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III Research Design

The document outlines various research designs, categorizing them into qualitative, quantitative, and experimental types, with detailed descriptions of each. It also discusses threats to internal and external validity that can impact research outcomes, as well as survey studies and different descriptive designs. Examples are provided to illustrate the application of these research methodologies in real-world scenarios.

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8 views3 pages

III Research Design

The document outlines various research designs, categorizing them into qualitative, quantitative, and experimental types, with detailed descriptions of each. It also discusses threats to internal and external validity that can impact research outcomes, as well as survey studies and different descriptive designs. Examples are provided to illustrate the application of these research methodologies in real-world scenarios.

Uploaded by

miyuuu.217
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Research Design – it is a very important aspect of research methodology which

describes the research mode (whether it is qualitative research or quantitative research,


or if the researcher will use specific research type.

General Classification Of Research Design


1. Qualitative research – a research design that involves collecting and analyzing
non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions,
or experiences.

2. Quantitative research – a research design explaining phenomena by collecting


numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically based methods. TRUE
3. EXPERIMENTAL - also called a pure experimental design, has 3 essential
elements namely: (1) manipulation; (2) control; and (3) randomization.
4. Manipulation - This involves administering a treatment or intervention to some
study subjects. It means that the researcher controls the independent variable of
the study.
5. Control - This involves the use of a control or comparison group.
Experimental group - the group that receives the treatment.
Control group - the group that does not receive the treatment
6. Randomization This involves random assignment which is a procedure that
ensures that each study subject has an equal chance of being placed into any of
study groups.

TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN


1. True experimental design
o Pretest – Posttest Control Group Design
 Subjects are randomly assigned to groups.
 A pretest is given to both groups.
 The experimental groups receive the treatment while the control
group does not.
 A posttest is given to both groups.
o Posttest Only Control Group Design
 Subjects are randomly assigned to groups.
 The experimental group receives the treatment while the control
group does not receive the treatment.
 A posttest is given to both groups.
o Solomon Four-group Design
 it is considered as the most reliable and suitable experimental
design . It minimizes threats to both internal and external validity.
 Subjects a re randomly assigned to one or four groups.
 Two of the groups (experimental group 1 and control group 1) are
pretested.
 The other two groups (experimental group 2 and control group 2)
received the routine treatment or no treatment.
 A posttest is given to all groups.
2. Quasi-experimental design
o Non-equivalent controlled design – this design is similar to the pretest-
posttest control group design except that there is no random assignment
of subjects to the experimental design and control groups.

3. Pre-experimental design
- it is considered very weak because the researcher has little control over the research.
 One-shot case study – a single group is exposed to an experimental
treatment and observed after treatment
 One-group pretest-posttest design – it provides a comparative description
of a group of subjects before and after the experimental treatment.

Threats to Internal Validity


1. Selection bias
- This results when the subjects or respondents of the study are not randomly selected.

2. Maturation
- This happens when the experiment is conducted beyond a longer period time during
which most subjects undergo physical emotional and/ or psychological changes.

3. History
- This refers to a threat to internal validity which happens during the conduct of the
study when an unusual event affects the result of an experiment.

4. Instrumentation change
- The instrument used in gathering the data must not be changed or replaced during the
conduct of the study.

5. Mortality
- There is a threat to validity when one or more subjects die, drop out, or transfer as in
the case of a student who has not completed his/her participation in the experiment.

Threats to External Validity


1. Experimenter effect
- This threat appears when the characteristics of the researcher affect the behavior of
the subjects or respondents.

2. Hawthorne effect
- This occurs when respondents or subjects responds artificially to the treatment
because they know they are being observed as part of a research study.

3. Measurement effect
- It is also called the reactive effects of the pre-test. It occurs when subjects have been
exposed to the treatment taking the pre-test. This exposure might affect posttest results.

Survey studies
- the investigations are conducted through self-report. Survey generally ask
respondents to report on their attitudes, opinions perceptions, or behaviors.

2. Descriptive
- This design is utilized for the purpose of accurately portraying a population that has
been chosen because of some specific characteristics
- This design aims to gather more information on certain characteristics within a
particular field of study. - The purpose is to provide a picture of a situation as it naturally
happens. No manipulation of variables is involved in a descriptive design.

• Example: A researcher wants to conduct on the socio economic status and


performance of teachers of senior high schools in Makati.

3. Comparative
- This design is used to compare and contrast representatives samples from two or
more groups of subjects in relation to certain designated variables that occur in normal
conditions.
- The results obtained from these analyses are frequently not generalized in a
population.

• Example: a researcher comparing two types of instruction in learning science and


health

4. Correlational
- The designed is used to investigate the direction and magnitude of relationships
among variables in a particular population.
- Likewise, it is designed to study the changes in one characteristics or phenomenon
which correspond to the changes in another or with one another.

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