3PSYCHODIAGNODTICS

B.SC II YEAR RECORD FORMAT

CONTENT
 CASE HISTORY
 MENTAL STATUS EXAMINATION
 MULTIPHASE PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE
 ANXIETY RATING SCALE
 DEPRESSION RATING SCALE
 OCD CHECKLIST
 INDIAN SCALE FOR ASSESSMENT OF AUTISM
MULTIPHASE PERSONALIY PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE
INTRODUCTION
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), specifically the version known as
MPQ or sometimes referred to in different contexts, is an extensive standardized
psychometric test of adult personality and psychopathology. Psychologists use the MMPI to
help diagnose mental illnesses and evaluate personality attributes. This tool is utilized across
clinical settings, employment vetting, and legal cases, among others.
The MPQ generally evaluates a range of psychological conditions and personality structures.
Here's a detailed look at some of the key dimensions commonly explored in such a
questionnaire, particularly focusing on anxiety, depression, mania, paranoid traits,
schizophrenia, psychopathic deviation, and hysteria:
The MPQ's comprehensive nature allows clinicians to gain a nuanced understanding of a
person’s psychological makeup, contributing to effective treatment planning and therapeutic
interventions. In legal cases, such as in competency hearings or criminal responsibility
assessments, the MPQ provides critical insights into the psychological state of defendants. In
occupational settings, particularly those requiring high-stakes decision-making (like in law
enforcement or sensitive governmental positions), the MPQ can identify potential
psychological risks.
This detailed evaluation across multiple facets not only aids in diagnosing mental health
disorders but also offers a baseline for monitoring treatment outcomes and understanding
complex interactions between personality traits and psycho-pathological symptoms.
1. Anxiety ; This dimension assesses the general tendency toward anxiety symptoms.
Individuals scoring high on this scale might experience nervousness, excessive worry,
unease, and physiological responses such as sweating, trembling, and rapid heartbeat.
Anxiety scales help determine the level of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) or other
anxiety-related conditions like panic disorder.
2. Depression : The depression scale measures symptoms associated with depressive
disorders, which include feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and anhedonia (loss of interest in
pleasurable activities). High scores might indicate major depressive disorder, dysthymia, or
related depressive conditions. It assesses both the affective and the somatic components of
depression.
3. Mania : This scale evaluates the presence of manic symptoms, such as elevated or
irritable mood, grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, talkativeness, racing thoughts, and
potentially reckless behavior. High scores may suggest bipolar disorder, specifically bipolar I
disorder, where mania can be a predominant phase.
4. Paranoid: The paranoid scale measures paranoia and suspiciousness levels. Traits such
as distrust of others, belief in conspiracies, and a sense of personal threat are evaluated. This
scale can help identify paranoid personality disorder or paranoid features within other
psychiatric disorders.
5. Schizophrenia: This dimension assesses traits and symptoms associated with
schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. Items might cover unusual thought processes,
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior, and social withdrawal. It helps in
identifying schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
6. Psychopathic Deviation : Often referred to as psychopathy or antisocial personality traits,
this scale measures a person’s deviation from social norms and expectations. Characteristics
include lack of empathy, deceitfulness, impulsivity, and failure to conform to lawful
behaviors. This scale is important in forensic settings and in diagnosing antisocial
personality disorder.
7. Hysteria: Originally designed to identify individuals who exhibit hysterical responses to
stress or trauma, this scale now focuses on tendencies toward somatization or the
manifestation of psychological distress through physical symptoms. Individuals high on this
scale might also exhibit dramatic, shallow emotions and suggestibility.
AIM :
The Multiphasic Questionnaire is used to differentiate different clinical conditions. range of
psychological conditions and personality structures.
DESCRIPTION OF THE TEST
The multiphasic questionnaire has 100 items which falls under the 7 clinical scales
1. Anxiety scale = 19 items
2. Hysteria scale = 8 items
3. Paranoid scale = 18 items
4. Schizophrenia = 20 items
5. Manic scale = 16 items
6. Psychopathic deviance scale = 34 items
7. Depression scale = 14 items
PROCEDURE
Instructions; The following statements are intended to indicate your interests and attitudes.
This is not an intelligence test and there are no right and wrong answers.
Draw a circle around "T" if the corresponding statement is true and around "F" if it is
false.
SCORING
I Anxiety (11)
* True: 8, 18, 20, 23, 24, 30, 36, 38, 39, 40, 47, 48, 64, 73, 78, 81, 93, 100
* False: 3, 45, 47, 56, 60, 66, 70, 74, 94
Il Depression (5)
* True: 6, 18, 20, 23, 27, 39, 48, 53, 64, 100
* False: 3, 13, 30, 40
Ill Mania (8)
* True: 6, 17, 20, 35, 39, 47, 53, 61, 64, 79, 86, 96, 97
* False: 32, 46, 62
IV Paranoia (8)
* True: 17, 20, 27, 29, 37, 39, 47, 50, 55, 61, 64, 79
* False: 12, 14, 67, 77, 92, 97
V Schizophrenia (5 and above)
* True: 9, 10, 11, 18, 19, 20, 28, 30, 39, 55, 61, 64, 79, 81, 87, 88
* False: 41, 67, 70, 77
VI Psychopathic Deviation (17)
* True: 5, 18, 27, 29, 33, 36, 38, 39, 43, 47, 48, 51, 52, 53, 55, 62, 64, 65, 85, 88
* False: 3, 13, 14, 15, 25, 37, 69, 74, 75, 82, 84, 89, 91, 94
VII Hysteria (4)
* True: 11, 23, 39, 50, 64
* False: 40, 45, 83
VIII K - Scale (4)
* True: 19, 47.
* False: 2, 12, 22, 32, 42,52, 62, 72, 82, 92
Hysteria Scale - Unconscious use of physical & mental symptoms to avoid
conflicts & responsibilities
* Standard Interpretation of Elevated Scale - Reaction to stress by developing physical
symptoms
Paranoia Scale - Abnormal suspiciousness, delusions of grandeur & persecution
* Standard Interpretation of Elevated Scale - Excessively suspicious, hostile, argumentative
& guarded
* Mania Scale - Elated unstable mood, psychomotor excitement, and flight of ideas
* Standard Interpretation of Elevated Scale - Emotional excitement, hyperactivity, agitation,
flight of ideas
Schizophrenia Scale - Bizarre, unusual thoughts or behavior, social alienation, peculiar
perceptions
* Standard Interpretation of Elevated Scale - Psychotic behavior, disorganization,
disorientation, confusion, withdrawal, hallucination and delusion.
* Psychopathic Deviance Scale - Repeated disregard of social customs, emotional
shallowness and inability to learn from experiences
* Standard Interpretation of Elevated Scale - Anti-social behavior, difficulty adhering to
social standards
Depression - Clinical Depression
* Standard Interpretation of Elevated Scale - Extreme pessimism, hopelessness, slowing of
thought and actions.
K Scale - Correction Scale - suggest defensiveness in admitting certain problems.
* Standard Interpretation of Elevated Scale - A high K score indicates an attempt to fake
good, and a low score indicates a deliberate attempt to fake bad.
INDIVIDUAL DISCUSSION :
Mental status examination :
Background information about the subject , how they behaved during the session
INDIVIDUAL TABLE 1 ( left side )
 Anxiety Depression Mania Paranoia Schizophreni Psychopathic K Scale
a Deviance

TOTAL

INDIVIDUAL DISCUSSION (right side )

Describe the table with each dimension score whether high or low.

GROUP DISCUSSION TABLE 2

NAME Anxiety Depression Mania Paranoia Schizophrenia Psychopathic K High
Deviance Scale /low
SUBJECT 1
SUBJECT 2
SUBJECT 3
SUBJECT 4
SUBJECT 5
SUBJECT 6
SUBJECT 7

Group Discussion ; Describe the table with each dimension score.

Conclusion

DEPRESSION RATING SCALE

HAMILTON DEPRESSION RATING SCALE
INTRODUCTION
The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), also known as the Hamilton Rating Scale
for Depression (HRSD) or HAM-D, is one of the most widely used clinical questionnaires to
assess the severity of depression symptoms in individuals who have been diagnosed with
depression. It was first introduced by Max Hamilton in 1960
the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale:
1. Purpose: The HDRS is used primarily to evaluate the severity of depressive symptoms in
patients already diagnosed with depression. It is not a diagnostic tool but rather a way to
assess the intensity and variation of symptoms over time or in response to treatment.
2. Structure: The original version of the HDRS consists of 17 items (HDRS-17), although
there are extended versions with 21, 24, or 28 items. Each item is scored on a 3- or 5-point
scale, depending on the specific symptom being measured.
3. Symptoms Assessed:
Mood: Depressed mood, feelings of guilt.
Cognitive: Suicidal ideation, work and activities, retardation.
Somatic: Insomnia (early, middle, late), somatic symptoms (gastrointestinal and general),
genital symptoms.
Behavioral: Agitation, anxiety (psychic and somatic), hypochondriasis.
- Other: Weight loss, insight.

4.Scoring:
- Each item on the HDRS is rated by the clinician based on the patient’s subjective report
and observable behavior during the interview.
- The scores for each item are summed to provide a total score, which indicates the severity
of depression.
- 0-7: Normal (no depression)
- 8-16: Mild depression
- 17-23: Moderate depression
- ≥24: Severe depression

5. Administration: The scale is administered by a trained clinician during a structured or

semi-structured interview.
- The clinician asks specific questions related to each item on the scale, often within the
context of a broader clinical interview.

6. Validity and Reliability: The HDRS is considered reliable and valid for assessing the
severity of depressive symptoms. It is extensively used in both clinical practice and research.
- Its reliability depends on the clinician’s training and consistency in administering the
scale.

Usage in Clinical Practice:

Monitoring Treatment: The HDRS is often used to monitor the progress of patients
undergoing treatment for depression, allowing clinicians to adjust treatment plans based on
changes in symptom severity.
Research: In clinical trials and research studies, the HDRS serves as a standard measure to
evaluate the efficacy of antidepressant treatments and other interventions.
Limitations:
Subjectivity: Some items are subject to clinician interpretation, which can introduce
variability.
Focus: The HDRS places more emphasis on somatic symptoms, which might not fully
capture the cognitive and emotional aspects of depression in all patients.
Time-intensive: Administration of the HDRS can be time-consuming, requiring a detailed
interview by a trained clinician.
INDIVIDUAL DISCUSSION :
Mental status examination :
Background information about the subject , how they behaved during the session

INDIVIDUAL TABLE 1 ( left side)

SNO STATEMENT ANSWERED SCORE

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
TOTAL

INDIVIDUAL DISCUSSION ( RIGHT side)

GROUP DISCUSSION TABLE ( LEFT SIDE)

NAME SCORE INTERPRETATION

SUBJECT 1
SUBJECT 2
SUBJECT 3
SUBJECT 4
SUBJECT 5
SUBJECT 6
SUBJECT 7

GROUP DISCUSSION (RIGHT SIDE)

CONCLUSION :
 BECK’S DEPRESSION INVENTORY
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report inventory designed to measure the severity of
depression in adolescents and adults. Developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck in the early 1960s, it has become one
of the most widely used and validated tools in both clinical practice and research for assessing depression.
Historical Background
Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a prominent psychiatrist, developed the BDI based on his clinical observations and
cognitive theory of depression. According to Beck, depression is characterized by negative thoughts about
the self, the world, and the future. The BDI was designed to quantify these thoughts and feelings, providing
a standardized measure of depression severity.
Structure and Content
The BDI consists of 21 items, each corresponding to a specific symptom or attitude associated with
depression. Each item is a multiple-choice question with four possible responses, ranging in severity from 0
to 3. The inventory assesses the following symptoms:
Sadness: Reflecting feelings of sadness and pessimism.
Pessimism: Negative expectations about the future.
Past Failure: Feelings of personal failure.
Loss of Pleasure: Diminished interest in pleasurable activities.
Guilty Feelings: Excessive guilt or self-blame.
Punishment Feelings: Feelings of being punished.
Self-Dislike: Negative self-perception.
Self-Criticalness: Harsh self-criticism.
Suicidal Thoughts: Thoughts of death or suicide.
Crying: Frequency of crying.
Agitation: Restlessness or agitation.
Loss of Interest: Loss of interest in other people or activities.
Indecisiveness: Difficulty making decisions.
Worthlessness: Feelings of worthlessness.
Loss of Energy: Fatigue or lack of energy.
Changes in Sleeping Pattern: Insomnia or sleeping too much.
Irritability: Increased irritability.
Changes in Appetite: Changes in appetite or weight.
Concentration Difficulty: Difficulty concentrating.
Tiredness or Fatigue: Persistent tiredness.
Loss of Interest in Sex: Decreased interest in sexual activities.
Scoring and Interpretation
The total score is obtained by summing the scores for each of the 21 items, resulting in a range from 0 to 63.
The scores are typically interpreted as follows:
0–13: Minimal depression
14–19: Mild depression
20–28: Moderate depression
29–63: Severe depression
These categories help clinicians to gauge the severity of a patient's depressive symptoms and to make
informed decisions regarding treatment.
Versions of the BDI
The BDI has undergone several revisions since its initial development:
BDI (1961): The original version, consisting of 21 items.
BDI-IA (1978): A revised version that made minor changes to improve clarity and relevance.
BDI-II (1996): A major revision aligning the inventory with the DSM-IV criteria for depression. This
version included changes in the wording of items and the addition of new items to better reflect the
diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder.
Clinical Use
In clinical settings, the BDI is used for:
Screening: Identifying individuals who may be suffering from depression.
Diagnosis: Assisting in the diagnosis of depressive disorders.
Treatment Planning: Informing treatment decisions and strategies.
Monitoring Progress: Tracking changes in depression severity over the course of treatment.
Research
In research contexts, the BDI is utilized for:
Epidemiological Studies: Estimating the prevalence of depression in various populations.
Clinical Trials: Assessing the efficacy of treatments for depression.
Psychological Studies: Investigating the relationship between depression and other psychological or
biological variables.
Strengths and Limitations
Strengths
Ease of Use: The BDI is simple to administer and can be completed quickly, typically within 5 to 10
minutes.
Reliability and Validity: It has been extensively validated and found to have high reliability and validity
across different populations and settings.
Sensitivity: The BDI is sensitive to changes in depression severity, making it useful for monitoring treatment
outcomes.
Limitations
Self-Report Bias: As a self-report instrument, the BDI is subject to biases such as social desirability and
inaccurate self-assessment.
Cultural Sensitivity: Certain items may not be equally applicable across different cultures, potentially
affecting the accuracy of assessments in diverse populations.
Symptom Overlap: Some symptoms of depression overlap with other psychiatric conditions, which can
complicate the interpretation of scores.
INDIVIDUAL DISCUSSION :
Mental status examination :
Background information about the subject , how they behaved during the session

INDIVIDUAL TABLE 1 ( left side)

SNO STATEMENT SCORE

ANSWERED
21 items

GROUP DISCUSSION TABLE ( LEFT SIDE)

NAME SCORE INTERPRETATION

SUBJECT 1
SUBJECT 2
SUBJECT 3
SUBJECT 4
SUBJECT 5
SUBJECT 6
SUBJECT 7

GROUP DISCUSSION (RIGHT SIDE)

CONCLUSION :

Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)

The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is a well-established, self-report inventory designed to measure the
severity of anxiety symptoms in individuals. Developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck and his colleagues in 1988,
the BAI is widely used in both clinical and research settings to diagnose and monitor anxiety disorders.
Historical Background
Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a key figure in cognitive therapy, developed the BAI to address the need for a reliable
and valid measure of anxiety that distinguishes it from depression. Prior to the BAI, many anxiety measures
did not adequately separate anxiety symptoms from depressive symptoms, leading to potential misdiagnosis
and treatment complications.
Structure and Content
The BAI consists of 21 items, each reflecting a symptom of anxiety. Respondents are asked to rate how
much they have been bothered by each symptom during the past week, including the day they complete the
inventory. Each item is rated on a 4-point scale:
0: Not at all
1: Mildly; it didn't bother me much
2: Moderately; it wasn't pleasant at times
3: Severely; it bothered me a lot
The 21 symptoms assessed by the BAI include both physical and cognitive symptoms of anxiety, such as:
Numbness or tingling
Feeling hot
Wobbliness in legs
Unable to relax
Fear of the worst happening
Dizzy or lightheaded
Heart pounding/racing
Unsteady
Terrified or afraid
Nervous
Feeling of choking
Hands trembling
Shaky
Fear of losing control
Difficulty breathing
Fear of dying
Scared
Indigestion or discomfort in abdomen
Faint/lightheaded
Face flushed
Sweating (not due to heat)
Scoring and Interpretation
To calculate the total score, the ratings for each of the 21 items are summed, resulting in a possible range of
0 to 63. The total score helps in assessing the severity of anxiety symptoms:
0–7: Minimal anxiety
8–15: Mild anxiety
16–25: Moderate anxiety
26–63: Severe anxiety
These categories guide clinicians in determining the severity of anxiety and in making treatment decisions.
Applications
Clinical Use
In clinical settings, the BAI is used for:
Screening: Identifying individuals who may have an anxiety disorder.
Diagnosis: Assisting in the diagnosis of specific anxiety disorders, ensuring accurate differentiation from
depressive disorders.
Treatment Planning: Informing the development of personalized treatment strategies based on the severity
and nature of symptoms.
Monitoring Progress: Tracking changes in anxiety symptoms over the course of treatment, which helps in
evaluating the effectiveness of interventions and adjusting treatment plans as necessary.
Research
In research contexts, the BAI is utilized for:
Epidemiological Studies: Estimating the prevalence of anxiety in various populations.
Clinical Trials: Measuring the impact of different treatments (medications, therapies) on anxiety symptoms.
Psychological Studies: Exploring the relationship between anxiety and other psychological or physiological
variables.
Longitudinal Studies: Assessing changes in anxiety over time within a population or in response to specific
interventions.
Strengths and Limitations
Strengths
Specificity: The BAI is specifically designed to distinguish between anxiety and depression, addressing a
common issue with earlier measures that did not adequately differentiate these conditions.
Ease of Use: The inventory is straightforward to administer and can be completed in a short time, typically
within 5 to 10 minutes, making it practical for both clinical and research settings.
Reliability and Validity: The BAI has demonstrated high reliability (internal consistency and test-retest
reliability) and validity (convergent and discriminant validity) across various populations and settings.
Sensitivity: It is sensitive to changes in anxiety severity, making it useful for monitoring treatment outcomes
and changes over time.
Limitations
Self-Report Bias: As a self-report measure, the BAI is subject to biases such as social desirability bias
(respondents may underreport symptoms to appear more favorable) and recall bias (difficulty accurately
recalling symptoms).
Physical Symptoms Focus: The BAI emphasizes somatic symptoms of anxiety, which may not capture the
full spectrum of anxiety experiences, especially in individuals whose anxiety manifests primarily through
cognitive symptoms (e.g., excessive worry).
Cultural Sensitivity: Some items may not be equally relevant or interpreted in the same way across different
cultures, which could affect the accuracy of the assessment in diverse populations.
INDIVIDUAL DISCUSSION :
Mental status examination :
Background information about the subject , how they behaved during the session

INDIVIDUAL TABLE 1 ( left side)

SNO STATEMENT SCORE

ANSWERED
21 items

GROUP DISCUSSION TABLE ( LEFT SIDE)

NAME SCORE INTERPRETATION

SUBJECT 1
SUBJECT 2
SUBJECT 3
SUBJECT 4
SUBJECT 5
SUBJECT 6
SUBJECT 7

GROUP DISCUSSION (RIGHT SIDE)

CONCLUSION :

Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS)

The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) is a gold-standard tool for assessing the severity
of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms. Developed by Dr. Wayne Goodman and colleagues at
Yale University in the late 1980s, the Y-BOCS provides a comprehensive and reliable method for evaluating
both obsessions and compulsions, helping clinicians in diagnosis and treatment planning.
Historical Background
The Y-BOCS was developed to address the need for a standardized and reliable measure that could
differentiate between the severity of OCD symptoms and provide a detailed assessment of both obsessions
and compulsions. Before its development, there were limited tools available that could accurately quantify
OCD symptoms severity.
The Y-BOCS is divided into two main components: the Symptom Checklist and the Severity Scale.
1. Symptom Checklist
The Symptom Checklist is an exhaustive list of common obsessions and compulsions. This checklist helps
clinicians identify specific symptoms that the patient experiences. The checklist is divided into sections for
obsessions and compulsions:
Obsessions: These are intrusive, unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that cause significant distress. The
checklist includes categories such as:
Contamination
Harm (self or others)
Symmetry or exactness
Religious obsessions
Sexual obsessions
Hoarding

Compulsions: These are repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce the distress caused by
obsessions or to prevent a feared event. The checklist includes categories such as:
Cleaning/washing
Checking
Counting
Repeating
Ordering/arranging
Mental rituals
The Symptom Checklist does not contribute to the final score but is essential for identifying the nature of the
patient's OCD symptoms.
2. Severity Scale
The Severity Scale consists of 10 items, with five items each for obsessions and compulsions. Each item is
rated on a 5-point scale from 0 (no symptoms) to 4 (extreme symptoms). The 10 items assess the following
aspects:
Obsessions:Time spent on obsessions: The amount of time per day spent on obsessive thoughts.
Interference due to obsessions: The degree to which obsessive thoughts interfere with daily functioning.
Distress associated with obsessions: The level of distress caused by obsessive thoughts.
Resistance against obsessions: The effort made to resist obsessive thoughts.
Control over obsessions: The degree of control over obsessive thoughts.

Compulsions.
Time spent on compulsions: The amount of time per day spent on compulsive behaviors.
Interference due to compulsions: The degree to which compulsive behaviors interfere with daily
functioning.
Distress associated with compulsions: The level of distress caused by not performing compulsive
behaviors.
Resistance against compulsions: The effort made to resist performing compulsive behaviors.
Control over compulsions: The degree of control over compulsive behaviors.
The total score is calculated by summing the ratings for the 10 items, resulting in a range from 0 to 40. The
scores are interpreted as follows:
0–7: Subclinical
8–15: Mild
16–23: Moderate
24–31: Severe
32–40: Extreme
Administration
The Y-BOCS is administered by a trained clinician through a structured interview. The process typically
takes 30 to 60 minutes and involves the following steps:
Symptom Checklist Review: The clinician goes through the checklist with the patient to identify all current
obsessions and compulsions.
Severity Scale Assessment: The clinician then uses the Severity Scale to rate the severity of the identified
symptoms over the past week, including time spent, interference, distress, resistance, and control.
In clinical settings, the Y-BOCS is used to:
Diagnose OCD: Helps in identifying the presence and severity of OCD symptoms, aiding in accurate
diagnosis.
Treatment Planning: Guides the development of personalized treatment strategies based on the specific
symptoms and their severity.
Monitoring Progress: Tracks changes in symptom severity over time, allowing for the evaluation of
treatment efficacy and adjustment of therapeutic approaches as needed.
Research
In research contexts, the Y-BOCS is utilized to:
Measure Treatment Outcomes: Assess the effectiveness of various treatments for OCD, including
medications and cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Conduct Epidemiological Studies: Estimate the prevalence and characteristics of OCD in different
populations.
Investigate Comorbidities: Explore the relationship between OCD and other psychological or
physiological conditions.
Strengths and Limitations
Comprehensive Assessment: The Y-BOCS provides a thorough evaluation of both obsessions and
compulsions, covering a wide range of symptoms.
High Reliability and Validity: The scale has demonstrated excellent psychometric properties, including high
inter-rater reliability and strong validity across diverse populations.
Sensitivity to Change: The Y-BOCS is sensitive to changes in symptom severity, making it useful for
monitoring treatment progress and outcomes.
Limitations
Time-Consuming: The administration process can be lengthy, requiring about 30 to 60 minutes, which may
be a limitation in busy clinical settings.
Clinician-Administered: The Y-BOCS requires administration by a trained clinician, which may limit its
feasibility in some contexts where access to trained professionals is restricted.
Potential Bias: As with all self-report measures, the Y-BOCS can be subject to biases such as social
desirability and recall bias, where patients may under-report or over-report symptoms.