1.An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm.

Find
the position of the image formed by the mirror.

2. Study the data given below showing the focal length of three concave mirrors A, B and C
and the respective distances of objects placed in front of the mirrors: (2024)

(i) In which one of the above cases the mirror will form a diminished image of the object?
Justify your answer.
(ii) List two properties of the image formed in case 2.
(iii) (A) What is the nature and size of the image formed by mirror C ? Draw ray diagram to
justify your answer.

3. Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the path of the reflected ray corresponding to an
incident ray of light parallel to the principal axis of a convex mirror. Mark the angle of
incidence and angle of reflection on it.

4. An object is placed at a distance of 30 cm in front of a convex mirror of focal length 15

cm. Write four characteristics of the image formed by the mirror.

5. "The magnification produced by a spherical mirror is -3". List four informations you obtain
from this statement about the mirror/image.

6. AB and CD, two spherical mirrors, from parts of a hollow spherical ball with its centre at O
as shown in

what is the ratio of their focal lengths? State which of the two mirrors will always form a
virtual image of an object placed in front of it and why?

7. The magnification produced when an object is placed at a distance of 20 cm from a

spherical mirror is +1/2. Where should the object be placed to reduce the magnification to
+1/3?

8. A concave mirror has a focal length of 20 cm. At what distance from the mirror should a 4
cm tall object be placed so that it forms an image at a distance of 30 cm from the mirror?
Also calculate the size of the image formed.

9. A spherical mirror produces an image of magnification -1.0 on a screen placed at a

distance of 30 cm from the pole of the mirror.
(i) Write the type of mirror in this case.
(ii) What is the focal length of the mirror?
(iii) What is the nature of the images formed?
(iv) Draw the ray diagram to show the image formation in this case.

10. An object 4.0 cm in size, is placed 25.0 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length
15.0 cm.
(i) At what distance from the mirror should a screen be placed in order to obtain a sharp
image?
(ii) Find the size of the image.
(iii) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image in this case.

11. A student has focused the image of a candle flame on a white screen using a concave
mirror. The situation is a given below:
Length of the flame = 1.5 cm
Focal length of the mirror = 12 cm
Distance of flame from the mirror = 18 cm
If the flame is perpendicular to the principal axis of the mirror, then calculate the following:
(a) Distance of the image from the mirror
(b) Length of the image
If the distance between the mirror and the flame is reduced to 10 cm, then what would be
observed on the screen? Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer from this situation.

12. The power of a combination of two lenses in contact is +1.0 D. If the focal length of one
of the lenses of the combination is +20.0 cm, the focal length of the other lens would be

13. The refractive index of medium A is 1.5 and that of medium B is 1.33. If the speed of light
in air is 3 x 108 m/s, what is the speed of light in mediumA and B respectively?

14. The refractive indices of glass and water with respect to air are 3/2 and 4/3 respectively.
If the speed of light in glass is 2 × 108 m/s, find the speed of light in water.

15. The image of an object formed by a lens is of magnification -1. If the distance between
the object and its image is 60 cm, what is the focal length of the lens? If the object is moved
20 cm towards the lens, where would the image be formed? State reason and also draw a
ray diagram in support of your answer.

16. The ability of a medium to refract light is expressed in terms of its optical density. Optical
density has a definite connotation. It is not the same as mass density. On comparing two
media, the one with the large refractive index is optically denser medium than the other. The
other medium with a lower refractive index is optically rarer. Also the speed of light through a
given medium is inversely proportional to its optical density.
(i) Determine the speed of light in diamond if the refractive index of diamond with respect to
vacuum is 2.42. Speed of light in vacuum is 3 x 108 m/s.
(ii) Refractive indices of glass, water and carbon disulphide are 1.5, 1.33 and 1.62
respectively. If a ray of light is incident in these media at the same angle (say 0), then write
the increasing order of the angle of refraction in these media.
(iii) The speed of light in glass is 2 × 108 m/s and in water is 2.25 × 108 m/s.
(a) Which one of the two is optically denser and why?
(b) A ray of light is incident normally at the water- glass interface when it enters a thick glass
container filled with water. What will happen to the path of the ray after entering the glass?
Give a reason
(iv) The absolute refractive indices of water and glass are 4/3 and 3/2 respectively. If the
speed of light in glass is 2 x 108 m/s, find the speed of light in (i) vacuum and (ii) water.
17. One half of a convex lens of focal length 10 cm is covered with a black paper. Can such
a lens produce an image of a complete object placed at a distance of 30 cm from the lens?
Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer.
A 4 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a concave lens of focal
length 20 cm. The distance of the object from the lens is 15 cm.Find the nature, position and
size of the image.

18. Analyse the following observation table showing variation of image

distance (v) with object distance(u) in case of a convex lens and answer the questions that
follows, without doing any calculations:

(a) What is the focal length of the convex lens? Give reason in support of your answer.
(b) Write the serial number of that observation which is not correct. How did you arrive at this
conclusion?
(c) Take an appropriate scale to draw a ray diagram for the observation at S. No. 4 and the
approximate value of magnification.

19. Many optical instruments consist of a number of lenses. They are combined to increase
the magnification and sharpness of the image. The netpower (P) of the lenses places in
contact is given by the algebraic sum of the powers of the individual
lenses P1, P2, P3, .... as
P=P₁+P₂+ P3......
This is also termed as the simple additive property of the power of lens, widely used to
design lens systems of cameras, microscopes and telescopes. These lens systems can
have a combination of convex lenses and also concave
lenses.
(a) What is the nature (convergent/divergent) of the combination of a convex
lens of power +4 D and a concave lens of power -2 D?
(b) Calculate the focal length of a lens of power -2.5 D.
(c) Draw a ray diagram to show the nature and position of an image formed by
a convex lens of power +0.1 D, when an object is placed at a distance of 20 cm
from its optical centre.

20. In the diagram given below, X and Y are the end colours of the spectrum of white light.
The colour of 'Y' represents the

(a) Colour of sky as seen from earth during the day

(b) Colour of the sky as seen from the moon
(c) Colour used to paint the danger signals
(d) Colour of sun at the time of noon.

21. In the given circuit calculate the power consumed in watts in the resistor
of 2Ω :

22. A V-I graph for a nichrome wire is given below. What do you infer from this graph? Draw
a labelled circuit diagram to obtain such a graph.

23. The resistance of a wire of 0.01 cm radius is 10Ω If the resistivity of the wire is 50 ×
10-8Ω m, find the length of this wire.

24. Calculate the resistivity of the material of a wire of length 1 m, radius 0.01 cm and
resistance 20 ohms.

25. A copper wire has diameter 0.5 mm and resistivity 1.6 × 10−8 Ω m. Calculate the length
of this wire to make it resistance 100 Ω. How much does the resistance change if the
diameter is doubled without changing its length?

26. Two LED bulbs of 12 W and 6 W are connected in series. If the current through 12 W
bulb is 0.06 A the current through 6 W bulb will be ______.

27. Calculate the equivalent resistance of the following electric circuit:

28. Three resistors of 10 Ω , 15 Ω and 5 Ω are connected in parallel. Find their

equivalent resistance.

29. (i) Write the formula for determining the equivalent resistance between A
and B of the two combinations (1) and (II) of three resistors R1, R2 and R3
arranged as follows:
30. In the circuit given below, the resistors R1, R2 and R3 have the values 10 9, 20 Ω and 30
Ω respectively, which have been connected to a battery of 12 V. Calculate
(a) the current through each resistor,
(b) the total circuit resistance, and
(c) the total current in the circuit.

31. Three resistors of 3Ω each are connected to a battery of 3 V as shown. Calculate the
current drawn from the battery.

32. Study the following electric circuit in which the resistors are arranged in three arms A, B
and C :

(a) Find the equivalent resistance of arm A.

(b) Calculate the equivalent resistance of the parallel combination of the arms B and C.
(c) (i) Determine the current that flows through the ammeter.
OR
(ii) Determine the current that flows in the ammeter when the arm B is withdrawn from the
circuit

33. (a) List two disadvantages of using a series circuit in homes.

(b) Calculate the effective resistance between A and B in the circuit given below:

34. (a) A 6Ω resistance wire is doubled on itself. Calculate the new resistance of the wire.
(b) Three 2Ω resistors A, B and C are connected in such a way that the total resistance of
the combination is 3 Ω. Show the arrangement of the three resistors and justify your answer.

35. Draw a schematic diagram of a circuit consisting of a battery of 3 cells of 2 V each, a

combination of three resistors of 10 9, 20Ω and 30Ω connected in parallel, a plug key and an
ammeter, all connected in series. Use this circuit to find the value of the following:
(a) Current through each resistor
(b) Total current in the circuit
(c) Total effective resistance of the circuit.

36. A 5 Ω resistor is connected across a battery of 6 volts. Calculate the energy that
dissipates as heat in 10 s.

37. a) Calculate the resistance of a metal wire of length 2 m and area of cross-section 1.55 x
10-6 m². (Resistivity of the metal is 2.8 × 10-8 Ω )
(b) Why are alloys preferred over pure metals to make the heating elements of electrical
heating devices?

38. Compute the heat generated while transferring 96000 coulomb of charge in two hours
through a potential difference of 40 V.

39. (i) Draw a labelled circuit diagram of the circuit used to show the variation of potential
difference across the ends of a resistor with current flowing through it. If you use this circuit,
what relation would you find between the voltmeter reading, V and the ammeter reading, /?
(ii) A wire of given material having length 'I' and area of cross-section 'A' has a resistance of
4 Ω. Find the resistance of another wire of the same material having length 1/2 and area of
cross- section 2A

40. A fuse wire melts at 5 A. If it is desired that the fuse wire of same material melt at 10 A,
then whether the new fuse wire should be of smaller or larger radius than the earlier one?
Give reasons for your answer.

41. Two bulbs of 100 W and 40 W are connected in series. The current through the 100 W
bulb is 1 A. The current through the 40 W bulb will be ______

42. An electric heater rated 1100 W operates at 220 V. Calculate (i) its resistance, and (ii) the
current drawn by it.

43. (a) What is the meaning of electric power of an electrical device? Write its SI unit.
(b) An electric kettle of 2 kW is used for 2 h. Calculate the energy consumed in
(i) kilowatt hour and
(ii) joules

44. Two lamps, one rated 100 W; 220 V, and the other 60 W; 220 V, are connected in parallel
to electric mains supply. Find the current drawn by two bulbs from the line, if the supply
voltage is 220 V.

45. An electric iron has a rating of 750 W; 200 V. Calculate:

(i) the current required.
(ii) the resistance of its heating element.
(iii) energy consumed by the iron in 2 hours.

46. An electric bulb is connected to a 220 V generator. The current is 2.5 A. Calculate the
power of the bulb.
47. In a house, 2 bulbs of 50 W each are used for 6 hours daily and an electric geyser of 1
kW is used for 1 hour daily. Calculate the total energy consumed in a month of 30 days and
its cost at the rate of Rs. 8.00 per kWh.

48. (a) Define power and state its SI unit. (2023)

(b) A torch bulb is rated 5V and 500 mA. Calculate its
(i) power
(ii) resistance
(iii) energy consumed when it is lighted for 2.5 hrs

49. (a) An electric bulb is rated at 200 V; 100 W. What is its resistance?
(b) Calculate the energy consumed by 3 such bulbs if they glow continuously for 10 hours for
the complete month of November.
(c) Calculate the total cost if the rate is ₹ 6.50 per unit

50. An electric lamp of resistance 20 Ω and a conductor of resistance 4 Ω are connected to a

6 V battery as shown in the circuit. Calculate.

(a) the total resistance of the circuit

(b) the current through the circuit,
(c) the potential difference across the (i) electric lamp and (ii) conductor, and
(d) power of the lamp.

51. Compare the power used in 2 Ω resistor in each of the following circuits.

52. A bulb is rated 40 W; 220 V. Find the current drawn by it, when it is connected to a 220 V
supply. Also find its resistance. If the given bulb is replaced by a bulb of rating 25 W; 220 V,
will there be any change in the value of current and resistance? Justify your answer and
determine the change.