READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13. which are based on Reading Passage

1 on pages 2 and 3.

Flying the Coast

The development of an air service on the west coast of New zealand's South Island

Cut off from the rest of the country by a range of mountains, the west coast of New zealand's South
Island-or the "Coast as it is commonly known -was the country's"wild west frontier. But unlike Fiordland
to the south, which was and still is an uninhabitable wilderness, the Coast in the 1930s was not only
habitable, it was also potentially rich. Settlers hunted and fished, logged, milled and mined. They farmed
where they managed to clear the forest and drain the swamps. It was pure survival at times. The
isolation was inescapable, not so much because of the great distances that travellers had to cover, but
rather due to the topography of the place -the mountains, gorges, glaciers, rivers and headlands-which
necessitated long detours and careful timing with regard to weather and tides.

Bridges were few and far between in the early years, and even ferry crossings were often impossible
after heavy rains. Each river had its attendant ferryman or woman whose attention a traveller would
attract with a rifle shot. It was the kind of country where one would greatly benefit from a pair of wings.

Maurice Buckley, a World War I pilot, was the first to give Coasters, as the residents of the region were
called, such wings, by establishing the Arrow Aviation Company in 1923. That year he bought an Avro
biplane on the east coast, which he transported across the country by rail, wings off, before
reassembling it in a local garage. When he opened for business the following year, the colourful Avro
was an instant crowd-pleaser and Coasters queued up for joyrides. For the first major flight, Buckley
invited Dr Teichelmann, a local mountaineer, to join him. They flew over the Franz Josef Glacier and
landed at Okarito. Afterwards, Teichelmann wrote about how extraordinary it was to look at the world
from the air, " like taking the roof off the house and watching the performances from above.

Next came an aviator named Bert Mercer, who made a reconnaissance flight to the Coast in August
1933 and started Air Travel (NZ) the following year, Mercers aircraft of choice was a DH83 Fox Moth. By
comparison with the regular. open-air aircraft of the day, the Fox Moth was a plane that offered
considerable luxury, housing four passengers in an enclosed forward area fully protected from the
weather. Mercer opened for business in December 1934, picking up the airlines first passengers and, on
the last day of that year, commenced a regular delivery of mail, carrying 73k9 to Haast and Okuru. From
that day on, the Fox Moth became a much- anticipated sight on the coast.
Mercer got on with everyone and won their respect by anticipating, then meeting their needs. One of
those was setting up the first aerial shipping route to help transport a kind of small fish known as
whitebait Starting in 1935 Mercer would put the plane down where there was

no airstrip, instead using remote beaches such as the one at the mouth of the Paringa River, collect the
whitebait and whisk them off to the night train and waiting city markets in perfectly fresh condition,
Mercer relied on his senses-what he could see and hear -to navigate, flying around the weather and
contours of the land. Although often warned to do so by aviation authorities, he refused to develop the
skills necessary to navigate the plane "blind, using just its instruments on the console in front of him.
The old habits were too hard to change.

With the outbreak of World war II. mercer's aircraft were considered so essential to the remote Coast
that they were not militarised. In fact, the business continued to grow in the early years, thanks in large
part to a government-issued subsidy, which allowed him to expand into neighbouring areas. Despite the
war in far-off lands, life on the Coast was business as usual. The settlers were always in need of mail and
transportation. In time, though, this presented Mercer with a pressing issue: with so many now joining
the Air Force, he no longer had enough pilots. In 1942 he wrote in his diary, I am back to where I started
eight years ago- on my own.

The only solution to keep the airline going was to pack as much into every plane as possible and make
every flight count. But some of mercer's newly formed team objected to the amount of cargo they had
to carry, which for a small rural airline was a fact of life. One man, Norm Suttle, left the airline after a
few months in protest about carrying more than was appropriate for the aircraft. This marked another
decline in the airline's fortunes, When Bert Mercer died in 1944, the airline was taken over by Fred
Lucas, a man who shared mercer's pioneering spirit. Under Lucas s leadership the newly formed West
Coast Airways saw Another decade of profitable returns. But in the following decade, times changed
fast. Helicopters were soon found to be ideal machines for the Coast terrain, and quickly took over the
vast majority of the local air transport business.
Questions 1-6

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 In the 1930s, the Coast and Fiordland had populations of a similar size.

2 Most settlers on the Coast were migrants from oversea

3 The coast's geographical features made moving around the region difficult

4 The first bridges to be built on the Coast were swept away by floods

5 Maurice Buckley flew his Avro biplane to the Coast in 1923

6 Coasters were unwilling to fly at first

Questions 7-13

Complete the notes below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.

Bert Mercer and aviation on the Coast

Early Years

 Mercer set up Air Travel (NZ) in 1934

 the Fox Mothwasnotedforits7..............................compared to other planes

 in 1934 mercer's company started to transport 8.................................and passengers

World War II

 the airline e expanded d at first because it got a 10....................................from the state

 there was a shortage of 11...............................by 1942

Final Years

 there were disputes at the airline about the quantity of 12........................in each plane

 1950s: 13.........................became popular and the airline suffered

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reacting

Passage 2 on pages 6 and 7.

Who wrote Shakespeare's plays?

Experts suggest 'Shakespeare' may have been a pseudonym a pen-name for another writer.

Robert Matthews investigates

A Even today, almost 400 years after his death, the works of the famous English dramatist William
Shakespeare have lost none of their appeal, nor have questions about the source of his genius. For is it
really credible that an ordinary actor from the small town of Stratford-upon-Avon should metamorphose
into so extraordinary a dramatist? For some, the answer is Obvious: Shakespeare was a genius whose
gift is no more suspicious than that of the physicist Albert Einstein, the German salesman's son who
devised the theory of relativity. But others have insisted that a mere school leaver simply could not have
penned such sophisticated works. They believe that Shakespeare was a pseudonym for someone with
far more impressive qualifications who wrote the plays that still play to packed theatres today. But after
long and largely fruitless debate, researchers are now turning to scientific methods to resolve the
controversies surrounding Shakespeare. Ways of identifying the literary fingerprint of writers are
currently being developed using computers. This analysis of features of literary style is known as
'stylometry' and with it researchers can recognise the work of Shakespeare and his contemporaries with
impressive reliability.

B The idea of using these basic scientific techniques to probe questions of authorship dates back
to 1851, when the Victorian mathematician Augustus de Morgan suggested that different authors might
be identified through the frequency with which they used words of different lengths. His idea attracted
the attention of Thomas Mendenhall, an American physicist who decided to use word length to
investigate one of the oldest controversies about the works of Shakespeare: were they actually written
by someone else?

C As long ago as 1785, the Elizabethan writer and philosopher Sir Francis Bacon was identified as
a possible contender for having written Shakespeare's works. Bacon's possible motivation for not
wanting to be known as the author of such masterpieces is far from clear, but Mendenhall believed his
methods might at least reveal telltale signs of Bacon's hand in the plays. However, his results, published
in 1901, revealed Bacon's writing style to be quite unlike that of Shakespeare. But Mendenhall's
methods also revealed some key concerns. Recognising the need to include large samples of writing
from both
authors, Mendenhall lumped all their works together, despite the fact that literary style can vary
enormously between plays, poetry and philosophy, for example. His focus on word length as the sole
'fingerprint of writing style was also questionable - for how could he be sure that some other
characteristics would not give different results? But Mendenhall's biggest fault was perhaps simply that
he was too far ahead of his time he was attempting a task that cried out for the kind of computers not
even conceivable over 100 years ago. More recently with their development scholars have been able
to look for subtle peculiarities among the complete works of authors, which, in Shakespeare's case,
amount to over 800,000 words.

D One of the key controversies now being probed is Shakespeare's relationship with other
dramatists. Was he a lone genius or was his work the result of collaboration? Traditional methods of
investigating such questions have relied on traits like the use of metaphor, but these may be shared by
different authors simply on cultural grounds. In contrast, modern stylometry focuses on far more
fundamental characteristics which are less likely to be shared by others. The text-crunching power of
computers allows researchers to pinpoint phrases, words or even individual letters by their frequency
in the work of different authors. Pattern recognition techniques are then used to develop a 'fingerprint'
for each author.

E Stylometry has come up with little to encourage the continual number of experts who insist
Shakespeare was simply too uneducated to create works of enduring brilliance. In 1996, literary
scholar Ward Elliott and mathematician Robert Valenza of Claremont McKenna College, California,
published the results of a stvlometric comparison of the works of Shakespeare with those of over 30 of
the proposed 'real' authors. Elliott and Valenza applied a battery of 51 tests to computerised texts and
found that none of the claimants had a stylometric 'fingerprint similar to that of Shakespeare. 'I think
these claims were driven initially by a sense that Shakespeare is too "important" to be an ordinary
person', says Professor Kate Mcluskie, director of the Shakespeare Institute at the University of
Birmingham.

F Elliott and Valenza's research found something else too. Some of the earliest plays, notably Henry
VI and the notoriously violent Titus Andronicus, seem to be a combination of Shakespeare and his
brilliant contemporary the playwright Christopher Marlowe, who was born in the same year as
Shakespeare. Traditional scholars accept that Marlowe influenced Shakespeare's early work,' says Dr
Thomas Merriam, one of Britain's leading stylometry experts. He explains that, provisionally at least,
stylometric studies suggest some of Marlowe's actual text exists within the early plays of Shakespeare.

G Some scholars remain cautious about basing new views of Shakespeare's career on stylometric
analysis of centuries-old texts: If they have been edited, amended or shortened, then the data from
them is highly compromised,' says Dr Markus Dahl of London University. Even so the results to date
are in line with the growing view of Shakespeare as a hardworking professional who perfected his skills
throughout his career,
Questions 14-19

Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

14 uncertainty why an author would wish to remain anonymous

15 a reference to the continuing popularity of Shakespeare's work

16 the reasons why a particular researcher's approach proved unsatisfactory

17 mention of the time when the use of stylometry was first proposed

18 support for the opinion that Shakespeare became more skilful as he grew older skilful as

19 a similarity between Shakespeare and a scientist with exceptional ability

Questions 20-22

Complete the summary below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 20-22 on your answer sheet.

Stylometry

A key contro controversy is Shakespeare's relationships with other writers. It has always been uncertain
whether he worked in 20............................with others or not. To investigate this issue, literary experts
traditionally looked at stylistic features such as the writer's choice of metaphor, although it was
recognised that this choice may have been influenced by cultural factors.

21........................Current stylometric analysis has been made possible by the invention of These can
identify different features of writing such as the frequency with which particular letters, words or
phrases are used by different writers. By using stylometric analysis of particular characteristics and
pattern recognition systems a so-called 22.........................of a writer can be identified.

Questions 23-26

Look at the following statements (Questions 23-26) and the list of people below.

Match each statement with the correct person, A-E.

Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.

23 People search for a more distinguished author because they cannot accept that a normal
individual could write such brilliant plays

24 It should be possible to recognise writers by examining the number of letters in the words they
use.

25 The fact that Shakespeare's works are likely to have been altered over the years raises
doubts about any stylometric analysis.

26 Analysis proves that Shakespeare's style differs from those of writers who have been
suggested as the authors of the plays.

List of People

A Thomas Mendenhall

B Ward Elliott and Robert Valenza

C Professor Kate Mcluskie

D Dr Thomas Merriam

E Dr Markus Dahl
READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on
pages 11 and 12

Questions 27-33

Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs, A-H.

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-C and E-H from the list of headings below.

Wite the correct number ix in boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i The conservation role of r majority language speaker

ii Some advantages of changing languages

iii The loss rate of European languages

iv Positive gains of conservation programme

V The economic value of f minority languages

vi The success rate of language rescue strategies in the past decade

vii Improving the consistency of research data

viii The potential failure of language conservation

ix The value of minority languages to language researchers

X The current position of minority languages

27 Paragraph A

28 Paragraph B

29 Paragraph C

Example

Paragraph D vi

30 Paragraph E
31 Paragraph F

32 Paragraph G

33 Paragraph H

Saving languages
The campaign to keep minority languages alive

A Ten years ago, Michael Krauss, a professor at the University of Alaska, shocked his colleagues in the
discipline of lia gusties with his prediction that half the 6,000 or so languages spoken in the world would
disappear within a century. Krauss founded the Alaskan Native Language Center to preserve as much as
possible of the 20 tongues still known to the state's indigenous people. Only two of those languages
were being taught to children, and the rest were rapidly falling from use. Other linguists are making
similar predictions. A survey in Australia found that 70 of the surviving 90 Aboriginal languages were no
longer used regularly by all age groups. The same is true for all but 20 of the other 175 North American
languages in the US.

B Outwardly, the consolidation of human language might seem like a good trend that could ease
ethnic tensions and aid global commerce. Linguists don't deny those benefits, and they acknowledge
that small communities often choose to switch to the majority language because they believe it will
boost their social or economic status.

C Many experts in the field nonetheless mourn the loss of rare languages, for several reasons. Some of
the most basic questions in linguistics have to do with the limits of human speech, still far from fully
explored. Many researchers would like to know which elements of grammar and vocabulary if any are
universal. An English researcher, Nicholas Ostler, offers an example: 'Ica, spoken in northern Colombia,
seems to have nothing comparable to a personal pronoun system I, we, you, etc. Otherwise, I would
have thought that personal pronouns were a linguistic universal.' Other scientists try to reconstruct
ancient migration patterns by comparing borrowed words in otherwise unrelated languages. In each of
these cases, the wider the range of languages you study, the more likely you are to get the right
answers.

D 'I think the value is mostly in human terms,' says James Matisoff, a specialist in rare Asian languages
at the University of California. 'Language is the most important element in the culture of a community.
When it dies, you lose the special knowledge of that culture and a unique window on the world. But
despite the constant talk about saving endangered languages over the past ten years, the field of
descriptive linguistics has accomplished little in this respect. 'You would think that there would be some
organised response to this situation, some attempt to determine which languages can be saved and
which should be documented before they disappear,' says Sarah G Thomason, of the University of
Michigan. 'But there isn't any such effort.'

E However, there are some signs of progress. The Volkswagen Foundation, a German charity, has
created a multimedia archive in the Netherlands that can house recordings, grammars, dictionaries and
other data. Contributions from the Ford Foundation have helped a master-apprentice programme, in
which fluent speakers receive $3,000 to teach a younger relative their native tongue through shared
activities. So far, about 75 teams have completed the programme. 'It's too early to call this language
revitalisation, admits Leanne Hinton of Berkeley. 'In California, the death rate of elderly speakers will
always be greater than the recruitment rate of young speakers. But, if nothing else, we prolong the
survival of the language.' This will give linguists more time to record these tongues before they vanish.

F Complicating matters, dozens of institutions around the world are setting up digital libraries on
endangered languages. This could create chaos, because the projects use non- standardised data
formats, terminology and even names of languages. Gary F Simons, of the Dallas-based research group
SIL International, has been working to bring some order to this by building an 'open languages data
community' a kind of digital card catalogue. This system will allow researchers to check their theories
against a vast array of data.

G However, even if a language has been fully documented, all that remains once it vanishes from use is
a fossil skeleton. Linguists may be able to sketch an outline of the language and fix its place on the
evolutionary tree, but little more. As yet, there is no discipline of conservation linguistics. Almost every
strategy to keep people speaking a language has succeeded in some places but failed in others. One
factor that always seems to occur in the death of a language, according to Hans-Jurgen Sasse of the
University of Cologne in Germany, is that speakers start regarding their own language as inferior to the
majority language. Children pick up on the attitude, and prefer to speak the dominant language. This is
how Cornish and some dialects of Scottish Gaelic slipped into extinction.

H 'Ultimately, the answer to the problem of language extinction is multilingualism,' argues James
Matisoff. 'Even uneducated people can speak a number of languages if they start as children.' Many
people in the world are at least bilingual, and in some places it is common to speak three or four
languages. But in addition to the fact that children may reject minority languages, there is also the
concern that speakers of a majority language may react badly to speakers of minority languages.
The first step in saving dying languages may be to persuade the world's majorities to allow the
minorities among them to speak with their own voices.

.
Questions 34-38

Look at the following opinions (Questions 34-38) and the list of people below.

Match each opinion with the correct person, A-G.

Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 34-38 on your answer sheet.

34 In the long run, the California scheme will not have enough tutors.

35 Decisions need to be made about priorities in language rescue.

36 Languages currently in use face extinction in the foreseeable future.

37 There is a solution to the problem of languages dying out.

38 A language may be dying when its speakers begin to value it less

List of People

A Michael Krauss

B Nicholas Ostler

C James Matisoff

D Sarah G Thomason

E Leanne Hinton

F Gary F Simons

G Hans-Jurgen Sasse

Questions 39 and 40

Choose the correct letter. A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 39 and 40 on your answer sheet.

39 The Alaskan Language Center was set up to

A teach indigenous languages to children.

B revive indigenous languages which have fallen from use.

C prevent further loss of indigenous languages.

40 According to the writer, majority language speakers

A usually speak more than one language.

B generally have a high level of education.

C should make an effort to learn a minority language.

D should be more tolerant of minority languages.

Reading answers

1. False

2. Not given

3. True

4. Not given

5. True

6. False

7. Luxury

8. Mail

9. Beaches

10. Subsidy

11. Pilots

12. Cargo

13. Helicopters

14. C

15. A

16. C

17. B

18. G

19. A
20. Collaboration

21. Computers

22. Fingerprint

23. C (Kate McLuckie)

24. B (Thomas Mendenhall)

25. E (Markus Dahl)

26. A ( Elliott and Valenze )

27. IX

28. II

29. III

30. V

31. VI

32. VIII

33. VII

34. E

35. D

36. A

37. C

38. G

39. C

40. D