate or crystals appear, add sufficient dilute nitric acid (1 in 5,
prepared from nitric acid from which the oxides have been removed by blowing air through it
until it is colorless) to dissolve the separated solid. Add sodium hydroxide solution (1 in 10)
dropwise, with thorough mixing, until the curdy precipitate that forms after the addition of

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each drop no longer redissolves but is dispersed to form a suspension. Add 5 mL more of the
dilute nitric acid, and mix. Prepare this solution fresh.
Molybdo-phosphotungstate TS (Folin-Denis Reagent)—To about 350 mL of water
contained in a round-bottom flask add 50 g of sodium tungstate, 12 g of phosphomolybdic
acid, and 25 mL of phosphoric acid. Boil the mixture under a reflux condenser for 2 hours,
then cool, dilute with water to 500 mL, and mix. Store in tight containers, protected from
light, and in a cold place.
1-Naphthol Reagent—Dissolve 1 g of 1-naphthol in 25 mL of methanol. Prepare this
solution fresh.
1-Naphthol TS—Use 1-Naphthol Reagent.
2-Naphthol TS (Betanaphthol TS)—Dissolve 1 g of 2-naphthol in 100 mL of sodium
hydroxide solution (1 in 100).
p-Naphtholbenzein TS—Dissolve 250 mg of p-naphtholbenzein in 100 mL of glacial acetic
acid.
N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine Dihydrochloride TS—Dissolve 100 mg of
N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride in 100 mL of a mixture of 7 parts of acetone
and 3 parts of water.
Nessler's Reagent—See Mercuric–Potassium Iodide TS, Alkaline.
Neutral Red TS—Dissolve 100 mg of neutral red in 100 mL of 50% alcohol.
Nickel Standard Solution TS—Dissolve 4.78 g of nickel (II) sulfate heptahydrate in water,
and dilute with water to 1000 mL. Immediately prior to use, dilute 10.0 mL of the solution so
obtained with water to 1000 mL. Suitable nickel standard solutions are also available
commercially.
Ninhydrin TS—Use Triketohydrindene Hydrate TS.
0.01 N Nitric Acid TS—Transfer 10.0 mL of 1 N nitric acid TS to a 1000-mL volumetric flask.
Dilute with water to volume.
0.2 N Nitric Acid TS—Slowly transfer 12.7 mL of nitric acid to a 1000-mL volumetric flask
containing about 250 mL of water. Cool and dilute with water to volume.
1 N Nitric Acid TS—Transfer 63.7 mL of nitric acid to a 1000-mL volumetric flask containing
about 250 mL of water. Cool and dilute with water to volume.
2 N Nitric Acid TS—Transfer 12.74 mL of nitric acid slowly to a 100-mL volumetric flask
containing about 40 mL of water. Cool and dilute with water to volume.
p-Nitroaniline TS—To 350 mg of p-nitroaniline add 1.5 mL of hydrochloric acid, and mix.
Dilute with water to 50 mL, mix, and allow to settle. Place 5 mL of the clear supernatant in a
100-mL volumetric flask, and immerse it in an ice bath. While it is in the ice bath, add 1 mL
of hydrochloric acid, then add, in small portions, 2 mL of sodium nitrite solution (1 in 100),
dilute with water to volume, and mix.
Nitrophenanthroline TS—Dissolve 150 mg of 5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline in 15 mL of
freshly prepared ferrous sulfate solution (1 in 140).
Oracet Blue B TS—A 1 in 200 solution of oracet blue B in glacial acetic acid.
Orthophenanthroline TS—Dissolve 150 mg of orthophenanthroline in 10 mL of a solution of
ferrous sulfate, prepared by dissolving 700 mg of ferrous sulfate in 100 mL of water. The
ferrous sulfate solution must be prepared immediately before dissolving the
orthophenanthroline. Store in well-closed containers.
Oxalic Acid TS—Dissolve 6.3 g of oxalic acid in water to make 100 mL.
Palladium Chloride TS, Buffered—Weigh 500 mg of palladium chloride into a 250-mL
beaker, add 5 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid, and warm the mixture on a steam bath.
Add 200 mL of hot water in small increments with continued heating until solution is
complete. Transfer the solution to a 250-mL volumetric flask, and dilute with water to

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volume. Transfer 50 mL to a 100-mL volumetric flask. Add 10 mL of 1 M sodium acetate and

9.6 mL of 1 N hydrochloric acid. Dilute with water to volume.
Perchloric Acid TS—Dilute 8.5 mL of perchloric acid with water to 100 mL.
Phenol TS—Dissolve 1.2 g of phenol in alcohol to make 10 mL. Prepare weekly.
Phenol Red TS (Phenolsulfonphthalein TS)—Dissolve 100 mg of phenolsulfonphthalein in 100
mL of alcohol, and filter if necessary.
pH 4.7 Phenol Red TS—Dissolve 33 mg of phenolsulfonphthalein in 1.5 mL of 2 N sodium
hydroxide solution, dilute with water to 100 mL, and mix (Solution A). Dissolve 25 mg of
ammonium sulfate in 235 mL of water, add 105 mL of 2 N sodium hydroxide solution and 135
mL of 2 N acetic acid, and mix (Solution B). Add 25 mL of Solution A to Solution B, and mix.
If necessary, adjust the pH of this solution to 4.7.
Phenoldisulfonic Acid TS—Dissolve 2.5 g of phenol in 15 mL of sulfuric acid in a flask of
suitable capacity. Add 7.5 mL of fuming sulfuric acid, stir well, and heat at 100° for 2 hours.
Transfer the product, while still fluid, to a glass-stoppered bottle, and, when desired for use,
warm in a water bath until liquefied.
Phenolphthalein TS—Dissolve 1 g of phenolphthalein in 100 mL of alcohol.
Phenylhydrazine Acetate TS—Dissolve 10 mL of phenylhydrazine and 5 mL of glacial acetic
acid in water to make 100 mL.
Phenylhydrazine–Sulfuric Acid TS—Dissolve 65 mg of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride in
100 mL of a cooled mixture of equal volumes of sulfuric acid and water.
Phloroglucinol TS—Dissolve 500 mg of phloroglucinol in 25 mL of alcohol. Store in tight
containers, protected from light.
Phosphatic Enzyme TS—Dissolve 5 g of phosphatic enzyme in water to make 50 mL.
Prepare this solution fresh.
Phosphomolybdic Acid TS—Dissolve 20 g of phosphomolybdic acid in alcohol to make 100
mL. Filter the solution, and use only the clear filtrate.

Add the following:

0.05 M Phosphoric Acid TS—Transfer 3.4 mL of phosphoric acid to a 1000-mL volumetric
flask containing about 500 mL of water. Cool and dilute with water to volume. USP40

Add the following:

0.06 M Phosphoric Acid TS—Transfer 4.2 mL of phosphoric acid to a volumetric flask
containing about 500 mL of water. Cool and dilute with water to volume. USP40

Add the following:

1 N Phosphoric Acid TS—To a 1000-mL volumetric flask containing about 800 mL of
water, slowly add 22.8 mL of phosphoric acid. Cool and dilute with water to volume. USP40
10% Phosphoric Acid TS—Transfer 7 mL of phosphoric acid to a 100-mL volumetric flask
containing about 50 mL of water. Cool and dilute with water to volume.

Add the following:

20% Phosphoric Acid TS—Transfer 14 mL of phosphoric acid to a 100-mL volumetric flask
containing about 50 mL of water. Cool and dilute with water to volume. USP40
Phosphotungstic Acid TS—Dissolve 1 g of phosphotungstic acid in water to make 100 mL.
Picrate TS, Alkaline—Mix 20 mL of trinitrophenol solution (1 in 100) with 10 mL of sodium
hydroxide solution (1 in 20), dilute with water to 100 mL, and mix. Use within 2 days.
Picric Acid TS—See Trinitrophenol TS.
Platinic Chloride TS—Dissolve 2.6 g of platinic chloride in water to make 20 mL.
Platinum–Cobalt TS—Dissolve 1.246 g of potassium chloroplatinate (K2PtCl6) and 1.000 g of
cobalt chloride (CoCl2·6H2O) in water, add 100 mL of hydrochloric acid, and dilute with water
to 1 L.

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Potassium Acetate TS—Dissolve 10 g of potassium acetate in water to make 100 mL.

Potassium–Bismuth Iodide TS—Dissolve 12.5 g of tartaric acid in 25 mL of water, then
dissolve 1.06 g of bismuth subnitrate in this mixture (Solution A). Dissolve 20 g of potassium
iodide in 25 mL of water (Solution B). Dissolve 100 g of tartaric acid in 450 mL of water
(Solution C). Add Solutions A and B to Solution C, and mix.
Potassium Carbonate TS—Dissolve 7 g of anhydrous potassium carbonate in water to make
100 mL.
Potassium Chromate TS—Dissolve 10 g of potassium chromate in water to make 100 mL.
Potassium Dichromate TS—Dissolve 7.5 g of potassium dichromate in water to make 100
mL.
Potassium Ferricyanide TS—Dissolve 1 g of potassium ferricyanide in 10 mL of water.
Prepare this solution fresh.
Potassium Ferrocyanide TS—Dissolve 1 g of potassium ferrocyanide in 10 mL of water.
Prepare this solution fresh.
Potassium Hydroxide TS—Dissolve 6.5 g of potassium hydroxide in water to make 100 mL.

Add the following:

1.8 N Potassium Hydroxide TS—Dissolve 101 g of potassium hydroxide in about 800 mL
of water. Cool and dilute with water to 1000 mL. USP40
2 N Potassium Hydroxide TS—Dissolve 112.2 g of potassium hydroxide in about 800 mL of
water. Cool and dilute with water to 1000 mL.

Add the following:

45% Potassium Hydroxide TS—Transfer 53 g of potassium hydroxide to a 100-mL
volumetric flask. Dissolve in and dilute with water to volume. USP40
Potassium Hydroxide TS, Alcoholic—Use 0.5 N Potassium Hydroxide, Alcoholic (see in the
section Volumetric Solutions).
Potassium Hydroxide TS 2, Alcoholic—Dissolve 130 g of potassium hydroxide, with
cooling, in 200 mL of water. Add alcohol to 1000 mL. Store in a well-stoppered dark glass
bottle.
Potassium Iodide TS—Dissolve 16.5 g of potassium iodide in water to make 100 mL. Store
in light-resistant containers.
20% Potassium Iodide TS—Transfer 20 g of potassium iodide to a 100-mL volumetric
flask. Dissolve in and dilute with water to volume.
Potassium Iodide and Starch TS: Dissolve 0.75 g of potassium iodide in 100 mL of water.
Heat to boiling, and add, with stirring, a solution of 0.5 g of soluble starch in 35 mL of water.
Boil for 2 minutes, and allow to cool.

SENSITIVITY: Mix 15 mL in 0.05 mL of glacial acetic acid and 0.3 mL of diluted iodine TS: a
blue color is produced.

Potassium Iodoplatinate TS—Dissolve 200 mg of platinic chloride in 2 mL of water, mix

with 25 mL of potassium iodide solution (1 in 25), and add water to make 50 mL.
Potassium Permanganate TS—Use 0.1 N Potassium Permanganate (see in the section
Volumetric Solutions).

Add the following:

0.02 M Monobasic Potassium Phosphate TS—Transfer 2.72 g of monobasic potassium
phosphate to a 1000-mL volumetric flask. Dissolve in and dilute with water to volume. USP40

Add the following:

0.2 M Dibasic Potassium Phosphate TS—Transfer 34.83 g of dibasic potassium
phosphate to a 1000-mL volumetric flask. Dissolve in and dilute with water to volume. USP40

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Potassium Pyroantimonate TS—Dissolve 2 g of potassium pyroantimonate in 85 mL of hot

water. Cool quickly, and add 50 mL of a solution containing 50 mg/mL of potassium
hydroxide in water and 1 mL of sodium hydroxide solution (8.5 in 100). Allow to stand for 24
h, filter, and dilute with water to 150 mL.
Potassium Sulfate TS—Dissolve 1 g of potassium sulfate in water to make 100 mL.
Potassium Thiocyanate TS: Dissolve 9.7 g of potassium thiocyanate in water to make 100
mL.
Pyridine–Pyrazolone TS—To 100 mL of a saturated solution of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-2-
pyrazoline-5-one add 20 mL of a 1 in 1000 solution of 3,3′-dimethyl-1,1′-diphenyl-[4,4′-bi-2-
pyrazoline]-5,5′-dione in pyridine. Store in a dark bottle, and use within 3 days.
Pyrogallol TS, Alkaline—Dissolve 500 mg of pyrogallol in 2 mL of water. Dissolve 12 g of
potassium hydroxide in 8 mL of water. The solutions should be freshly prepared and mixed
immediately before use.
Quinaldine Red TS—Dissolve 100 mg of quinaldine red in 100 mL of alcohol.
Quinone TS—Dissolve 500 mg of p-benzoquinone in 2.5 mL of glacial acetic acid, and dilute
with alcohol to 50 mL. Prepare this solution fresh daily.
Resorcinol TS—Dissolve 1 g of resorcinol in hydrochloric acid to make 100 mL.
Ruthenium Red TS—Dissolve 10 g of lead acetate in water, dilute with water to 100 mL, and
add 80 mg of ruthenium red. The solution is wine-red in color. [NOTE—If necessary, add
additional ruthenium red to obtain a wine-red color.]
Saline TS—Dissolve 9.0 g of sodium chloride in water to make 1000 mL.
[NOTE—Where pyrogen-free saline TS is specified in this Pharmacopeia, saline TS that has
met the requirements of the Pyrogen Test 〈151〉 is to be used.]
Saline TS, Pyrogen-Free—See Saline TS.
Schweitzer's Reagent—See Cupric Oxide, Ammoniated, TS.
Silver–Ammonia–Nitrate TS—Dissolve 1 g of silver nitrate in 20 mL of water. Add
ammonia TS, dropwise, with constant stirring, until the precipitate is almost but not entirely
dissolved. Filter, and store in tight, light-resistant containers.
Silver–Ammonium Nitrate TS—See Silver–Ammonia–Nitrate TS.
Silver Diethyldithiocarbamate TS—Dissolve 1 g of silver diethyldithiocarbamate in 200 mL
of pyridine from a freshly opened bottle or that which has been recently distilled. Store in
light-resistant containers, and use within 30 days.
Silver Nitrate TS—Use 0.1 N Silver Nitrate (see in the section Volumetric Solutions).
Simulated Gastric Fluid TS—See Gastric Fluid, Simulated, TS.
Simulated Intestinal Fluid TS—See Intestinal Fluid, Simulated, TS.
Sodium Acetate TS—Dissolve 13.6 g of sodium acetate in water to make 100 mL.
Sodium Alizarinsulfonate TS—Dissolve 100 mg of sodium alizarinsulfonate in 100 mL of
water, and filter.
Sodium Aminoacetate TS (Sodium Glycinate TS)—Dissolve 3.75 g of aminoacetic acid in
about 500 mL of water, add 2.1 g of sodium hydroxide, and dilute with water to 1000 mL. Mix
9 mL of the resulting solution with 1 mL of dilute glacial acetic acid (1 in 300). This test
solution has a pH between 10.4 and 10.5.
Sodium Bisulfite TS—Dissolve 10 g of sodium bisulfite in water to make 30 mL. Prepare this
solution fresh.
Sodium Bitartrate TS—Dissolve 1 g of sodium bitartrate in water to make 10 mL. Prepare
this solution fresh.
Sodium Carbonate TS—Dissolve 10.6 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate in water to make
100 mL.
Sodium Chloride TS, Alkaline—Dissolve 2 g of sodium hydroxide in 100 mL of water,
saturate the solution with sodium chloride, and filter.

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Sodium Citrate TS—Dissolve 73.5 g of sodium citrate dihydrate in water to make 250 mL.
Sodium Citrate TS, Alkaline—Dissolve 50 g of sodium citrate dihydrate and 2.5 g of sodium
hydroxide in water to make 250 mL.
Sodium Cobaltinitrite TS—Dissolve 10 g of sodium cobaltinitrite in water to make 50 mL,
and filter if necessary.
Sodium Fluoride TS—Dry about 500 mg of sodium fluoride at 200° for 4 hours. Accurately
weigh 222 mg of the dried material, and dissolve in water to make 100.0 mL. Pipet 10 mL of
this solution into a 1-L volumetric flask, and dilute with water to volume. Each mL of this
solution corresponds to 0.01 mg of fluorine (F).
Sodium Hydrosulfite TS, Alkaline—Dissolve 25 g of potassium hydroxide in 35 mL of
water, and 50 g of sodium hydrosulfite in 250 mL of water. When the test solution is required,
mix 40 mL of the hydroxide solution with the 250 mL of the hydrosulfite solution. Prepare this
solution fresh.
Sodium Hydroxide TS—Dissolve 4.0 g of sodium hydroxide in water to make 100 mL.

Add the following:

0.0025 N Sodium Hydroxide TS—Transfer 12.5 mL of 0.2 N sodium hydroxide TS to a
1000-mL volumetric flask. Dilute with water to volume. USP40

Add the following:

0.02 N Sodium Hydroxide TS—Transfer 10 mL of 2 N sodium hydroxide TS to a 1000-mL
volumetric flask. Dilute with water to volume. USP40
0.2 N Sodium Hydroxide TS—Transfer 10.0 mL of 2 N sodium hydroxide TS to a 100-mL
volumetric flask and dilute with water to volume.

Add the following:

2 N Sodium Hydroxide TS—Dissolve 80 g of sodium hydroxide in about 800 mL of water.
Cool and dilute with water to 1000 mL. USP40

Add the following:

2.5 N Sodium Hydroxide TS—Dissolve 100 g of sodium hydroxide in about 800 mL of
water. Cool and dilute with water to 1000 mL. USP40
5 N Sodium Hydroxide TS—Transfer 20 g of sodium hydroxide to a 100-mL volumetric
flask. Dissolve in about 80 mL of water. Cool and dilute with water to volume.

Add the following:

10 N Sodium Hydroxide TS—Transfer 400 g of sodium hydroxide to a 1000-mL volumetric
flask, and dissolve in about 800 mL of water. Cool and dilute with water to volume. USP40
Sodium Hydroxide TS 2—Transfer 8.5 g of sodium hydroxide to a 100-mL volumetric flask,
and dissolve in and dilute with water to volume.
Sodium Hydroxide TS 3—Prepare a 420-mg/mL solution of sodium hydroxide in water.
Sodium Hypobromite TS—To a solution of 20 g of sodium hydroxide in 75 mL of water add
5 mL of bromine. After solution has taken place, dilute with water to 100 mL. Prepare this
solution fresh.
Sodium Hypochlorite TS—Use Sodium Hypochlorite Solution (see in the section Reagent
Specifications).
Sodium Iodohydroxyquinolinesulfonate TS—Dissolve 8.8 g of iodohydroxyquinoline
sulfonic acid in 200 mL of water, and add 6.5 mL of 4 N sodium hydroxide. Dilute with water
to 250 mL, mix, and filter.
Sodium Nitroferricyanide TS—Dissolve 1 g of sodium nitroferricyanide in water to make 20
mL. Prepare this solution fresh.

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Dibasic Sodium Phosphate TS—Dissolve 12 g of dibasic sodium phosphate in water to

make 100 mL.
Sodium Phosphotungstate TS—To a solution of 20 g of sodium tungstate in 100 mL of
water add sufficient phosphoric acid to impart a strongly acid reaction to litmus, and filter.
When required for use, decant the clear solution from any sediment that may be present.
Store in tight, light-resistant containers.
Sodium Sulfide TS—Dissolve 1 g of sodium sulfide in water to make 10 mL. Prepare this
solution fresh.
Sodium Tartrate TS—Dissolve 11.5 g of sodium tartrate in water to make 100 mL.
Sodium Tetraphenylboron TS—Dissolve 1.2 g of sodium tetraphenylboron in water to
make 200 mL. If necessary, stir for 5 minutes with 1 g of aluminum oxide, and filter to
clarify.
Sodium Thioglycolate TS—Dissolve 1.5 g of sodium thioglycolate in 450 mL of water, and
add 50 mL of alcohol. Use within 3 days.
Sodium Thiosulfate TS—Use 0.1 N Sodium Thiosulfate (see in the section Volumetric
Solutions).
Standard Lead Solution TS: On the day of use, dilute 10.0 mL of lead nitrate stock solution
TS with water to 100.0 mL. Each mL of standard lead solution TS contains the equivalent to
10 µg of lead.
Stannous Chloride, Acid, TS—Dissolve 8 g of stannous chloride in 500 mL of hydrochloric
acid. Store in glass containers, and use within 3 months.
Stannous Chloride, Acid, Stronger, TS—Dissolve 40 g of stannous chloride in 100 mL of
hydrochloric acid. Store in glass containers, and use within 3 months.
Starch TS—Mix 1 g of soluble starch with 10 mg of red mercuric iodide and sufficient cold
water to make a thin paste. Add 200 mL of boiling water, and boil for 1 minute with
continuous stirring. Cool, and use only the clear solution. [NOTE—Commercially available,
stabilized starch indicator solutions may be used, including mercury-free solutions preserved
with other compounds such as salicylic acid.]
Starch, Iodide-Free, TS—Mix 1 g of soluble starch with sufficient cold water to make a thin
paste. While stirring, add 100 mL of boiling water, and allow to cool. Prepare this solution
immediately before use. Iodide-free starch TS shows a blue color when 20 mL of potassium
iodide solution (1 in 400) and 0.05 mL of an iodine–potassium iodide solution (prepared by
dissolving 127 mg of iodine and 800 mg of potassium iodide in water and diluting with water
to 100 mL) are added to 1 mL of the iodide-free starch TS.
Starch Iodide Paste TS—Heat 100 mL of water in a 250-mL beaker to boiling, add a
solution of 0.75 g of potassium iodide in 5 mL of water, then add 2 g of zinc chloride
dissolved in 10 mL of water, and, while the solution is boiling, add, with stirring, a smooth
suspension of 5 g of soluble starch in 30 mL of cold water. Continue to boil for 2 minutes,
then cool. Store in well-closed containers in a cold place.
Starch iodide paste TS must show a definite blue streak when a glass rod, dipped in a
mixture of 1 mL of 0.1 M sodium nitrite, 500 mL of water, and 10 mL of hydrochloric acid,
is streaked on a smear of the paste.
Starch–Potassium Iodide TS—Dissolve 500 mg of potassium iodide in 100 mL of freshly
prepared starch TS. Prepare this solution fresh.
Stronger Cupric Acetate TS—See Cupric Acetate TS, Stronger.
Sudan III TS—Dissolve 0.05 g of Sudan III in 25 mL of alcohol, with warming if necessary.
Cool, add 25 mL of glycerin, and mix. Filter if undissolved material persists.
Sudan IV TS—Dissolve 0.5 g of Sudan IV in chloroform to make 100 mL.
Sulfanilic Acid TS—Dissolve 800 mg of sulfanilic acid in 100 mL of acetic acid. Store in tight
containers.

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Diazotized Sulfanilic Acid TS—Dissolve 0.9 g of sulfanilic acid in 9 mL of hydrochloric acid

with warming, and dilute with water to 100 mL. Cool 10 mL of this solution in iced water, and
add 10 mL of a sodium nitrite solution (4.5 in 100) previously cooled in iced water. Allow to
stand at 0° for at least 15 minutes (the solution may be kept for 3 days at this temperature).
Immediately before use, add 20 mL of sodium carbonate solution (1 in 10).
Sulfanilic-1-Naphthylamine TS—Dissolve 500 mg of sulfanilic acid in 150 mL of acetic acid.
Dissolve 100 mg of 1-naphthylamine hydrochloride in 150 mL of acetic acid, and mix the two
solutions. The pink color that may develop on standing can be removed by treatment with
zinc.
Sulfanilic-α-Naphthylamine TS—See Sulfanilic-1-Naphthylamine TS.
Sulfomolybdic Acid TS—Dissolve, with the aid of heat, 2.5 g of ammonium molybdate in 20
mL of water, add 50 mL of 12 N sulfuric acid, and dilute with water to 100 mL. Store this
solution in a polyethylene container.
Sulfuric Acid TS—Add a quantity of sulfuric acid of known concentration to sufficient water
to adjust the final concentration to between 94.5% and 95.5% (w/w) of H2SO4.
[NOTE—Since the acid concentration may change upon standing or upon intermittent use, the
concentration should be checked frequently and solutions assaying more than 95.5% or less
than 94.5% discarded.]

Add the following:

1 M Sulfuric Acid TS—Transfer 56.1 mL of sulfuric acid to a 1000-mL volumetric flask
containing about 500 mL of water. Cool and dilute with water to volume. USP40
0.02 N Sulfuric Acid TS—Transfer 2.9 mL of 7 N sulfuric acid TS to a 1000-mL volumetric
flask and dilute with water to volume.

Add the following:

0.2 N Sulfuric Acid TS—Transfer 5.6 mL of sulfuric acid to a 1000-mL volumetric flask
containing about 500 mL of water. Cool and dilute with water to volume. USP40

Add the following:

0.5 N Sulfuric Acid TS—Transfer 14 mL of sulfuric acid to a 1000-mL volumetric flask
containing about 500 mL of water. Cool and dilute with water to volume. USP40

Add the following:

2 N Sulfuric Acid TS—Transfer 56.2 mL of sulfuric acid to a 1000-mL volumetric flask
containing about 500 mL of water. Cool and dilute with water to volume. USP40
6 N Sulfuric Acid TS—Slowly transfer 168.5 mL of sulfuric acid to a 1000-mL volumetric
flask containing about 500 mL of water. Cool and dilute with water to volume.
7 N Sulfuric Acid TS—Slowly transfer 196.5 mL of sulfuric acid to a 1000-mL volumetric
flask containing about 500 mL of water. Cool and dilute with water to volume.
Sulfuric Acid–Formaldehyde TS—Add 1 drop of formaldehyde TS to each mL of sulfuric
acid, and mix. Prepare this solution fresh.
Tannic Acid TS—Dissolve 1 g of tannic acid in 1 mL of alcohol, and dilute with water to 10
mL. Prepare this solution fresh.
Tartaric Acid TS—Dissolve 3 g of tartaric acid in water to make 10 mL. Prepare this solution
fresh.
Tetrabromophenolphthalein Ethyl Ester TS—Dissolve 100 mg of
tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester in 90 mL of glacial acetic acid, and dilute with glacial
acetic acid to 100 mL. Prepare this solution fresh.

Add the following:

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0.02 M Tetrabutylammonium Hydrogen Sulfate TS—Transfer 6.79 g of

tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate to a 1000-mL volumetric flask. Dissolve in and dilute
with water to volume. USP40
Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide TS—Use an aqueous solution containing, in each 100
mL, the equivalent of 10 g of anhydrous tetramethylammonium hydroxide.
Thioacetamide TS—Dissolve 4 g of thioacetamide in 100 mL of water.
Thioacetamide–Glycerin Base TS—Mix 0.2 mL of thioacetamide TS and 1 mL of glycerin
base TS, and heat in a boiling water bath for 20 seconds. Use the mixture immediately.
Thorium Nitrate TS—Dissolve 1 g of thorium nitrate in water to make 100 mL. Filter, if
necessary.
Thymol Blue TS—Dissolve 100 mg of thymol blue in 100 mL of alcohol, and filter if
necessary.
Thymolphthalein TS—Dissolve 100 mg of thymolphthalein in 100 mL of alcohol, and filter if
necessary.
Titanium Trichloride TS—Dissolve 15 g of titanium trichloride in 100 mL of 10%
hydrochloric acid solution.
Titanium Trichloride–Sulfuric Acid TS—Mix carefully 20 mL of titanium trichloride TS in 13
mL of sulfuric acid. Add sufficient 30% hydrogen peroxide to produce a yellow color. Heat
until white fumes are evolved, allow to cool, and dilute with water. Repeat the evaporation
and addition of water until a colorless solution is obtained. Dilute with water to 100 mL.
p-Toluenesulfonic Acid TS—Dissolve 2 g of p-toluenesulfonic acid in 10 mL of a mixture of
7 parts of acetone and 3 parts of water.
Triketohydrindene Hydrate TS (Ninhydrin TS)—Dissolve 200 mg of triketohydrindene
hydrate in water to make 10 mL. Prepare this solution fresh.
Trinitrophenol TS (Picric Acid TS)—Dissolve the equivalent of 1 g of anhydrous
trinitrophenol in 100 mL of hot water. Cool the solution, and filter if necessary.
Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride TS—Dissolve 500 mg of triphenyltetrazolium chloride in
dehydrated alcohol to make 100 mL.
Xylenol Orange TS—Dissolve 100 mg of xylenol orange in 100 mL of alcohol.
Zinc Uranyl Acetate TS—Dissolve 50 g of uranyl acetate in a mixture of 15 mL of glacial
acetic acid and water to make 500 mL. Then dissolve 150 g of zinc acetate in a mixture of 15
mL of glacial acetic acid and water to make 500 mL. Mix the two solutions, allow to stand
overnight, and pass through a dry filter, if necessary.

Auxiliary Information— Please check for your question in the FAQs before contacting USP.
Topic/Question Contact Expert Committee

Reagent Margareth R. C. Marques, Ph.D. (HDQ) Headquarters

Senior Scientific Liaison
(301) 816-8106

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