CE-361 HYDRAULICS

Open Channel Experiment

210108008007 – Oğuzhan ÇAKMAK

DEADLINE
10 JANUARY
2025
GEBZE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
CIVIL ENGINEERING
 Gebze Technical Unıversity Department of Civil Engineering
CE-361 Hydraulıcs 2024-2025 FALL TERM Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Burak AYDOĞAN

OPEN CHANNEL EXPERIMENT:

Open channel flow happens in narrow waterways under direct atmospheric interaction with a totally
free surface. This experiment aims provide deep insight into water movement on a free surface with
fundamental flow characteristics focusing openly.

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

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Gebze Technical Unıversity Department of Civil Engineering
CE-361 Hydraulıcs 2024-2025 FALL TERM Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Burak AYDOĞAN

Scope: Energy Equation:

The primary scope of this experiment is to 𝑉12 𝑉22
(𝑦1 + 𝛼1 + 𝑧1) = (𝑦2 + 𝛼2 + 𝑧2) + ℎ𝑓
examine the fundamental principles of open 2𝑔 2𝑔
channel flow and characterize its features. The
experiment involves studying how water flows
in a specific configuration of an open channel,
analyzing flow velocities, water levels, and
various parameters of the flow. Additionally,

Theory:
Open channel flow theory incorporates
fundamental hydraulic principles like Manning
formula and energy equation beneath various
turbulent flow conditions slowly. Manning
formula gets used for calculating flow
velocities based on hydraulic slope of channel
and friction factor. Energy equation expresses
delicate balance of forces in flows with rapidly
changing water levels and potential energy Figure3.3
somehow intertwined with kinetic energy.
Theoretical principles basically form
foundation for design of experiment and
analysis occurs subsequently in a highly Test Procedure:
detailed manner.Manning Formula:
1. Sluice Gate:
𝑉 = 𝐾. 𝑅2⁄3. 𝐽1⁄2 Equipment: Sluice gate, two depth gauges,
𝑄 = 𝐾. 𝑅2⁄3. 𝐽1⁄2. 𝐴 restriction block for controlling the
downstream flow, stopwatch.
Where;
Procedure for Sluice Gate:
Q= Flow rate(m3/s)
1. Adjust the slope of the channel to 1/1500.
V = Velocity(m2/s) Initially, set the channel slope to a gentle
A = Flow Area(m2) inclination of approximately 1/1500, as
indicated by both linear and circular scales.
J = Channel Slope(m/m) Verify the slope by using a depth gauge to
R = Hydraulic Radius (m) determine the variation in depth over a
specified channel length (e.g., 4 meters) with
K = Manning’s Coefficient static water held in the channel.

2. Carefully position the sluice gate at a station

located approximately 2 meters upstream of
the channel.

3. Set the opening height of the sluice gate to

20 mm, using internal calipers.

4. Install the restriction block at a station

around 20 cm downstream of the channel.

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Gebze Technical Unıversity Department of Civil Engineering
CE-361 Hydraulıcs 2024-2025 FALL TERM Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Burak AYDOĞAN

5. Before commencing the experiment, observe 2. Weir Coefficient:

the overall characteristics of the water surface
Equipment:
profile that may be generated in the flume by
altering the discharge. Ensure the presence of a The equipment required for the testing of this
hydraulic jump downstream of the sluice gate lab is:
during each measurement.
•The F1-10 Hydraulics Bench
6. Record the discharge values using a
•The F1-13 Stilling baffle
gravimetric tank.
•The F1-13 Rectangular and Vee Notches
7. Measure and record the flow depth (y) at a
point 30 cm upstream of the sluice gate. •Vernier Height Gauge

8. Measure and record the flow depth (y1) at •Stopwatch

the upstream location of the hydraulic jump.
•Spirit Level
9. Measure and record the flow depth (y2) at
Procedure for Weir Coefficient:
the downstream location of the hydraulic jump.
1. Position the Hydraulic bench to ensure it is
10. Modify the discharge and repeat steps 6-10
level.
for seven additional trials, each with different
discharge settings. 2. Place the stilling baffle in accordance with
the diagram and install the rectangular notch
plate into the flow channel.

3. Place the instrument carrier directly over the

notch in the plate. Lower the gauge until the
point is just above the notch base, then secure
it by locking the coarse adjustment screw.

4. Further lower the gauge using the fine

adjustment until the point makes contact with
the notch base. Record the measurement.
Figure 3.1.1

5. Mount the instrument carrier approximately

halfway between the stilling baffle and the
notch plate.

6. Open the control valve on the bench and

introduce water into the channel. Adjust the
valve to achieve an approximate depth of
20mm above the notch base.

Figure 3.1.2

Figure 3.2.1

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Gebze Technical Unıversity Department of Civil Engineering
CE-361 Hydraulıcs 2024-2025 FALL TERM Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Burak AYDOĞAN

Data and Calculations:

For za = 20cm, zb = 1.5 cm

Before Hydraulic Jump: Given:

𝑃𝑎 𝑉𝑎 𝑃𝑏 𝑉𝑏
+ + 𝑧𝑎 = 𝛾 + 2 × 𝑔 + 𝑧𝑏 Pa =Pb and Va =0
𝛾 2×𝑔

𝑉𝑏 = √(𝑧𝑎 − 𝑧𝑏) × 2 × 𝑔 za = 20 cm, zb = 1.5 cm

𝑄 = 𝐵 × 𝑦𝑏 × 𝑉𝑏 g=9.81 m/s2

𝑉𝑏 B=0.1 m
𝐹𝑟𝑏 =
√𝑔 × 𝑦𝑏 yb =0.015 m

If the necessary calculations are made, the following results are obtained:

𝑉𝑏 = 1.9 𝑚⁄𝑠2 𝑄 = 0.00285 𝑚3⁄𝑠 𝐹𝑟𝑏 = 4.95 > 1 (𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙)

After Hydraulic Jump:

𝑦𝑐 1
= × [√1 + (8 × 𝐹𝑟 2) − 1]
𝑦𝑏 2 𝑏

(𝑦𝑏 − 𝑦𝑐)
∆𝐸 = 𝐸𝑏 − 𝐸𝑐 =
4 × 𝑦 𝑏 × 𝑦𝑐
𝑄
𝑉𝑐 =
𝑦𝑐 × 𝐵

If the necessary calculations are made, the following results are obtained:

𝑦𝑐 = 0.009 𝑚 𝑉𝑏 = 0.32 𝑚⁄𝑠2 𝐹𝑟𝑐 = 0.34 < 1 (𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) ∆𝐸 = 0.078𝑚

For za = 15 cm, zb = 5.5 cm.

Before Hydraulic Jump: Given:

𝑃𝑎 𝑉𝑎 𝑃𝑏 𝑉𝑏
+ + 𝑧𝑎 = 𝛾 + 2 × 𝑔 + 𝑧𝑏 Pa =Pb and Va =0
𝛾 2×𝑔

𝑉𝑏 = √(𝑧𝑎 − 𝑧𝑏) × 2 × 𝑔 za = 15 cm, zb = 5.5 cm

𝑄 = 𝐵 × 𝑦𝑏 × 𝑉𝑏 g=9.81 m/s2

𝑉𝑏 B=0.1 m
𝐹𝑟𝑏 =
√𝑔 × 𝑦𝑏 yb =0.055 m

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Gebze Technical Unıversity Department of Civil Engineering
CE-361 Hydraulıcs 2024-2025 FALL TERM Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Burak AYDOĞAN

If the necessary calculations are made, the following results are obtained:

𝑉𝑏 = 1.37 𝑚⁄𝑠2 𝑄 = 0.00755 𝑚3⁄𝑠 𝐹𝑟𝑏 = 1.87 > 1 (𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙)

After Hydraulic Jump:

𝑦𝑐 1
= × [√1 + (8 × 𝐹𝑟 2) − 1]
𝑦𝑏 2 𝑏

(𝑦𝑏 − 𝑦𝑐)
∆𝐸 = 𝐸𝑏 − 𝐸𝑐 =
4 × 𝑦 𝑏 × 𝑦𝑐
𝑄
𝑉𝑐 =
𝑦𝑐 × 𝐵

If the necessary calculations are made, the following results are obtained:

𝑦𝑐 = 0.121 𝑚 𝑉𝑏 = 0.62 𝑚⁄𝑠2 𝐹𝑟𝑐 = 0.57 < 1 (𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) ∆𝐸 = 0.016𝑚

For za = 8.5 cm, zb = 5 cm.

Before Hydraulic Jump: Given:

𝑃𝑎 𝑉𝑎 𝑃𝑏 𝑉𝑏
+ + 𝑧𝑎 = 𝛾 2 × 𝑔 + 𝑧𝑏
+
Pa =Pb and Va =0
𝛾 2×𝑔

𝑉𝑏 = √(𝑧𝑎 − 𝑧𝑏) × 2 × 𝑔 za = 8.5 cm, zb = 5 cm

𝑄 = 𝐵 × 𝑦𝑏 × 𝑉𝑏 g=9.81 m/s2

𝑉𝑏 B=0.1 m
𝐹𝑟𝑏 =
√𝑔 × 𝑦𝑏 yb =0.05 m

If the necessary calculations are made, the following results are obtained:

𝑉𝑏 = 0.83 𝑚⁄𝑠2 𝑄 = 0.00415 𝑚3⁄𝑠 𝐹𝑟𝑏 = 1.19 > 1 (𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙)

After Hydraulic Jump:

𝑦𝑐 1
= × [√1 + (8 × 𝐹𝑟 2) − 1]
𝑦𝑏 2 𝑏

(𝑦𝑏 − 𝑦𝑐)
∆𝐸 = 𝐸𝑏 − 𝐸𝑐 =
4 × 𝑦𝑏 × 𝑦𝑐

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Gebze Technical Unıversity Department of Civil Engineering
CE-361 Hydraulıcs 2024-2025 FALL TERM Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Burak AYDOĞAN

𝑄
𝑉𝑐 =
𝑦𝑐 × 𝐵

If the necessary calculations are made, the following results are obtained:

𝑦𝑐 = 0.062 𝑚 𝑉𝑏 = 0.67 𝑚⁄𝑠2 𝐹𝑟𝑐 = 0.86 < 1 (𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) ∆𝐸 = 0.012𝑚

Specific Energy Diagram:

For za = 20cm, zb = 1.5 cm. Given:

𝑄
𝐸 = 𝑦𝑎 + Q =0.00285 m3/s
2 × 𝑔 × 𝐵2 × 𝑦𝑎2
B = 0.1 m
1⁄3
𝑄2
𝑦𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = [ ] g = 9.81 m/s2
𝑔 × 𝐵2
ya= 20 cm = 0.20 m
3
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = × 𝑦𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 =0.065 m
2

If the necessary calculations are made, the following results are obtained:

𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.065 𝑚 𝑦𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 0.044 𝑚

𝐸 = 0.2 𝑚 so,
0.002852
0.2 = 𝑦𝑎 +
2 × 9.81 × 0.12 × 𝑦2𝑎

𝑦 = 0.20 > 𝑦𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 (𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙) 𝑦 = 0.015 < 𝑦𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 (𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙)

𝑦 = −0.01391 (𝑈𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐)

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Gebze Technical Unıversity Department of Civil Engineering
CE-361 Hydraulıcs 2024-2025 FALL TERM Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Burak AYDOĞAN

For za = 15 cm, zb = 5.5 cm. Given:

𝑄
𝐸 = 𝑦𝑎 + Q =0.00755 m3/s
2×𝑔× 𝐵2 × 𝑦2
𝑎
B = 0.1 m
1⁄3
𝑄2
𝑦𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = [ ] g = 9.81 m/s2
𝑔 × 𝐵2
ya= 15 cm = 0.15 m
3
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = × 𝑦𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
2
If the necessary calculations are made, the following results are obtained:

𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.125 𝑚 𝑦𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 0.083 𝑚

𝐸 = 0.163 𝑚 so,
0.007552
0.163 = 𝑦𝑎 +
2 × 9.81 × 0.12 × 𝑦2𝑎

𝑦 = 0.15 > 𝑦𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 (𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙) 𝑦 = 0.051 < 𝑦𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 (𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙)

𝑦 = −0.038 (𝑈𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐)

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Gebze Technical Unıversity Department of Civil Engineering
CE-361 Hydraulıcs 2024-2025 FALL TERM Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Burak AYDOĞAN

For za = 8.5 cm, zb = 5 cm. Given:

𝑄
𝐸 = 𝑦𝑎 + Q =0.00415 m3/s
2×𝑔× 𝐵2 × 𝑦2
𝑎
B = 0.1 m
1⁄3
𝑄2
𝑦𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = [ ] g = 9.81 m/s2
𝑔 × 𝐵2
ya= 8.5 cm = 0.085 m
3
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = × 𝑦𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
2
If the necessary calculations are made, the following results are obtained:

𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.084 𝑚 𝑦𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 0.056 𝑚

𝐸 = 0.097 𝑚 so,
0.004152
0.097 = 𝑦𝑎 +
2 × 9.81 × 0.12 × 𝑦2𝑎

𝑦 = 0.085 > 𝑦𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 (𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙) 𝑦 = 0.039 < 𝑦𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 (𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙)

𝑦 = −0.027 (𝑈𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐)

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Gebze Technical Unıversity Department of Civil Engineering
CE-361 Hydraulıcs 2024-2025 FALL TERM Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Burak AYDOĞAN

Weir Coefficient:
𝑄𝑛 Given:
𝐶𝑛 =
𝑎 Q1 = 0.00415 m3/s Q1 = 0.00755 m3/s
𝑎 × 𝐵 × √2 × 𝑔 × (𝐸𝑛 − 2)
Q3 = 0.00415 m3/s B = 0.1 m
C1 = 0.74

C2 = 2.18

C3 =1.59

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